We present the results of data analysis of the [C i] (3 P 1–3 P 0) emission from the ρ Ophiuchi A photon-dominated region (PDR) obtained in the ALMA ACA standalone mode with a spatial resolution of 2.″6 (360 au). The [C i] emission shows filamentary structures with a width of ∼1000 au, which are adjacent to the shell structure seen in the 4.5 μm map. We found that the 4.5 μm emission, C0, and CO are

This Letter reports observations of an event that connects all major classes of solar eruptions: those that erupt fully into the heliosphere versus those that fail and are confined to the Sun, and those that eject new flux into the heliosphere, in the form of a flux rope, versus those that eject only new plasma in the form of a jet. The event originated in a filament channel overlying a circular polarity

Very recently, diffuse gamma-rays with 0.1 PeV < E γ < 1 PeV have been discovered from the Galactic disk by the Tibet air shower array and muon detector array (Tibet AS+MD array). While the measured sub-PeV flux may be compatible with the hadronic origin in the conventional Galactic cosmic-ray propagation model, we find that it is in possible tension with the nondetection of Galactic neutrino emissions

Ultra-faint dwarf galaxies (UFDs) are promising observable proxies to building blocks of galaxies formed in the early universe. We study the formation and evolution of UFDs using cosmological hydrodynamic simulations. In particular, we show that a major merger of two building block galaxies with 3900 M ⊙ and 7500 M ⊙ at the cosmic age of 510 Myr results in a system with an extended stellar distribution

We investigate the role of small-scale dynamics in inducing large-scale transitions in the solar wind magnetic field by means of dynamical system metrics based on instantaneous fractal dimensions. By looking at the corresponding multiscale features, we observe a break in the average attractor dimension occurring at the crossover between the inertial and the kinetic/dissipative regime. Our analysis

We study X-ray and soft gamma-ray spectra from the hard state of the accreting black-hole binary MAXI J1820+070. We perform an analysis of two joint spectra from NuSTAR and INTEGRAL, covering the range of 3–650 keV, and of an average joint spectrum over the rise of the hard state, covering the 3–2200 keV range. The spectra are well modeled by Comptonization of soft seed photons. However, the distributions

Internal redox reactions may irreversibly alter the mantle composition and volatile inventory of terrestrial and super-Earth exoplanets and affect the prospects for atmospheric observations. The global efficacy of these mechanisms, however, hinges on the transfer of reduced iron from the molten silicate mantle to the metal core. Scaling analysis indicates that turbulent diffusion in the internal magma

We report the detection of 8.914 hr variability in both optical and ultraviolet light curves of LP 40−365 (also known as GD 492), the prototype for a class of partly burnt runaway stars that have been ejected from a binary due to a thermonuclear supernova event. We first detected this 1.0% amplitude variation in optical photometry collected by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Reanalysis

Magnetars are one of the potential power sources for some energetic supernova explosions such as type I superluminous supernovae (SLSNe I) and broad-lined type Ic supernovae (SNe Ic-BL). In order to explore the possible link between these two subclasses of supernovae (SNe), we study the effect of fallback accretion disk on magnetar evolution and magnetar-powered SNe. In this scenario, the interaction

Protostellar jets have a fundamental role at the earliest evolution of protostars of all masses. In the case of low-mass (≲8 M ⊙) protostars, strong observational evidence exists that the launching and collimation is due to the X- and/or disk-wind mechanisms. In these models, it is the protostar/disk system that creates all the necessary conditions to launch and collimate the jets near the protostar

The supernova remnant (SNR) 3C 397 is thought to originate from a Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) explosion of a near-Chandrasekhar-mass (M Ch) progenitor, based on the enhanced abundances of Mn and Ni revealed by previous X-ray study with Suzaku. Here we report follow-up XMM-Newton observations of this SNR, conducted with the aim of investigating the detailed spatial distribution of the Fe-peak elements

The unidentified TeV source MGRO J1908+06, with emission extending from hundreds of GeV to beyond 100 TeV, is one of the most intriguing sources in the Galactic plane. MGRO J1908+06 spatially associates with an IceCube hotspot of neutrino emission. Although the hotspot is not significant yet, this suggests a possible hadronic origin of the observed gamma-ray radiation. Here we describe a multiwavelength

Observations of hot-Jupiter atmospheres show large variations in the location of the “hot spot” and the amplitude of spectral features. Atmospheric flow simulations using the commonly employed forcing and initialization have generally produced a large, monolithic patch of nearly stationary hot area located eastward of the substellar point at high altitude. Here we perform high-resolution (T682) pseudospectral

Although numerous white dwarf stars host dusty debris disks, the temperature distribution of these stars differs significantly from the white dwarf population as a whole. Dusty debris disks exist exclusively around white dwarfs cooler than 27,000 K. This is all the more enigmatic given that the formation processes of dusty debris disks should favor younger, hotter white dwarfs, which likely host more

The abundances of r-process elements of very metal-poor stars capture the history of the r-process enrichment in the early stage of star formation in a galaxy. Currently, various types of astrophysical sites including neutron star mergers (NSMs), magneto-rotational supernovae, and collapsars, are suggested as the origin of r-process elements. The time delay between the star formation and the production

Several astrophysical scenarios have been proposed to explain the origin of the population of binary black hole (BBH) mergers detected in gravitational waves by the LIGO/Virgo Collaboration. Among them, BBH mergers assembled dynamically in young massive and open clusters have been shown to produce merger rate densities consistent with LIGO/Virgo estimated rates. We use the results of a suite of direct

We identified eight additional stars as members of the Helmi stream (HStr) in the combined GALAH+ DR3 and Gaia EDR3 catalog. By consistently reevaluating claimed members from the literature, we consolidate a sample of 22 HStr stars with parameters determined from high-resolution spectroscopy and spanning a considerably wider (by ∼0.5 dex) metallicity interval (− 2.5 ≲ [Fe/H] < − 1.0) than previously

We present a search for quasi-monochromatic gravitational-wave signals from the young, energetic X-ray pulsar PSR J0537−6910 using data from the second and third observing runs of LIGO and Virgo. The search is enabled by a contemporaneous timing ephemeris obtained using Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) data. The NICER ephemeris has also been extended through 2020 October and includes

Brown dwarfs with well-determined ages, luminosities, and masses provide rare but valuable tests of low-temperature atmospheric and evolutionary models. We present the discovery and dynamical mass measurement of a substellar companion to HD 47127, an old (≈7–10 Gyr) G5 main-sequence star with a mass similar to the Sun. Radial velocities of the host star with the Harlan J. Smith Telescope uncovered

We show that the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be able to detect dwarf satellites of high-z Lyman break galaxies (LBGs). To this end, we use cosmological simulations following the evolution of a typical M ⋆ ≃ 1010 M ⊙ LBG up to z ≃ 6, and analyze the observational properties of its five satellite dwarf galaxies (107 M ⊙ < M ⋆ < 109 M ⊙). Modeling their stellar emission and dust attenuation

We report a ≈400 hr Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) search for Hi 21 cm emission from star-forming galaxies at z = 1.18–1.39 in seven fields of the DEEP2 Galaxy Survey. Including data from an earlier 60 hr GMRT observing run, we co-added the Hi 21 cm emission signals from 2841 blue star-forming galaxies that lie within the FWHM of the GMRT primary beam. This yielded a 5.0σ detection of the average

Stellar evolution models predict the existence of a gap in the black hole mass spectrum from ∼55 M ⊙–120 M ⊙ due to pair-instability supernovae (PISNe). We investigate the possible existence of such an “upper” mass gap in the second gravitational-wave transient catalog (GWTC-2) by hierarchically modeling the astrophysical distribution of black hole masses. We extend the Truncated and Powerlaw+Peak

We identify an effective proxy for the analytically unknown second integral of motion (I 2) for rotating barred or tri-axial potentials. Planar orbits of a given energy follow a tight sequence in the space of the time-averaged angular momentum and its amplitude of fluctuation. The sequence monotonically traces the main orbital families in the Poincar map, even in the presence of resonant and chaotic

Interior models of giant planets traditionally assume that at a given radius (i.e., pressure) the density should be larger than or equal to the one corresponding to a homogeneous, adiabatic stratification throughout the planet (referred to as the “outer adiabat”). The observations of Jupiter’s gravity field by Juno combined with the constraints on its atmospheric composition appear to be incompatible

Finding and characterizing extrasolar Earth analogs will rely on interpretation of the planetary system’s environmental context. The total budget and fractionation between C–H–O species sensitively affect the climatic and geodynamic state of terrestrial worlds, but their main delivery channels are poorly constrained. We connect numerical models of volatile chemistry and pebble coagulation in the circumstellar

We use the gravitational wave signals from binary black hole merger events observed by LIGO and Virgo to reconstruct the underlying mass and spin distributions of the population of merging black holes. We reconstruct the population using the mixture model framework VAMANA using observations in GWTC-2 occurring during the first two observing runs and the first half of the third run (O1, O2, and O3a)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have long been invoked in the study of interstellar and protostellar sources, but the unambiguous identification of any individual PAH has proven elusive until very recently. As a result, the formation mechanisms for this important class of molecules remain poorly constrained. Here we report the first interstellar detection of a pure hydrocarbon PAH, indene (C9H8)

We present the low-resolution transmission spectra of the puffy hot Jupiter HAT-P-65b (0.53 MJup, 1.89 RJup, T eq = 1930 K), based on two transits observed using the OSIRIS spectrograph on the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio CANARIAS. The transmission spectra of the two nights are consistent, covering the wavelength range 517–938 nm and consisting of mostly 5 nm spectral bins. We perform equilibrium-chemistry

We have used the Arecibo Telescope and the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) to carry out a deep search for Hi 21 cm emission from a large sample of “Green Pea” galaxies, yielding 19 detections, and 21 upper limits on the Hi mass. We obtain Hi masses of M Hi ≈ (4–300) 108 M ⊙ for the detections, with a median Hi mass of ≈ 2.6 109 M ⊙; for the non-detections, the median 3σ upper limit on the Hi mass is ≈ 5

Ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are atomic nuclei from space with vastly higher energies than any other particles ever observed. Their origin and chemical composition remain a mystery. As we show here, the large and intermediate angular scale anisotropies observed by the Pierre Auger Observatory are a powerful tool for understanding the origin of UHECRs. Without specifying any particular production

Anomalous X-ray pulsars and soft gamma repeaters are slowly rotating, young, and isolated neutron stars exhibiting sporadic outbursts and high X-ray quiescent luminosities. They are believed to be powered by ultrastrong magnetic fields, B ∼ 1014−1015 G, associated with “magnetars.” In the peculiar case of SGR 0418+5729, timing parameters imply a dipolar B-field of 6.1 1012 G. This discovery has challenged

The Milky Way disk consists of two prominent components—a thick, alpha-rich, low-metallicity component and a thin, metal-rich, low-alpha component. External galaxies have been shown to contain thin- and thick-disk components, but whether distinct components in the [α/Fe]–[Z/H] plane exist in other Milky Way-like galaxies is not yet known. We present Very Large Telescope (VLT)—Multi Unit Spectroscopic

Dynamic models of solar system evolution suggest that D-type asteroids formed beyond Saturn's orbit and represent invaluable witnesses of the prevailing conditions in the outer solar system. Here, we report a comprehensive petrographic and isotopic characterization of the carbonaceous chondrite Tarda, a recent fall recovered in the Moroccan Sahara. We show that Tarda shares strong similarities with

Several mechanisms have been proposed to account for the formation of solar prominences or filaments, among which direct injection and evaporation–condensation models are the two most popular ones. In the direct injection model, cold plasma is ejected from the chromosphere into the corona along magnetic field lines; in the evaporation–condensation model, the cold chromospheric plasma is heated to over

We report on the population of 47 compact binary mergers detected with a false-alarm rate of < in the second LIGO–Virgo Gravitational-WaveTransientCatalog. We observe several characteristics of the merging binaryblackhole (BBH) population not discernible until now. First, the primary mass spectrum contains structure beyond a power law with a sharp high-mass cutoff; it is more consistent with a brokenpowerlaw

The melt productivity of a differentiated planet's mantle is primarily controlled by its iron content, which is itself approximated by the planet's core mass fraction (CMF). Here we show that estimates of an exoplanet's CMF allows robust predictions of the thickness, composition, and mineralogy of the derivative crust. These predicted crustal compositions allow constraints to be placed on volatile

Asteroid 2020 CD3 was discovered on 2020 February 15 by the Catalina Sky Survey while it was temporarily captured in a geocentric orbit before escaping Earth’s Hill sphere on 2020 March 7. We searched archival images and found precoveries of 2020 CD3 from the Dark Energy Camera and Catalina Sky survey. The Dark Energy Camera images yielded three observations on 2019 January 17, while the Catalina Sky

Third-generation (3G) gravitational-wave detectors will be able to observe binary black hole mergers (BBHs) up to a redshift of ∼30. This gives unprecedented access to the formation and evolution of BBHs throughout cosmic history. In this paper, we consider three subpopulations of BBHs originating from the different evolutionary channels: isolated formation in galactic fields, dynamical formation in

We report novel observational evidence on the evolutionary status of lithium-rich giant stars by combining asteroseismic and lithium abundance data. Comparing observations and models of the asteroseismic gravity-mode period spacing ΔΠ1, we find that super-Li-rich giants (SLRs, A(Li)>3.2 dex) are almost exclusively young red-clump (RC) stars. Depending on the exact phase of evolution, which requires

Planets and their host stars carry a long-term memory of their origin in their chemical compositions. Thus, identifying planets formed in different environments improves our understating of planetary formation. Although restricted to detecting exoplanets within the solar vicinity, we might be able to detect planetary systems that formed in small external galaxies and later merged with the Milky Way

Certain nuclear isomers are well known to affect nucleosynthesis with important observable consequences (e.g., 26Al and 180Ta). We study the impact of nuclear isomers in the context of rapid neutron capture process (r-process) nucleosynthesis. We demonstrate that nuclear isomers are dynamically populated in the r process and that some are populated far from thermal equilibrium; this makes them astrophysical

The low frequency cutoffs f lo and the observed plasma frequency f p of 176 type III radio bursts are investigated in this paper. These events are observed by the Parker Solar Probe when it is in the encounter phase from the first to the fifth orbit. The result shows that the distribution of cutoffs f lo is widely spread between 200 kHz and 1.6 MHz. While the plasma frequency f p at the spacecraft

We report on the discovery of SPLUS J210428.01−004934.2, an ultra metal-poor (UMP) star first identified from the narrowband photometry of the Southern Photometric Local Universe Survey (S-PLUS) Data Release 1, in the SDSS Stripe 82 region. Follow-up medium- and high-resolution spectroscopy (with Gemini South and Magellan-Clay, respectively) confirmed the effectiveness of the search for low-metallicity

Stellar evolution theory predicts a “gap” in the black hole birth function caused by the pair instability. Many presupernova stars that have a core mass below some limiting value, M low, after all pulsational activity is finished, collapse to black holes, while more massive ones, up to some limiting value, M high, explode, promptly and completely, as pair-instability supernovae. Previous work has suggested

The results from the ESA Gaia astrometric mission and deep photometric surveys have revolutionized our knowledge of the Milky Way. There are many ongoing efforts to search these data for stellar substructure to find evidence of individual accretion events that built up the Milky Way and its halo. One of these newly identified features, called Nyx, was announced as an accreted stellar stream traveling

Inconsistent conclusions are obtained from recent active galactic nuclei (AGNs) accretion disk inter-band time-lag measurements. While some works show that the measured time lags are significantly larger (by a factor of ∼3) than the theoretical predictions of the Shakura & Sunyaev disk (SSD) model, others find that the time-lag measurements are consistent with (or only slightly larger than) that of

We report follow-up observations of the Crab Nebula with the PolarLight X-ray polarimeter, which revealed a possible variation in polarization associated with a pulsar glitch in 2019. The new observations confirm that the polarization has recovered roughly 100 days after the glitch. With the new observations, we find that the polarization angle (PA) measured with PolarLight from the total nebular emission

We have obtained sensitive dust continuum polarization observations at 850 μm in the B213 region of Taurus using POL-2 on SCUBA-2 at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope as part of the B-fields in STar-forming Region Observations (BISTRO) survey. These observations allow us to probe magnetic field (B-field) at high spatial resolution (∼2000 au or ∼0.01 pc at 140 pc) in two protostellar cores (K04166 and

Recent cosmological analyses (e.g., JLA, Pantheon) of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) have propagated systematic uncertainties into a covariance matrix and either binned or smoothed the systematic uncertainty vectors in redshift space. We demonstrate that systematic error budgets of these analyses can be improved by a factor of ∼ 1.5 with the use of unbinned and unsmoothed covariance matrices. To understand

We present the analysis of X-ray and optical observations of gas filaments observed in the radio source 3CR 318.1, associated with NGC 5920, the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) of MKW 3 s, a nearby cool core galaxy cluster. This work is one of the first X-ray and optical analyses of filaments in cool core clusters carried out using MUSE observations. We aim at identifying the main excitation processes

We report that Lyα-emitting galaxies (LAEs) may not faithfully trace the cosmic web of neutral hydrogen (H i), but their distribution is likely biased depending on the viewing direction. We calculate the cross-correlation function (CCF) between galaxies and Lyα forest transmission fluctuations on the near and far sides of the galaxies separately, for three galaxy samples at z ∼ 2: LAEs, [O iii] emitters

Recent 1D core-collapse simulations indicate a nonmonotonicity of the explodability of massive stars with respect to their precollapse core masses, which is in contrast to commonly used prescriptions. In this work, we explore the implications of these results on the formation of coalescing black hole (BH)–neutron star (NS) binaries. Furthermore, we investigate the effects of natal kicks and the NS’s

We use new Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images of nine Green Pea galaxies (GPGs) to study their resolved structure and color. The choice of filters, F555W and F850LP, together with the redshift of the galaxies (z ∼ 0.25), minimizes the contribution of the nebular [O iii] and Hα emission lines to the broadband images. While these galaxies are typically very blue in color, our analysis reveals that it

The first radial alignment between Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter spacecraft is used to investigate the evolution of solar wind turbulence in the inner heliosphere. Assuming ballistic propagation, two 1.5 hr intervals are tentatively identified as providing measurements of the same plasma parcels traveling from 0.1 to 1 au. Using magnetic field measurements from both spacecraft, the properties

We present here a self-consistent cosmological zoom-in simulation of a triple supermassive black hole (SMBH) system forming in a complex multiple galaxy merger. The simulation is run with an updated version of our code KETJU, which is able to follow the motion of SMBHs down to separations of tens of Schwarzschild radii while simultaneously modeling the large-scale astrophysical processes in the surrounding

One of the most important and well-established empirical results in astronomy is the Kennicutt–Schmidt relation between the density of interstellar gas and the rate at which that gas forms stars. A tight correlation between these quantities has long been measured at galactic scales. More recently, using surveys of YSOs, a KS relationship has been found within molecular clouds relating the surface density

We study the multimessenger signals from the merger of a black hole with a magnetized neutron star using resistive magnetohydrodynamics simulations coupled to full general relativity. We focus on a case with a 5:1 mass ratio, where only a small amount of the neutron star matter remains post-merger, but we nevertheless find that significant electromagnetic radiation can be powered by the interaction

In recent years, dramatic outbursts have been identified toward massive protostars via infrared and millimeter dust continuum and molecular maser emission. The longest lived outburst (>6 yr) persists in NGC 6334 I-MM1, a deeply embedded object with no near-IR counterpart. Using FORCAST and HAWC+ on SOFIA, we have obtained the first mid-IR images of this field since the outburst began. Despite being

Detached circumplanetary disks are unstable to tilting as a result of the stellar tidal potential. We examine how a tilted circumplanetary disk affects the evolution of the spin axis of an oblate planet. The disk is evolved using time-dependent equations for linear wave-like warp evolution, including terms representing the effect of the tidal potential and planetary oblateness. For a disk with a sufficiently

We present the sympathetic eruption of a standard and a blowout coronal jet originating from two adjacent coronal bright points (CBP1 and CBP2) in a polar coronal hole, using soft X-ray and extreme-ultraviolet observations respectively taken by the Hinode and the Solar Dynamics Observatory. In the event, a collimated jet with obvious westward lateral motion first launched from CBP1, during which a