Compositional heterogeneities within Europa’s ice shell likely impact the dynamics and habitability of the ice and subsurface ocean, but the total inventory and distribution of impurities within the shell is unknown. In sea ice on Earth, the thermochemical environment at the ice‐ocean interface governs impurity entrainment into the ice. Here, we simulate Europa's ice‐ocean interface and bound the impurity

Day‐night variations in the magnetic field at Mars have been previously observed at satellite altitudes. The InSight Fluxgate Magnetometer (IFG) has provided the first evidence for diurnal magnetic field variations at the martian surface. IFG data show diurnal variations with typical peak amplitudes of 20–40nT in the early morning to midmorning; the amplitude of the magnetic field varies over the first

Craters are the most prevalent basins and potential depocenters of sediment on Mars. Within these craters and extending from them, terminal dune fields and wind streaks are abundant, indicating active sediment transport and providing a way to study how wind and sediment interact with crater topography. Here we explore the role of craters as both sources and sinks in the modern Martian sedimentary cycle

This work offers the first in‐depth study of the global characteristics of wave perturbations in temperature profiles at 20–140 km altitudes derived from the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) onboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. The peak amplitudes of waves seen in temperature profiles exceed 20% of the mean background, especially on the nightside, which is larger

The 1.88‐km‐diameter Lonar crater emplaced in the Deccan basalt is an excellent terrestrial analog of bowl‐shaped impact craters on Mars. It contains a pristine ejecta blanket with abundant basalt boulders. We measured the density, porosity, P and S wave velocities and attenuation, magnetic susceptibility, uniaxial compressive strength and tensile strength of 313 core specimens from 65 basalt ejecta

Over the course of the last decade, observations of highly inclined (orbital inclination i > 60\(^\circ \)) trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) have posed an important challenge to current models of solar system formation (Levison et al. in Icarus 196(1):258–273, 2008; Nesvorný in Astron J 150:73, 2015). These remarkable minor planets necessitate the presence of a distant reservoir of strongly out-of-plane

Previous studies indicated that the wintertime North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) could exert marked impacts on the following winter El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) via the seasonal footprinting mechanism (SFM). Here, we examine this winter NPO-ENSO relationship in a 50-member ensemble of historical simulations conducted with the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis second generation

The impact of the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO) on the ENSO amplitude was investigated through observational analyses. During the past 90 years the interdecadal variability of ENSO intensity is significantly correlated with the AMO. ENSO variability was strengthened (weakened) during a negative (positive) AMO phase. An ocean mixed layer heat budget analysis reveals that the thermocline feedback

The changing characteristics of precipitation extremes under global warming have recently received tremendous attention, yet the mechanisms are still insufficiently understood. The present study attempts to understand these processes over India by separating the ‘dynamic’ and ‘thermodynamic’ components of precipitation extremes using a suite of observed and reanalysis datasets. The former is mainly

Obtaining reliable causal inference is crucial for understanding the climate system. Convergent Cross Mapping (CCM), a recently developed method to infer causal relationships from time series has been shown to be superior to previous methods which are based on linearity assumptions. However, CCM has so far been only tested on low-dimensional or bivariate models, while real-world systems, like the climate

The study explores the role of ice-phase microphysics and convection for the better simulation of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) and monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO). Sensitivity experiments have been performed with coupled climate model- CFSv2 using different microphysics (with and without ice phase processes) and convective [Simple Arakawa Schubert (SAS), new SAS (NSAS)] parameterization

Accurate understanding of snow cover phenology and its changes is important to hydrological processes and climate system. Having recognized the potential uncertainties in remote sensing snow cover products, we used daily snow depth observations from 514 meteorological stations across China to investigate the spatiotemporal variations in snow cover phenology during 1970–2014. Climatologically, the snow

Much of the Eastern Cape province in South Africa has been experiencing a severe drought since 2015. This drought has had major socio-economic effects particularly on the large impoverished rural population as well as on some urban areas where supplied water services have broken down in several cases. The region is influenced by both midlatitude and tropical systems leading to a complex regional meteorology

The zonal flow associated with cut-off lows (COLs) comprises two jet streaks of different spatial extents. The smaller scale jet streak, located north of the COLs, forms as a result of meridional divergence of vorticity advection and it is quasi-stationary, relative to the COLs. It dissipates as the COLs do the same. The larger scale jet streak gives rise to anticyclonic and equatorward Rossby wave

This study provides an updated dynamical analysis of the observed climate conditions during the longest, most severe and continuous drought (2012–2016) ever recorded in Northeast Brazil (NEB). This investigation was carried out based on temperature, precipitation, sea surface temperature, outgoing long-wave radiation, and ERA-Interim reanalysis data from 1981 to 2016. This was done by first looking

Based on a series of experiments conducted by two regional climate models (RCA4 and LMDZ) with and without soil moisture-atmosphere coupling, we investigate the role of soil moisture on the occurrence of surface air temperature extremes and its persistence in Southeastern South America. Our analysis reveals that both factors, soil moisture-atmosphere coupling and relatively drier soil conditions, enhance

Atmospheric and oceanic parameters derived from global climate model (GCM) simulations have received wide global attention and importance in representing the future world under different scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions. The present study deals with near-surface wind speed in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) obtained from CMIP5 and the upcoming CMIP6 GCMs and validation exercise clearly signify improved

The vertical temperature profile in the atmosphere reflects a balance between radiative and convective processes and interactions with the oceanic and land surfaces. Changes in vertical temperature profiles can affect atmospheric stability, which in turn can impact various aspects of weather systems. In this study, we analyzed recent-past trends of temperature over the Australian region using a homogenized

This numerical work aims to better understand the behavior of extreme Adriatic Sea wave storms under projected climate change. In this spirit, 36 characteristic events—22 bora and 14 sirocco storms occurring between 1979 and 2019, were selected and ran in evaluation mode in order to estimate the skill of the kilometer-scale Adriatic Sea and Coast (AdriSC) modelling suite used in this study and to provide

A new bias-corrected, statistically downscaled product, the NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections (NEX-GDDP) dataset, has been developed and released to help in understanding climate change at local to regional scales. Here, we evaluate the performance of the NEX-GDDP data in simulating daily maximum temperature (TX) and daily minimum temperature (TN) in the historical period 1961–2005

The low-frequency evolution of Indian rainfall mean-state and associated interannual-to-decadal variability is discussed for the last 6000 years from a multi-configuration ensemble of fully coupled global transient simulations. This period is marked by a shift of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) distribution towards drier conditions, including extremes, and a contraction of the rainy season. The

General circulation models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) are examined with respect to their ability to simulate the mean state and variability of the tropical Atlantic and its linkage to the tropical Pacific. While, on average, mean state biases have improved little, relative to the previous intercomparison (CMIP5), there are now a few models with very small biases. In

The future vegetation–climate system over East Asia, as well as its dependence on Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), is investigated using a regional climate–vegetation model driven with boundary conditions from Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System Model: Grid-point Version 2. Over most of the region, due to the rising CO2 concentration and climate changes, the model projects greater

In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to produce short-term regional climate simulations with several configurations for the Carpathian Basin region. The goal is to evaluate the performance of the model and analyze its sensitivity to different physical and dynamical settings, and input data. Fifteen experiments were conducted with WRF at 10 km resolution for the year

Object-based algorithm provides additional spatiotemporal information of precipitation, besides traditional aspects such as amount and intensity. Using the Method for Object-based Diagnostic Evaluation with Time Dimension (MODE-TD, or MTD), precipitation features in western Canada have been analyzed comprehensively based on the Canadian Precipitation Analysis, North American Regional Reanalysis, Multi-Source

Whether the stratospheric radiative feedback amplifies the global warming remains under debate. The stratospheric water vapor (SWV), one of the primary feedbacks in the stratosphere, is argued to be an important contributor to the global warming. On the other hand, the overall stratospheric feedback, which consists of both the SWV feedback and the stratospheric temperature (ST) feedback, does not amount

The Mars Science Laboratory rover (Curiosity) has monitored the line‐of‐sight extinction within Gale Crater since mission sol 100 (16th November 2012, MY 31 Ls 208$°) with Navcam and since mission sol 1187 (8th December 2015, MY 33 Ls 79°) with the color imager, Mastcam. This work reports 1375 sols (>2 MYs) of line‐of‐sight extinction monitoring within Gale Crater with Mastcam and updates the Navcam

Here we use a 3‐D climate system model to study the habitability of Earth‐like planets orbiting in circumbinary systems. In the most extreme cases, Earth‐like planets in circumbinary systems could experience variations in the incident stellar flux of up to ~50% on ~100‐day timescales. However, we find that Earth‐like planets, having abundant surface liquid water, are generally effective at buffering

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Apatite, a major hydrous mineral in Martian meteorites, has the potential to reveal history of volatiles on Mars. Here we report the H and Cl isotopic systematics of apatite from the enriched basaltic shergottite Northwest Africa (NWA) 8657 to better understand the processes influencing volatiles at or near the Martian (sub)surface. The apatite in NWA 8657 has the highest reported δD value (up to 6

Prior to 2009, the surface of the Moon was believed to be anhydrous. However, observations by three spacecraft revealed a hydrated surface by reporting a 3 μm absorption band attributed to hydroxyl and possibly molecular water. The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) spectrometer on board the Chandrayaan‐1 spacecraft has been used to study the lunar 3 μm band, but its spectral range ends at 3 μm. The limited

The position of the vapor‐liquid dome and of the critical point determine the evolution of the outermost parts of the protolunar disk during cooling and condensation after the Giant Impact. The parts of the disk in supercritical or liquid state evolve as a single thermodynamic phase; when the thermal trajectory of the disk reaches the liquid‐vapor dome, gas and melt separate leading to heterogeneous

The compositional evolution of volcanic bodies like Io is not well understood. Magmatic segregation and volcanic eruptions transport tidal heat from Io's interior to its surface. Several observed eruptions appear to be extremely high temperature (≥1600 K), suggesting either very high degrees of melting, refractory source regions, or intensive viscous heating on ascent. To address this ambiguity, we

As one of the youngest large (>100 km wide) impacts on Mars, Hale crater offers a unique opportunity to observe well‐preserved deposits of Mars' former interior. We utilize visible imagery (Context Camera [CTX] and High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment [HiRISE]) and elevation data (Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter [MOLA], High Resolution Stereo Camera [HRSC], and HiRISE stereo pairs) to examine the

The asteroid (16) Psyche, target of NASA's “Psyche” mission, is thought to be one of the most massive exposed iron cores in the solar system. Earth‐based observations suggest that Psyche has a metal‐rich surface; however, its internal structure cannot be determined from ground‐based observations. Here we simulate impacts into a variety of possible target structures on Psyche and show the possible diversity

Response of the Martian upper thermosphere to the lower atmospheric dust activity is studied using unique observations made together by the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) and the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft. The Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyzer (MENCA)/MOM and the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS)/MAVEN have simultaneously (on the same day) measured

Sinuous ridges have been interpreted as evidence for ancient rivers on Mars, but relating ridge geometry to paleo‐hydraulics remains uncertain. Three analog ridge systems from the Morrison Formation, Utah, are composed of sandstone caprocks, up to 50 m wide and 8 m thick, atop mudstone flanks. Ridge caprocks have narrowed significantly compared to sandstone bodies preserved in outcrop, consistent with

Impact craters are the dominant features on the Moon, and their degradation with time is the most common geological process on this body. This work is aimed at detailed quantitative characterization of this process. We quantitatively characterize crater materials by 1) the topographic roughness calculated from Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter, and 2) rock abundances and night‐time soil temperatures derived

New work by Sullivan et al. (2020) shows that ripples of Martian sediments can have a wide range of sizes, and calls into question a proposed fluid drag mechanism and interpretations therefrom on Mars paleoclimate.

We present reflectance spectra of Ganymede's leading and trailing hemispheres in the wavelength range 138–215 nm, obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (HST/COS) in 2014. The most notable feature of both spectra is the absence of a sharp water absorption edge at ~165 nm, seen in laboratory measurements of ice reflectivity and in previous observations of Saturn's icy moons

Jupiter's aurorae reflect microwave radiation emitted upward from Jupiter's atmosphere and downward from the cold sky above due to regions in the auroral plasma with increased electron densities. The lack of thermal radiation from the atmosphere was observed by Juno's Microwave Radiometer (MWR) on overflights of the aurorae during seven different orbits. Out of Juno's first 21 orbits, seven orbits

Previous studies suggested that the Jovian magnetopause position is best characterized as a bimodal distribution indicative of a two‐state system. We applied a modified k‐means clustering analysis to observations of the Jovian and terrestrial magnetopause crossings. Clustering analysis using pre‐Juno data shows that the Jovian magnetopause is best described as a two‐state system, whereas the terrestrial

Mercury is valuable to us because we can see the interactions between the planet and its space environment. This research aims to clarify how Mercury's neutral Na exosphere was produced. Data from MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging/Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MESSENGER/MASCS) and model calculations that examine possible generation, transportation

NASA's InSight landed in Elysium Planitia (~4.5°N,136°E) at Ls ~ 296° (November 2018), right after the decay of the 2018 Global Dust Storm (GDS) and before the onset of the 2019 Large Dust Storm (LDS) at Ls ~ 320° (January 2019). InSight's cameras observed a rise in the atmospheric opacities during the storm from ~0.7 to ~1.9, similarly to contemporaneous measurements by Curiosity in Gale crater. Pressure

The exploration of near‐Earth asteroids has revealed dynamic surfaces characterized by mobile, unconsolidated material that responds to local geophysical gradients, resulting in distinct morphologies and boulder distributions. The OSIRIS‐REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security‐Regolith Explorer) mission confirmed that asteroid (101955) Bennu is a rubble pile with

Near‐Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu is an active asteroid experiencing mass loss. The activity manifests itself in the form of ejection events emitting up to hundreds of millimeter‐ to centimeter‐scale particles. The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security‐Regolith Explorer spacecraft monitored particle activity for a 10‐month period that included Bennu's perihelion and

The Saturn‐orbiting Cassini spacecraft completed 126 close Titan flybys from 2004 until 2017. During almost all of them the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) instrument was turned on to search for radio emissions attributed to Titan lightning. Here we report about their nondetection after close inspection of all Titan flybys throughout the Cassini mission. We also infer new and strong constraints

Current estimates place the ages of the inner Saturnian satellites (Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, and Rhea) between 4.5 Gyr and 100 Myr. These estimates are based on impact crater measurements and dynamical simulations, both of which have uncertainties. Models of satellite evolution are inherently simplified and rely on uncertain or unknown parameters, which are often difficult to verify, whereas

The flow regime of micro flow varies from collisionless regime to hydrodynamic regime according to the Knudsen number Kn, which is defined as the ratio of the mean free path over the local characteristic length. On the kinetic scale, the dynamics of a small-perturbed micro flow can be described by the linearized kinetic equation. In the continuum regime, according to the Chapman-Enskog theory, hydrodynamic

A previous study showed that a fingerprint of the initial shape of synthetic Oort clouds was detectable in the flux of “new” long-period comets. The present study aims to explain in detail how such a fingerprint is propagated by different classes of observable comets to improve the detection of fingerprints. It appears that three main long-term behaviors of observable comets are involved in this propagation:

Aeolian sediment transport, deposition, and erosion have been ongoing throughout Mars's history. This record of widespread aeolian processes is preserved in landforms and geologic units that retain important clues about past environmental conditions including wind patterns. In this study we describe landforms within Melas Chasma, Valles Marineris, that occur in distinct groups with linear to crescentic

The wind stress was erroneously post-processed from the ERA-Interim forecast in our study.

The original article can be found online.

The fundamental mechanisms that explain high subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA) decadal predictability within a particular modeling framework are described. The focus is on the Community Earth System Model (CESM), run in both a historical forced-ocean configuration as well as in a fully coupled configuration initialized from the former. The initialized prediction experiments comprise the CESM Decadal Prediction

Variability of Sea-Surface Height (SSH) from ocean dynamic processes is an important component of sea-level change. In this study we dynamically downscale a present-day control simulation of a climate model to replicate sea-level variability in the Northwest European shelf seas. The simulation can reproduce many characteristics of sea-level variability exhibited in tide gauge and satellite altimeter

The characteristic spatial sampling length scales (for example, in the longitudinal direction) to adequately resolve the variability associated with a quantity to be observed, depends on the typical length scales of its variability. For example, if temporal variations in the longitudinal direction are correlated over thousands of Kilometers then an observing network with a similar spatial density may

Global warming and abnormal climate change have resulted in an increase in the frequency of severe heatwave events. Recently, a series of extreme heatwave events have occurred in South Korea, and the damage from these events has also been increasing. Thus, it is necessary to analyze the mechanisms for generating and developing heatwaves. In this study, the long-term trend for heatwave events in South

Retreat of the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) is likely to be a major contributor to future sea-level rise (SLR). Current projections of SLR due to ice-sheet mass loss remain highly uncertain. Better understanding of how ice sheets respond to future climate forcing and variability is essential for assessing long-term risk of SLR. However, predictability of future climate is limited by uncertainties from

Neglected High-frequency Variability events of the sea surface Wind Coupled with Precipitation (HV-WCP) events are revealed over the Kuroshio Sea Surface Temperature (SST) front in the East China Sea (ECS) during wintertime. This phenomenon is characterized as modulation events of the surface wind directions, whereby the southerly anomaly changes into a northwest anomaly, accompanied with increasing

The Indian Ocean has warmed rapidly and notably at a faster rate than the other tropical ocean basins in the latter half of the twentieth century. We conduct sensitivity experiments using an atmospheric general circulation model to determine the impact of Indian Ocean surface warming on large-scale global atmospheric circulation trends and rainfall distribution, in terms of its pattern and magnitude