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Three-dimensional (3D) planetary wave analysis can provide more regionalized information on stratospheric-tropospheric dynamic interactions. The upward wave flux from the troposphere to the stratosphere is maximized above northeastern Eurasia, while the downward flux occurs mainly over the North America and North Atlantic (NANA) region, which is much stronger during mid-to-late winter. This distribution

Magnesium carbonates have been identified within the landing site of the Perseverance rover mission. This study reviews terrestrial analog environments and textural, mineral assemblage, isotopic, and elemental analyses that have been applied to establish formation conditions of magnesium carbonates. Magnesium carbonates form in 5 distinct settings: ultramafic rock-hosted veins, the matrix of carbonated

Models participating in the North American Multi Model Ensemble project were calibrated and combined to produce reliable precipitation probabilistic forecast over South America. Ensemble Regression method (EREG) was chosen as it is computationally affordable and uses all the information from the ensemble. Two different approaches based on EREG were applied to combine forecasts while different ways

Recent studies point to the sensitivity of mid-latitude winter climate to Arctic sea ice variability. However, there remain contradictory results in terms of character and timing of Northern Hemisphere large-scale circulation features to Arctic sea ice changes. This study assesses the impact of realistic late autumn eastern Arctic sea ice anomalies on atmospheric wintertime circulation at mid-latitudes

Arctic sea ice has been declining over past several decades with the largest ice loss occurring in summer. This implies a strengthening of the sea ice seasonal cycle. Here, we examine global ocean salinity response to such changes of Arctic sea ice using simulations wherein we impose a radiative heat imbalance at the sea ice surface, inducing a sea ice decline comparable to the observed. The imposed

Flow between rotating concentric cylinders, or the Taylor Couette flow, has been studied extensively because of its rich physics, ranging from axisymmetric steady laminar flow, to fully developed turbulent flow. In the present study, we advocate the use of this problem as a benchmark case for scale-resolving simulation, such as large eddy simulation (LES) and direct numerical simulation (DNS). The

A simplified method for calculating the spectral emission of nonequilibrium air plasmas is developed. In order to obtain the nonequilibrium energy level populations, the nonequilibrium coefficients are introduced into the Saha-Boltzmann equation. These nonequilibrium coefficients are calculated by using several significant radiative processes. An approach to the determination of nonequilibrium electronic

In a recent paper, Baño-Medina et al. (Configuration and Intercomparison of deep learning neural models for statistical downscaling. preprint, 2019) assessed the suitability of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for downscaling of temperature and precipitation over Europe using large-scale ‘perfect’ reanalysis predictors. They compared the results provided by CNNs with those obtained from a

In this paper, motions around the triangular libration point L4 in the planar elliptic restricted three-body problem are considered. Polar coordinates of the test particle centered at the first primary are adopted. Explicit expansion of the potential function in terms of the polar coordinates is carried out in two ways, by a recursive relation or by a direct expansion. Using the Lindstedt–Poincaré

We analyzed high accuracy time delays of laser signals sent from the Earth to the retroreflector arrays on the Moon in conjunction with several other sets of solar-system astrometric data. Using especially the lunar laser ranging data obtained from the Apache Point Observatory telescope site in New Mexico and the Apollo 11 and Apollo 14 retroreflectors on the Moon, we have set a bound on their relative

The urban heat island is a representative urban climate characteristic, which can affect heat-stress conditions and extreme precipitation that are closely connected with human life. Better understanding of urban-climate interactions, therefore, is crucial to ultimately support better planning and adaptation in various application fields. This study assesses urban-climate interactions during summer

Accurate description of sea ice velocity is necessary for improving the reproduction and prediction of high-latitude climate in modeling studies. In order to improve the simulated sea ice velocity field based on satellite-derived daily data, a set of sea ice dynamic parameters of the ocean–sea ice model was optimized with a Green’s function method, which uses linear combination of forward sensitivity

Unlike other tropical ocean basins, the Bay of Bengal (BoB) has two tropical cyclone (TC) seasons: a pre-monsoon season (Pre-MS) and a post-monsoon season (Post-MS). More interestingly, during the period from 1981 to 2016, the global maximum and minimum formation rates of super cyclones (SCs, categories 4 and 5) occurred in the Pre-MS and Post-MS, respectively, in the BoB. Methods including Butterworth

Lightning climate change projections show large uncertainties caused by limited empirical knowledge and strong assumptions inherent to coarse-grid climate modeling. This study addresses the latter issue by implementing and applying the lightning potential index parameterization (LPI) into a fine-grid convection-permitting regional climate model (CPM). This setup takes advantage of the explicit representation

The seasonal prediction skills in the CAMS-CSM (the acronym stands for the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Climate System Model) climate forecast system is evaluated with a set of retrospective forecast experiments during the period of 1981–2019. The CAMS-CSM, which has been registered for the sixth phase of the coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP6), is an atmosphere–ocean–land–sea

The impacts of the low level jets that form through the gaps in the topography in the Limpopo and Zambezi River Valleys (LRV and ZRV) on southern African climate are investigated. ERA-5 reanalysis data and numerical experiments using regional climate models reveal that the two valleys act as main gateways for southwest Indian Ocean-sourced moisture inflows into southern Africa. The effects of the LRV

Heat flow estimates of terrestrial planets and icy satellites are important for exploring their thermal evolution. Topographic signatures of flexure can be used to estimate the effective elastic lithospheric thickness, he, and heat flow. Here, we use high resolution stereo topography and axisymmetric elastic flexure models to investigate lithospheric flexure around Narina Tholus, a steep-sided volcanic

Several paleomagnetic studies have been conducted on five main group pallasites: Brenham, Marjalahti, Springwater, Imilac and Esquel. These pallasites have distinct cooling histories, meaning that their paleomagnetic records may have been acquired at different times during the thermal evolution of their parent body. Here we compile new and existing data to present the most complete time-resolved paleomagnetic

Volatile-rich asteroids are crucial to understanding the transport of water and organics to the terrestrial planet forming region in the early Solar System. Observations of two such asteroids by Hayabusa2 and OSIRIS-REx suggest a relationship between these bodies and CI, CM and CY chondrites. To confirm this, meteorite spectra need to be collected under appropriate conditions for comparison with asteroid

We use a large data set of 3D thermal evolution models to predict the distribution of present-day seismic velocities in the Martian interior. Our models show a difference between maximum and minimum S wave velocity of up to 10% either below the crust, where thermal variations are largest, or at the depth of the olivine to wadsleyite phase transition, located at around 1,000–1,200 km depth. Models with

Maps of plagioclase, olivine, and pyroxene at 1 km resolution are derived from a combination of data from the Diviner Lunar Radiometer on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and the Kaguya Multiband Imager. The Diviner instrument features three infrared bands designed to characterize a spectral feature of lunar soils that is sensitive to the average silica polymerization of the surface called the Christiansen

Almost no in situ seismic data are available for Venus; therefore, we can constrain the deep structure of this planet only from the geodetic data obtained by spacecraft. Of particular interest is Venus's core-mantle boundary, which holds clues about the origin and evolution of this celestial body. In this study, we build a series of different mantle/core models of Venus based on several mantle composition

The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission observes precipitating solar wind hydrogen ENAs in the upper Martian ionosphere with various instruments onboard. These precipitating solar wind hydrogen atoms result from the direct interaction between the solar wind and Mars's extensive hydrogen corona, creating a beam of particles traveling at solar wind speed that can penetrate deep into

On February 18th 2021 NASA's Perseverance Rover landed in Jezero crater, located at the northwestern edge of the Isidis Basin on Mars. The uppermost surface of the present-day crater floor is dominated by a distinct geologic assemblage previously referred to as the dark-toned floor. It consists of a smooth, dark-toned unit overlying and variably covering light-toned, roughly eroded deposits showing

Super-Earth and super-Venus exoplanets may have similar bulk compositions but dichotomous surface conditions and mantle dynamics. Vigorous convection within their metallic cores may produce dynamos and thus magnetospheres if the total heat flow out of the core exceeds a critical value. Earth has a core-hosted dynamo because plate tectonics cools the core relatively rapidly. In contrast, Venus has no

In order to visualize the rarefied flow field in a Φ1m hypersonic low-density wind tunnel, an electric glow discharge technique based on high frequency excited power has been developed. Firstly, finite element simulation analysis has been carried out, and it is concluded that the breakdown voltage can be reduced by using high frequency power supply; then an electric glow discharge apparatus has been

The African easterly jet (AEJ) and African easterly waves (AEWs) can have both local and far-reaching impacts on weather. It is therefore crucial to understand how the AEJ and AEWs will respond to future climate change. In this study, we examine anthropogenic influences on the AEJ–AEW system using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model configured as a tropical channel model (TCM). Hindcast

Under the influence of global warming, heatwaves are becoming a major threat in many parts of the world, affecting human health and mortality, food security, forest fires, biodiversity, energy consumption, as well as the production and transportation networks. Seasonal forecasting is a promising tool to help mitigate these impacts on society. Previous studies have highlighted some predictive capacity

The impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the late-winter extra-tropical stratosphere (January–March) is assessed in a multi-model framework. Three state-of-the-art atmospheric models are run with prescribed SST anomalies representative of a strong ENSO event, with symmetric patterns for El Niño and La Niña. The well-known temperature perturbation in the lower stratosphere during El Niño

The representation of ocean heat uptake in Simple Climate Models used for policy advice on climate change mitigation strategies is often based on variants of the one-dimensional Vertical Advection/Diffusion equation (VAD) for some averaged form of potential temperature. In such models, the effective advection and turbulent diffusion are usually tuned to emulate the behaviour of a given target climate

We deal with the orbit determination problem for hyperbolic maps. The problem consists in determining the initial conditions of an orbit and, eventually, other parameters of the model from some observations. We study the behaviour of the confidence region in the case of simultaneous increase in the number of observations and the time span over which they are performed. More precisely, we describe the

We study orbital evolution of multi-planet systems that form a resonant chain, with nearest neighbours close to first order commensurabilities, incorporating orbital circularisation produced by tidal interaction with the central star. We develop a semi-analytic model applicable when the relative proximities to commensurability, though small, are large compared to \(\epsilon ^{2/3},\) with \(\epsilon

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays an important role in regulating the global hydrologic cycle. Using a fully coupled climate model, we conduct sensitivity experiments to quantify the impact of the TP on North Africa precipitation. Removing the TP in the model can enhance North African precipitation. Specifically, North Africa precipitation increases substantially during the rainy season (from May to October)

This study investigated the relationship between East Siberian-Chukchi-Beaufort (EsCB) sea ice concentration (SIC) anomaly in the early autumn (September–October, SO) and northern Eurasian surface temperature (Ts) variability in the early spring (March–April, MA). Results reveal that the early autumn sea ice decrease in the EsCB Seas excites an Arctic anticyclonic anomaly in the lower troposphere in

Satellite relative motion around the Earth has been thoroughly studied during the last two decades. However, considerably less attention has been given to the study of satellite relative motion around Mars. As the cost of space technologies decreases and more space missions are within reach, formation flying missions around Mars have the potential to benefit future exploration missions launched to

A series of laboratory experiments was carried out in order to generate a diagnostic spectrum for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) of astrobiological interest in the context of the Martian South Polar Residual Cap (SPRC), to establish PAH spectral features more easily detectable in CO2 ice (mixed with small amounts of H2O ice) than the previously reported absorption feature at 3.29 µm in order

The interannual variability of precipitation during the summer monsoon transition over the Indochina Peninsula (ICP) is substantially influenced by the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) of the tropical ocean, showing a robust relationship between April and May (AM) precipitation and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Dynamic composites and statistical analyses supported by

Dissipation of tidal energy is expected to generate seismicity on icy-ocean worlds; however, the distribution and timing of this seismic activity throughout an orbital cycle is not known. We used new observations from an icy-ocean-world analog environment on Earth to examine the relationship between tidally driven tensile stress and seismic activity within an ice shell. We investigated a pair of rifts

Orbitally derived thermal inertia (TI) values of surfaces allow for remote interpretation of rock and sediment physical characteristics. The evolving local times of the Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) mission have enabled surface temperature data collection over multiple seasons and local times over ∼9 Mars years (MY). We utilize this higher temporal resolution data set to separate

The complex thermal history of the Moon leads to an unequal distribution of volcanic products between the lunar nearside and the farside. So far, no lunar materials have been sampled from the Moon's farside and no detailed properties of lunar regolith on the farside have been detected before. On January 3, 2019, Chang'E-4 (CE-4) touched down onto the Von Kármán crater on the Moon's farside. CE-4 Lunar

Photoemission yield (the number of emitted electrons per incoming photon) is one of the fundamental properties of solid materials but is not yet well constrained for the lunar surface for photon energies >∼20 eV. In this study, we constrain this yield for incident photons with energies of ∼10–500 eV with data from the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction

We report the aeolian changes observed in situ by NASA's InSight lander during the first 400 sols of operations: Granule creep, saltation, dust removal, and the formation of dark surface tracks. Aeolian changes are infrequent and sporadic. However, on sols, when they do occur, they consistently appear between noon to 3 p.m., and are associated with the passage of convective vortices during periods

Past versions of the vulnerability indices have shown the ability to detect susceptible regions by assessing climatic and socioeconomic parameters at local scales. These parameters significantly vary over geographic regions, therefore such an index may not be suitable to identify and predict susceptibility over a large domain. The present endeavour aims to develop a new vulnerablity index that identifies

The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is one of the major climate modes in the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO), influencing the surrounding climate and society. Under anthropogenic warming, the IOD is modulated by the changes in the ocean–atmosphere coupling in the TIO. This study focuses on the IOD seasonal phase locking, which means that the IOD usually peaks in boreal autumn. Based on high-emission scenario

Surface latent heat flux (LHF) is an important component in the heat exchange between the ocean and atmosphere over the tropical western North Pacific (WNP). The present study investigates the factors of seasonal mean LHF variations in boreal summer over the tropical WNP. Seasonal mean LHF is separated into two parts that are associated with low-frequency (> 90-day) and high-frequency (≤ 90-day) atmospheric

Quantifying ecological memory could be done at several levels from the rate of physiological changes in an ecosystem all the way down to responses at the genetic level. One way of unlocking the information encoded in a collective environmental memory is to examine the recorded time-series data generated by different components of an ecosystem. In this paper, we probe into the case of the Great Barrier

Modeling of large rainfall events plays an important role in water resources and floodplain management. Rainfall is resulted from complex interactions between climate factors (air moisture, temperature, wind speed, etc.) and land surface (topography, soil, land cover, etc.). Therefore, deriving accurate areal rainfall is not only relied on atmospheric boundary conditions, but also on the reliability

Previous modelling and observational studies have shown discrepancies in the interannual relationship of winter surface air temperature (SAT) between Arctic and East Asia, stimulating the debate about whether Arctic change can influence midlatitude climate. This study uses two sets of coordinated experiments (EXP1 and EXP2) from six different atmospheric general circulation models. Both EXP1 and EXP2

A quasi-periodic variation of the lower cloud amount induced by atmospheric waves was reproduced in our Venus general circulation model for the first time. This result agrees well with previous 2.3-μm infrared nightside measurements. The cloud amount variation is mainly caused by a temperature fluctuation with a period of ∼5.5 Earth days near the cloud base, which is associated with a Kelvin-like gravity

The temperature and moisture distribution over the Indian subcontinent are changing in recent decades with the accelerated global temperature rise. These changes in distribution result in shifting wet/dry and warm/cold zones within India. The differential warming rate over land and surrounding ocean determine intricate dynamics of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) and make the Indian region a more susceptible

Land-surface temperature changes lead to thermal contrasts between the land and the sea and have significant water cycle impacts particularly within global monsoon regions. Whilst such influence may dominate in the East Asian summer monsoon region, the long-term warm-season temperature dynamics in monsoonal China have not been effectively explored. Here, an annually resolved maximum latewood density

We outline a new method suggested by Conway (CMDA 125:161–194, 2016) for solving the two-body problem for solid bodies of spheroidal or ellipsoidal shape. The method is based on integrating the gravitational potential of one body over the surface of the other body. When the gravitational potential can be analytically expressed (as for spheroids or ellipsoids), the gravitational force and mutual gravitational

Previous studies indicated that boreal spring North Atlantic horseshoe-like (NAH) sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly pattern has a significant impact on the surface air temperature (SAT) variation over the mid-high latitudes of Eurasia via an atmospheric wave train. This study investigates the connection of springtime NAH SST anomaly and the Eurasian SAT variation in thirty-two coupled climate models

Land surface and atmosphere are interlocked by the hydrological and energy cycles and the effects of soil water-air coupling can modulate near-surface temperatures. In this work, three paired experiments were designed to evaluate impacts of different soil moisture initial and boundary conditions on summer temperatures in the Mediterranean transitional climate regime region. In this area, evapotranspiration

The Botswana High is a prominent mid-tropospheric system that modulates rainfall over subtropical southern Africa, but the capability of a global climate model (GCM) to reproduce it remains unknown. This study examines the capability of a GCM with quasi-uniform resolution (Model Prediction Across Scales, hereafter MPAS) in simulating the characteristics of the Botswana High. The MPAS is applied to

Santa Ana winds (SAWs) are associated with anomalous temperatures in coastal Southern California (SoCal). As dry air flows over SoCal’s coastal ranges on its way from the elevated Great Basin down to sea level, all SAWs warm adiabatically. Many but not all SAWs produce coastal heat events. The strongest regionally averaged SAWs tend to be cold. In fact, some of the hottest and coldest observed temperatures

Diurnal cycle of cloud (DCC), referring to the diurnal variation of cloud macro- and micro-physical properties, thus largely determining the strength of net cloud radiative forcing (CRF), is a critical feature of clouds’ variation and is important for weather and climate evolutions. Nevertheless, neither the DCC vertical structures and their links to meteorology are well understood, nor the DCCs for

We use a methodological framework exploiting the power of large ensembles to evaluate how well ten coupled climate models represent the internal variability and response to external forcings in observed historical surface temperatures. This evaluation framework allows us to directly attribute discrepancies between models and observations to biases in the simulated internal variability or forced response

Northward propagation of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) system over the Indian Ocean significantly affects Asia summer monsoon and extreme weather events including typhoons but many climate models poorly simulate the norward movement of BSISO. Here, we suggest that the modified parameterizations can improve BSISO northward propagation and three-dimensional dynamic and thermodynamic