While the occurrence of seasonal bottom hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico is an extensively studied subject, most research effort has been put on understanding and quantifying hypoxic extent, and little is known about internal variability and short‐term shifts. We use a realistic hydrodynamic model with a simple oxygen parametrization to demonstrate that hypoxia development in the far‐field of

Kelp forests are among the world's most productive marine ecosystems, and they have the potential to locally ameliorate ocean acidification (OA). In order to understand the contribution of kelp metabolism to local biogeochemistry, we must first quantify the natural variability and the relative contributions of physical and biological drivers to biogeochemical changes in space and time. We deployed

The subduction zone along the northern Tonga Trench has the highest plate convergence rate in the world, but limited records of its seismic and tsunamigenic activities. In 2009, a tsunami generated by an MW 8.1 earthquake doublet caused severe impacts in the region including damage and loss of life on the south shores of Upolu and Savaii Islands, Samoa. Here we use numerical modeling aided by recorded

The transport of plastic particles from inland sources to the oceans garbage patches occurs trough coastal regions where the transport processes depend highly on wave–induced motions. In this study, experimental measurements of the plastic particles wave–induced Lagrangian drift in intermediate water depth are presented investigating the influence of the wave conditions, particle size and density on

On coral reefs, flow determines residence time of water influencing physical and chemical environments and creating observable microclimates within the reef structure. Understanding the physical mechanisms driving environmental variability on shallow reefs, which distinguishes them from the open ocean, is important for understanding what contributes to thermal resilience of coral communities and predicting

Past and modern large‐scale ice sheet loss results in geographically variable sea level changes. At present, in Hudson Bay, Canada, sea level is decreasing due to glacial isostatic adjustment, which represents a departure from the globally averaged sea level rise. However, there are large uncertainties in future sea level trends with further polar ice sheet retreat in the coming centuries. Sea level

The effects of stratification and Yucatan Current (YC) transport on the dynamics of the Loop Current (LC) and Loop Current Eddies (LCEs) are studied using a primitive equation, 21/2 non‐homogeneous layered model, which reproduces the main dynamical features of the upper ocean circulation in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The analysis considers the observed variations in stratification and YC transport,

Coastal upwelling along the southwestern coast of Sumatra is a seasonal upwelling that occurs in areas of high sea surface temperature and abundant precipitation at the southeastern edge of the Indian Ocean warm pool. Based on observations from two Argo floats that drifted and stayed around Sumatra, we investigated ocean temperature and salinity variations during several coastal upwelling events observed

This study examines the influences of major climate variability modes on global extreme significant wave height (SWH) during 1992‐2016 using merged satellite altimeter records and ERA5 reanalysis dataset. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), North Pacific Oscillation (NPO), and Southern Annular mode (SAM) are considered during December‐February (DJF), March–May (MAM)

The Northern Bay of Bengal (NBOB) exhibits extreme salinity stratification caused by intense summer monsoon rainfall and associated river discharge. This accumulated fresh water plume in NBOB is believed to be transported along the East coast of India (ECI) by East India Coastal Current (EICC), known as River in the Sea (RIS). Though in situ Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) measurements are sparse, the advancement

The year‐to‐year seasonal variability of the vertical distribution of concentration of chlorophyll‐a (Chla) in the Black Sea, its relation to light (PAR) and mixing conditions were studied based on the six‐year (2014‐2019) measurements of Bio‐Argo floats. Variations in PAR caused by changes in incoming solar radiation and light attenuation determine the position of the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM)

During winter 2017 the semi‐permanent Beaufort High collapsed and the anticyclonic Beaufort Gyre reversed. The reversal drove eastward ice motion through the Western Arctic, causing sea ice to converge against Banks Island, and halted the circulation of multiyear sea ice via the gyre, preventing its replenishment in the Beaufort Sea. Prior to the reversal, an anomalously thin seasonal ice cover had

Oxygen concentrations in the deep waters of the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary have decreased by 50% over the past century. The drivers of this decrease are investigated by applying an extended Optimum Multiparameter (eOMP) analysis to a time series of physical and biogeochemical observations of the St. Lawrence Estuarine System in the 1970s and from late 1990s to 2018. This method reconstructs the relative

Accurate forecasting of ocean currents in dynamic regions remains a critical challenge due to the sparsity of observations in global ocean observing networks and the limited resolution of present‐day regional ocean models. Lately, traditional observing platforms have been complemented by newly‐available data streams capable of sampling at higher spatial and/or temporal resolutions in dynamically significant

The shallow meridional overturning cells of the Atlantic Ocean, the Subtropical Cells (STCs), consist of poleward Ekman transport at the surface, subduction in the subtropics, equatorward flow at thermocline level and upwelling along the equator and at the eastern boundary. In this study we provide the first observational estimate of transport variability associated with the horizontal branches of

Alaskan Arctic coastlines are protected seasonally from ocean waves by the presence of coastal and shorefast sea ice. This study presents field observations collected during the autumn 2019 freeze up near Icy Cape, a coastal headland in the Chukchi Sea of the Western Arctic. The evolution of the coupled air‐ice‐ocean‐wave system during a four‐day wave event was monitored using drifting wave buoys,

Despite their high potential for accurate sea ice properties estimation, seismic methods are still limited by the difficulty of access and the challenging logistics of polar environments. Conventional seismic methods generally require tens of geophones together with active seismic sources for monitoring applications. While this is not an issue for mainland environment, it is restrictive for sea ice

Ocean bathymetry exerts a strong control on ice sheet‐ocean interactions within Antarctic ice‐shelf cavities, where it can limit the access of warm, dense water at depth to the underside of floating ice shelves. However, ocean bathymetry is challenging to measure within or close to ice‐shelf cavities. It remains unclear how uncertainty in existing bathymetry datasets affect simulated sub‐ice‐shelf

Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous dynamical features that tend to propagate westward and disappear along ocean western boundaries. Using a multiscale observational study, we assess the extent to which eddies dissipate via a direct cascade of energy at a western boundary. We analyze data from a ship‐based microstructure and velocity survey, and an 18‐month mooring deployment, to document the dissipation

This study examines salinity barrier layers (BLs) in the eastern tropical North Pacific (ETP) in the region of the SPURS‐2 (Salinity Processes in the Upper ocean Regional Studies – 2) field campaign. We utilize a high‐resolution numerical model to study BLs and their relationship to frontal features and small‐scale ocean variability, focusing on two specific events. One is associated with a large outbreak

The Thomas Fire ignited on December 5, 2017 and burned nearly 300,000 acres of land in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties until January 12, 2018, making it the largest wildfire in California history at the time. During the fire, a persistent plume of ash, smoke, and soot extended up to 1,000 km offshore over the Santa Barbara Channel (SBC). The effect of this ash influx on the SBC phytoplankton community

This work is focused on the seasonal and inter‐annual variability of the freshened surface layer in the Kara Sea during ice‐free periods. The majority of annual freshwater runoff inflows to the Kara Sea during the freshet period in June – July. As a result, a large low‐salinity and strongly stratified freshened surface layer is formed in the central Kara Sea at the beginning of the ice‐free period

Improvement of methods for satellite monitoring of the world ocean state is one of the most important areas of the remote sensing because of the influence the oceans have on the Earth's climate. Currently, only one parameter is measured on a regular basis on a global scale: the significant wave height which is obtained from spaceborne radar altimeter data. It is known that at small incidence angles

The Gulf Stream (GS) is central to the global redistribution of heat due to the transport of large volumes of warm water from the tropics to high latitudes and the extreme ocean heat loss to the atmosphere. This study assesses the extent to which winter surface heat fluxes and wind stress curl can drive interannual variations of the full‐depth GS transport. Intensification of the GS has been observed

The seasonal ice zone around both the Arctic and the Antarctic coasts is typically characterized by warm and salty waters underlying a cold and fresh layer that insulates sea‐ice floating at the surface from vertical heat fluxes. Here, we explore how a mesoscale eddy field rubbing against ice at the surface can, through Ekman‐induced vertical motion, bring warm waters up to the surface and partially

Understanding the temporal variability of internal tides plays a crucial role in identifying sources and sinks of energy in the ocean. Using a 10‐month‐long time series from moored instruments inside a tidal beam south of the Azores, the magnitude and the underlying causes of temporal variability in the first two modes of the internal tide energy flux was studied. We analyzed changes of the direction

This paper examines the impacts of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) Mode on the upper ocean carbon cycle and its variability in the Indian Ocean with available biogeochemical observations and 60 years (1960–2019) of model outputs from a global ocean biogeochemical general circulation model. The upper ocean carbon cycle variability of the Indian Ocean is faithfully reproduced by the model when compared with

Rivers and wetlands are a major source of terrestrial derived carbon for coastal ocean margins. This results in a net loss of terrestrial carbon into the shelf water and their subsequent transport to interior ocean basin. This study investigates the transport of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the surface‐mixed layer of Louisiana Shelf in northern Gulf of Mexico (nGOM) adjacent to the Wax Lake

Ocean acidification alters the oceanic carbonate system, increasing potential for ecological, economic, and cultural losses. Historically, productive coastal oceans lack vertically resolved high‐resolution carbonate system measurements on time scales relevant to organism ecology and life history. The recent development of a deep ion‐sensitive field‐effect transistor (ISFET)‐based pH sensor system integrated

We report the seasonal variability of temperature, nutrients, and total and size‐fractionated chlorophyll‐a in nearshore waters off northern Baja California (nBC), under conditions of the marine heatwave and El Niño that occurred in the northeastern Pacific during 2014‐2015. Compared with the mean annual cycle (2008‐2015), our study period was characterized by warmer waters, nitrate‐impoverished and

Understanding the relationship between remote sensing reflectance, Rrs(λ) and the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of natural waters is potentially a key to improving our ability to determine biogeochemical constituents from radiometric measurements. These relationships are usually described as a function of absorption, a(λ), and backscattering, bb(λ), coefficients, with the literature providing

Although the SST cooling events around the Lesser Sunda Islands (LSIs), which contribute to the seasonal variation of SST in the southern Indonesian Seas, are thought to be controlled by tidal mixing, the distribution of tidal mixing was highly idealized in previous studies. This study reinvestigates the mechanisms of such SST cooling events using MITgcm, which incorporates the realistic distribution

Asian summer monsoon has a planetary‐scale, westward propagating “quasi‐biweekly” mode of variability with 10‐25 day period. Six years of moored observations at 18oN, 89.5oE in the north Bay of Bengal reveal distinct quasi‐biweekly variability in sea surface salinity (SSS) during summer and autumn, with peak‐to‐peak amplitude of 3‐8 psu. This large‐amplitude SSS variability is not due to variations

The Patagonian slope hosts a variety of waves. We used a state of the art ocean reanalysis to examine waves at the shelf break and in the core of the Malvinas Current (MC) at periods larger than 10 days. Statistics over 25 years indicated three types of signals: in phase signals at specific locations of the shelf break to the south of 47°S, fast propagating signals all along the shelf break (phase

The nearly four‐decades‐long quasi‐continuous daily measurements of the Florida Current (FC) volume transport with a submarine cable at about 27ºN represents the longest climate record of a boundary current in existence. Given the extremely high utility of this time series for monitoring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, as well as for improving understanding and prediction of the regional

Ocean tides have been observed to be changing worldwide for non‐astronomical reasons, which can combine with rising mean sea level (MSL) to increase the long‐term impact to coastal regions. Tides can also exhibit variability at shorter timescales, which may be correlated with short‐term variability in MSL. This short‐term coupling may yield higher peak water levels and increased impacts of exceedance

The 2001 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group I report on the scientific basis of climate change suggested that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) could weaken over the 21st century (Houghton et al. , 2001). In the following year, 2002, the US National Research Council's report Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable Surprises? highlighted the North Atlantic

Twenty‐five years of satellite altimetry Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) and SLA‐derived eddy trajectories are used for a thorough characterization of the Azores Current (AzC) eddies' kinematic properties (i.e., amplitude, radius, and swirl velocity) and evolution above the Mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR) and the Seewarte seamount chain (around 28°W). Changes in the mean flow kinetic energy and eddy kinetic energy

The Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) is a vital component of the coupled ocean‐atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific. The details of its termination near the Galápagos Islands in the eastern Pacific have an outsized importance to regional circulation and ecosystems. Subject to diverse physical processes, the EUC is also a rigorous benchmark for global climate models (GCMs). Simulations of the EUC

We identify and analyse tropical instability waves (TIWs) in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean during 2010‐2018 using satellite derived observations of sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature (SST), sea level anomaly and Argo profiles. In particular, the weekly 50‐km resolution SSS time series from the climate change initiative project provides an unprecedented opportunity to observe the salinity

Anthropogenic modifications of estuarine morphology such as navigational channels have changed tidal dynamics in many estuaries, and the implications include shifts in tidal range, sediment transport, pollutant dispersal, changes in flood risk, and others. Here, we use a numerical model to study how channel deepening has altered tidal elevation, currents, and energy fluxes in the Delaware, a convergent

Using a suite of reanalysis products, model output, and observational data, the Southern Ocean (SO) is demonstrated to be undergoing a significant warming during recent decades, and this SO warming influences the subsurface heat redistribution in the South Indian Ocean (SIO) via two pathways. First, the increasing surface heat flux over the SO induces a poleward shift of the westerlies and the entire

We present an application of generative adversarial networks (GANs) to reconstruct the sea level of the North Sea using a limited amount of data from tidal gauges (TGs). The application of this technique, which learns how to generate datasets with the same statistics as the training set, is explained in detail to ensure that interested scientists can implement it in similar or different oceanographic

Internal tides are a predominant source of high‐frequency variability and diapycnal mixing in the ocean. Understanding their dynamics and lifecycle is necessary to better understand their role in the ocean circulation. In this paper, we describe and quantify internal tide generation, propagation and dissipation in a sector of the North Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, using high‐resolution numerical simulations

Despite many investigations/studies on the surface wave‐induced stress, the global feature of the wave‐induced stress has not been obtained previously as that requires a simultaneous observation of wave spectra and wind on a global scale. The China France Oceanography Satellite (CFOSAT) provided an opportunity for the first time to evaluate the global wave‐induced stress and its contribution to the

A decade (2007–2016) of hourly 6‐km‐resolution maps of the surface currents across the Mid‐Atlantic Bight (MAB) generated by a regional‐scale High Frequency Radar network are used to reveal new insights into the spatial patterns of the annual and seasonal mean surface flows. Across the 10‐year time series, temporal means and interannual and intra‐annual variability are used to quantify the variability

The salinity structure in an estuary is controlled by time‐dependent mixing processes. However, the locations and temporal variability of where significant mixing occurs is not well understood. Here we utilize a tracer variance approach to demonstrate the spatial and temporal structure of salinity mixing in the Hudson River Estuary. We run a 4‐month hydrodynamic simulation of the tides, currents, and

Antarctic sea ice can incorporate high levels of iron (Fe) during its formation and has been suggested as an important source of this essential micronutrient to Southern Ocean surface waters during the melt season. Over the last decade, a limited number of studies have quantified the Fe pool in Antarctic sea ice, with a focus on late winter and spring. Here we study the distribution of operationally

During extreme storms, both wind‐driven changes in water levels and intense precipitation can contribute to flooding. Particularly on low‐lying coastal plains, storm‐driven flooding can cover large areas, resulting in major damage. To investigate the roles of rainfall and storm surge on coastal flooding, a coupled flow‐wave model (Delft3D‐SWAN) that includes precipitation is used to simulate two major

Using newly available satellite observations of Sea Surface Salinity (SSS), we provide, for the first time, a detailed and synoptic view of the spatiotemporal variability of SSS in the South China Sea (SCS). The results depict the SCS as a very dynamic region exhibiting variability over a broad range of time scales, from intra‐seasonal to inter‐annual, with the seasonal cycle dominating (∼47% of the

A new high‐resolution global analysis product is constructed from a fully coupled surface wave‐tide‐circulation Ocean Model developed by the First Institute of Oceanography of China (FIO‐COM). The performance of the FIO‐COM analysis dataset is assessed based on comparisons with two other widely‐used high‐resolution global analysis products (CMEMS and HYCOM), and observations in tropical oceans. Through

Wave direction and wave power are the main climate‐related drivers of large‐scale coastal morphological hazards on open sandy coastlines. El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the main climate driver affecting global wave climates on inter‐annual timescales. Hence, a quantification of wave climate variability with ENSO would aid the characterization of coastal risk as a first‐pass assessment tool

We designed a numerical experiment to characterize the impact of a dynamic chlorophyll‐specific absorption coefficient (aph∗) on the retrieved temporal pattern of chlorophyll concentration (Chl) from ocean color (Rrs). It is found that, even for oceanic waters, without consideration of the temporal variation of aph∗, Chl derived from a synthesized annual Rrs using the “standard” ocean color algorithms

Phytoplankton in the Arctic Ocean are subject to nitrogen limitation in the summer, however, how severely the nitrogen stress affects phytoplankton physiology remains largely unknown. In the summers of 2015–2018, we examined the distribution of phytoplankton photophysiological properties across two contrasting regions of the Arctic Ocean with distinctly different levels of nitrogen availability in

The effects of temporal changes in the marine geoid on estimates of the ocean dynamic topography are being investigated. Influences from mass redistribution due to changes of land hydrology, ice sheets, glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), and ocean and atmospheric dynamics are considered, and the associated crustal deformation is included. The strongest signals are associated with the seasonal cycle

Over the past several decades, many efforts have been devoted to increasing the simulation performance of climate models, but significant biases remain that hinder the performance of coupled systems. Hence, bias correction is regarded not only as a useful tool for improving climate simulations but also as an important step before data assimilation, which depends on the hypothesis of unbiasedness. In

We reformulate a three‐dimensional theory for wave‐ice interactions for flexible ice floes and present a comparison of this new formulation with selected recent parameterizations for the scattering of ocean surface waves due to individual ice floes. The formulation is based on single flow scattering and a transport equation for energy, which fits with the paradigm used in wave prediction code. These

Quantifying energy dissipation due to wave breaking remains an essential but elusive goal for studying and modeling air‐sea fluxes of heat, gas, and momentum. Previous observations have shown that lifetimes of bubble plumes and surface foam are directly related to the dissipated energy. Specifically, the foam decay time can be used to estimate the timescale of the subsurface bubble plume and the energy

Along wetland shorelines, the energetic wave environment generated by cold fronts occurs more frequently than for major storms, yet their impact on wetland evolution processes has not been fully identified. To capture the changes in wave climate during the passage of cold fronts, a wave gauge was installed near a salt marsh edge in Galveston Bay, Texas, USA. A coupled wave‐hydrodynamic model, validated

Landslide generated tsunamis are a primary natural hazard to coastal communities and infrastructure, but the present state of knowledge is limited to the specific details of momentum transfer from the landslide to the water body for either subaerial or fully submerged conditions. Here we report a series of novel experiments and an analytical model that bridges this gap, by exploring the collapse of