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The role of abiotic and biotic factors in interspecific competition of Polish crayfish – comprehensive literature review Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-11-26 Kamil Wiśniewski; Daniel Szarmach; Małgorzata Poznańska-Kakareko
Invasive species are those that have been transferred by humans out of their natural range. Native crayfish species in Polish waters include: Astacus astacus and Pontastacus leptodactylus, whereas invasive species are: Pacifastacus leniusculus, Faxonius limosus, Procambarus clarkii and Procambarus virginalis. The objective of this study was to determine how abiotic and biotic environmental factors
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First record of Wiedemannia ljerkae Ivković et Sinclair, 2017 (Diptera: Empididae) from Albania with an updated checklist of aquatic dance flies occurring in the country Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-11-26 Iwona Słowińska; Radomir Jaskuła
Wiedemannia ljerkae Ivković et Sinclair, 2017 is recorded from Albania for the first time (Sarandë District). The updated checklist of aquatic Empididae (Clinocerinae and Hemerodromiinae) from this country is provided. The potential diversity of the Albanian fauna of dance flies is discussed based on a comparison with faunas of neighboring countries.
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Phosphorus forms in the sediment of seagrass meadows affected mainly by fungi rather than bacteria: a preliminary study based on 31P-NMR and high-throughput sequencing Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-11-26 Muqiu Zhao; Hui Wang; Shuai Wang; Qiuying Han; Yunfeng Shi
Microorganisms play an important role in the circulation of phosphorus (P) in the sediment of coastal wetland ecosystems. In this study, solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to determine different forms of P in the sediments of four different seagrass meadows and a bare tidal flat, while high-throughput 16S and ITS rRNA gene sequencing was used to determine the microbial community
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Seasonal and annual variability in chlorophyll-a in the shelf region of the Northern Bay of Bengal using MODIS-Aqua data Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-11-26 Muhammad Abdur Rouf; Al-Hasan Antu; Imran Noor
Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration is an important issue in ocean ecosystem management and research. This study investigates seasonal and annual variability in Chl-a and its relationship with sea surface temperature (SST) and river discharge in the shelf region of the Northern Bay of Bengal (BoB), as well as validates satellite data against in-situ data. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
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First recorded bloom of Akashiwo sanguinea (Dinophyceae) from the Cochin backwaters, a tropical estuarine system along the South Eastern Arabian Sea Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-11-26 Twinkle Sathish; Lathika Cicily Thomas; Aishwarya; Niya Benny; K.B. Padmakumar
Akashiwo sanguinea, a cosmopolitan red tide-forming dinoflagellate, is reported for the first time as a bloom from the Cochin estuary along the South Eastern Arabian Sea. Monthly sampling showed the continuous presence of A. sanguinea with occasional blooms. Blooms of A. sanguinea with the highest abundance of 2.8 × 105 cells l−1 were observed during the monsoon season (June 2019) with chlorophyll
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Growth parameters of invasive gibel carp Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) in Lake Marmara (Turkey) Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-11-26 Ali Ilhan; Hasan M. Sarı; Irmak Kurtul
The objective of this study was to determine growth parameters, such as age–length and length–weight relationships, as well as condition factors and sex ratio, of the Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) population in Lake Marmara (western region of Turkey), which is one of the most important fishing areas. Fish were caught on a monthly basis by gillnets and trammel nets (mesh size 10–50 mm) between March
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Spatio-temporal variation in the distribution and abundance of marine cladocerans in relation to environmental factors in a productive lagoon (Güllük Bay, SW Aegean Sea, Turkey) Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-11-26 Nurçin Killi
In order to understand the effects of some physical (temperature and salinity) and chemical (dissolved oxygen, nitrate and chlorophyll a) factors on the abundance and distribution of cladoceran species, zooplankton samples were seasonally collected between August 2015 and July 2016 from three stations near the entrance to the Boğaziçi Lagoon in Güllük Bay (Aegean Sea, Turkey) using a WP2 plankton net
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Development of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model to predict sea surface temperature (SST) Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-11-26 Semih Kale
An accurate estimation of the sea surface temperature (SST) is of great importance. Therefore, the objective of this work was to develop an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model to predict SST in the Çanakkale Strait. The observed monthly air temperature, evaporation and precipitation data from the Çanakkale meteorological observation station were used as input data. The Takagi–Sugeno
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Influence of land development on the ecological status of small water bodies Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-11-26 Anna Dudzińska; Barbara Szpakowska; Maria Pajchrowska
Small water bodies play a specific role in the landscape, as they increase the mosaic pattern of a given area, retain water and affect hydrological regime in adjacent soils. These water bodies are the most important in landscapes that have been largely transformed by man, such as agricultural and urban landscapes. The author of this study assessed the ecological status of small water bodies using the
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Response of the rotifer community to human-induced changes in the trophic state of a reservoir Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-11-26 Seong-Ki Kim; Jeong-Cheol Kim; Gea-Jae Joo; Jong-Yun Choi
Human disturbance and nutrient runoff lead to water pollution, particularly in downstream waters and reservoirs. We hypothesized that increased human activity in summer would affect the trophic state of downstream reservoirs, affecting the interannual species composition of rotifers. We used long-term data for the Unmun Reservoir in South Korea (2009–2015), which is increasingly affected by human activity
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Sampling native and non-native mobile epifauna with baited traps and habitat collectors – Port of Gdynia case study (southern Baltic Sea, Poland) Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-09-25 Monika Normant-Saremba; Joanna Hegele-Drywa; Lena Marszewska
The effectiveness of two artificial habitat collectors, crab condo (HC1) and habitat crate (HC2), providing a refuge for small mobile fauna, was tested along with two commercial baited traps, Chinese box trap (BT1) and Gee’s Minnow trap (BT2) recommended for only single deployments under a harmonized survey of the Baltic and the North-East Atlantic. Our objective was also to determine whether a multi-deployment
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Biodiversity of benthic diatom flora in the coastal zone of Puck Bay (southern Baltic Sea): a case study of the Hel Peninsula Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-09-25 Małgorzata Witak; Jarosław Pędziński; Sandra Oliwa; Dominika Hetko
The paper presents the results of the analysis of diatoms from surface sediments (stones, sands) and macroflora (seagrass, macroalgae) collected at 16 sampling sites located along the inner coastal zone of Puck Bay (southern Baltic Sea) along the Hel Peninsula. The main diatom species of epilithon, epipsammon and epiphyton were characterized with respect to their autecological preferences (habitat
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Relationships between the Baltic Sea ice extent and ice parameters in the sheltered basins of the southern Baltic coast Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-09-25 Józef P. Girjatowicz; Małgorzata Świątek
In the study, archive data on the maximum annual ice extent in the Baltic Sea (MIB) for the period 1961–2018 were used. They were obtained from the FIMR database. Data on ice parameters for the four largest southern Baltic coastal lakes: Jamno, Bukowo, Gardno and Łebsko, and for Szczecin, Puck, and Vistula Lagoons, come from the Maritime Branch of Institute of Meteorology and Water Management – National
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Trotline hook selectivity for the Atlantic Bonito (Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793) fishery in the Çanakkale Strait (northern Aegean Sea, Turkey) Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-09-25 Alkan Öztekin
This study was conducted to determine the selectivity of hooks (galvanized, tin, carbon, nickel) used for Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793) in the Gallipoli Peninsula and the Dardanelles during the 2015 and 2018 fishing seasons (spring and autumn). The Atlantic bonito was fished with hooks of size 1/0, 2/0, 3/0, and 4/0. A total of 604 bonitos were caught, including 201 individuals using a
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Response of phytoplankton to heavy pollution of water bodies Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-09-25 Tatyana Shevchenko; Peter Klochenko; Inna Nezbrytska
Phytoplankton structure was studied in five ponds (located in the Oleksandriya Nature Park, Ukraine), which significantly differed in the level of their contamination. The concentration of ammonium (NH4+-N) in the studied water bodies was 0.02–74.00 mg l−1, of nitrite (NO2−-N) – 0.002–1.750 mg l−1, nitrate (NO3−-N) – 0.13–58.00 mg l−1, inorganic compounds of phosphorus (Pinorg) – 0.041–0.160 mg l−1
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Distribution of cyclopoid copepods in different subterranean habitats (southern Poland) Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-09-25 Jarosław Kur; Monika Mioduchowska; Adrianna Kilikowska
The majority of Polish studies on freshwater cyclopoids focused on surface water fauna. There are relatively few data on copepods of subterranean waters. Thus, in our research, copepods were collected from 37 different, mostly groundwater-dependent habitats (i.e. caves, springs, wells, interstitial and overhead environments) over a period of five years between 2005 and 2010. A total of 22 species belonging
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Development of an extraction procedure and analysis of electrostatically stabilized silanates from aqueous solutions Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-09-25 Joanna Jabłońska; Mariusz Kluska; Nikolai Erchak; Stanisław Popiel
The analyzed organosilicon derivatives of electrostatically stabilized silanates belong to a group of pentacoordinated compounds. These derivatives are: 1-(N-morpholiniomethyl)spirobi(1-sila-2,5-dioxacyclopentan-3-on)at, 1-(N-morpholiniomethyl)spirobi(1-sila-2,5-dioxa-4-methylcyclopentan-3-on)at, 1-(N-morpholiniomethyl) spirobi(1-sila-2,5-dioxa-4-(i-propyl)cyclopentan-3-on)at.
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Trend analysis and forecasting of the Gökırmak River streamflow (Turkey) Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-09-25 Gökhan Arslan; Semih Kale; Adem Yavuz Sönmez
The objective of this paper is to determine the trend and to estimate the streamflow of the Gökırmak River. The possible trend of the streamflow was forecasted using an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. Time series and trend analyses were performed using monthly streamflow data for the period between 1999 and 2014. Pettitt’s change point analysis was employed to detect the time
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Impact of heavy metals on the food web in the Mediterranean lagoon, Lake Burullus, Egypt Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-09-25 Mahmoud H. Hegab; Nasr M. Ahmed; Shadia M. Kadry; Radwa A. ElSayed; Mohamed E. Goher
Research on the impact of heavy metals and their accumulation in ecosystem elements of Lake Burullus is still scarce. Therefore, this study focuses on the relationship between the levels of heavy metals in the lake water, plankton communities and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The mean annual concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb and Cd in water and fish samples were 527.8, 366.7, 162.6, 137
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Preliminary results on the ovarian histology of rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus (Forsskal, 1775) in the southern Aegean Sea, Turkey Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-09-25 Serhat Engin; Ozan Soykan; Hasan Cerim; Anıl Gülşahin
The study aimed to determine the annual reproductive cycle of Siganus rivulatusfi females based on monthly variation of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and histological changes in gonads. A total of 240 fish samples were collected monthly from small-scale (trammel nets) and recreational (angling and pot fishery) fishing from Gökova Bay, the southern Aegean Sea, between July 2017 and June 2018. The length
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Distribution and community structure of microphytoplankton in relation to increasing anthropogenic impact along coastal waters of Jeddah, the central Red Sea Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-06-18 Aisha A. Al-Amri; Huda A. Qari; Mohsen M. El-Sherbiny
Seasonal distribution and diversity of surface phytoplankton have been studied in relation to anthropogenic activities at seven locations along the coastal waters of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in 2017. The concentration of nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate and silicate varied over wide ranges: 0.04–20.27, 0.05–29.3, 0.22–78.16, 0.02–25.90 and 43–24.50 μmol l−1, respectively. Inorganic nutrients, phytoplankton
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Spat efficiency in the pearl oyster Pinctada radiata (Leach, 1814) in the surface and bottom water at Karantina Island Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-06-18 Selcuk Yigitkurt; Aynur Lök; Ali Kirtik; Sefa Acarli; Evrim Kurtay; Aysun Küçükdermenci; Yaşar Durmaz
The present study was carried out to determine the spat efficiency in the pearl oyster (Pinctada radiata, Leach, 1814) in surface and bottom water at Karantina Island (Izmir/Turkey). Polyethylene mesh bags were used as collectors. An annual average of 175.16 ± 11.32 spat m−2 was obtained from PSC (placed surface collectors) and 82.65 ±3.89 spat m−2 was obtained from PBC (placed bottom collectors).
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Long-term changes in phytoplankton and macrophyte communities in an eutrophic shallow reservoir and prospects for its restoration Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-06-18 Alexander Rusanov; Irina Trifonova; Natalia Ignatyeva; Oksana Pavlova
Long-term changes in hydrochemistry and community structure of phytoplankton and macrophytes were analyzed in the Sestroretskiy Razliv reservoir (northwestern Russia). The average content of total phosphorus (TP) in May–October increased from 73 μg P l−1 in 1980 to 163 μg P l−1 in 2000. A significant increase in average chlorophyll a content from 16.6 μg l−1 in 1980 to 84.7 μg l−1 in 2000 and a shift
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Plant replacement trend in soft-water lakes with isoetids Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-06-18 Rafał P. Ronowski; Krzysztof Banaś; Marek Merdalski; Józef Szmeja
A number of small, shallow inland lakes in the Northern Hemisphere are acidic, soft-water water bodies, mostly fed by precipitation. Some of these lakes are home to Lobelia dortmanna and other aquatic macrophytes from the isoetid group. The present study identifies a plant species replacement trend along the main environmental gradient in such lakes, i.e. pH of water.
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Hexabromocyclododecane contamination of herring gulls in the coastal area of the southern Baltic Sea Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-06-18 Andrzej Reindl; Lucyna Falkowska; Agnieszka Grajewska
Muscles and livers of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) found in the coastal area of the southern Baltic Sea were tested for the presence of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) isomers. They were detected in the muscles (ΣHBCD = 42.82 ± 30.65 ng g−1 l.w.) and livers (ΣHBCD = 65.51±27.96 ng g−1 l.w.) of all examined gulls. The α-HBCD isomer dominates in all types of samples. Our study has shown that bodies
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Accumulation of heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd and Pb) in mullets Planiliza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) and Ellochelon vaigiensis(Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) from Damb Harbor, Balochistan, Pakistan Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-06-18 Quratulan Ahmed; Semra Benzer; Qadeer M. Ali; A. Buksh Baloch
In this study, muscle samples collected from Planiliza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) and Ellochelon vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) caught on the Balochistan coast (Damb Harbor) between January and December 2015 (during the northeast monsoon, post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons, and the southwest monsoon) were analyzed to determine concentrations of heavy metals: iron, zinc, copper, manganese
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Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov., presumably an exclusively epizoic diatom on sea turtles Dermochelys coriacea and Lepidochelys olivacea from French Guiana Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-06-18 Catherine Riaux-Gobin; Andrzej Witkowski; John Patrick Kociolek; Damien Chevallier
Epizoic diatom communities were studied on four turtle species (Chelonia mydas L., Eretmochelys imbricata L., Lepidochelys olivacea Eschscholtz and Dermochelys coriacea Vandelli) from the Eastern Caribbean, the Equatorial West Atlantic and the South Pacific. In the present study, we focused on one taxon of Navicula Bory de Saint-Vincent, described here as a new taxon, which was found on seven individuals
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Use of rotifer trophic state indices to show the effect of hydrobionts and nutrients on water trophic status in mesocosms Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-06-18 Jolanta Ejsmont-Karabin; Irina Feniova; Iwona Kostrzewska-Szlakowska; Marek Rzepecki; Varos G. Petrosyan; Andrew R. Dzialowski
We have determined how Crustacea, zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), fish and nutrients affect the trophic state in mesocosms filled with water collected from the pelagic zone of a eutrophic lake. We hypothesized that the pool of nutrients would increase both directly due to the input of phosphorus and nitrogen and/or indirectly due to the introduction of animal biomass. We used trophic state indices
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Diversity and ecological characteristic of algae and cyanobacteria of thermokarst lakes in Yakutia (northeastern Russia) Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-06-18 Liubov Kopyrina; Elena Pshennikova; Sophia Barinova
A total of 437 species (453 with infraspecific taxa) of algae and Cyanobacteria were identified in 2034 samples collected during the first research on nine thermokarst lakes in Yakutia carried out in 1986–1994 and 2001–2015. The richest algal flora was determined in Lake Aalah, represented by 241 taxa. Bacillariophyta species dominated in four lakes, whereas Chlorophyta and Cyanobacteria dominated
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The use of 18S ribosomal DNA, ITS and rbcL molecular markers to study the genus Dunaliella (Dunaliellaceae) in Iranian samples: A phylogenetic approach Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-03-26 Jaber Dehghani; Ehsan Atazadeh; Yadollah Omidi; Ali Movafeghi
The microalga Dunaliella has been the focus of attention over recent decades owing to its high biotechnological potential for the production of β-carotene, biofuels and even as a good expression system for the production of recombinant proteins. Different species of this genus have unique features, biological characteristics and biotechnological potential. Therefore, it is necessary to have a clear
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Marked contrast in wind-driven upwelling on the southeastern Nova Scotia coast in July of two years differing in ENSO conditions Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-03-26 Ricardo A. Scrosati; Julius A. Ellrich
Upwelling occurs on several coasts of the world, but it has mostly been studied on eastern ocean boundaries. We investigated upwelling on a western ocean boundary for which limited information exists. Using daily in-situ data on sea surface temperature (SST), we found a marked contrast in coastal cooling between July 2014 (pronounced) and July 2015 (weak) at two locations 110 km apart on the Atlantic
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Heavy metals and 137Cs levels in macrophytes and temporal distribution in sediments – application for estuarine environment status assessment (Vistula Lagoon – southern Baltic) Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-03-26 Tamara Zalewska; Paulina Brzeska-Roszczyk; Beata Danowska; Mariusz Pełechaty
The paper presents the first data on the concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Mn) and 137Cs and their contamination ratios (CR) in the most abundant species of macrophytes in the Vistula Lagoon. No significant differences in the concentrations of heavy metals and 137Cs between macrophyte taxa or the influence of rivers flowing into the Vistula Lagoon on heavy metal concentrations
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New records of Navicula sensu stricto from Serbia with taxonomic notes and autecological characterization of Navicula splendicula and N. moskalii Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-03-26 Danijela Vidakovic; Olga Jakovljević; Vladimir Lazović; Sanja Šovran; Jelena Krizmanić
A total of 15 Navicula taxa were recorded in epilithic communities occurring in seven rivers of Serbia, all of which are new to the diatom flora of Serbia. The most interesting of them are N. splendicula and N. moskalii. When observing N. splendicula specimens under SEM, we noticed a characteristic silicate tongue in the center of raphe ends, which had not been previously reported in the available
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Demodex phocidi (Acariformes: Demodecidae) from Phoca vitulina (Carnivora: Phocidae) – the second observation in the world and a supplement to the species description Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-03-26 Joanna N. Izdebska; Leszek Rolbiecki; Karolina Cierocka; Iwona Pawliczka
The present study describes a finding of the demodecid mite Demodex phocidi in the seal Phoca vitulina in the Baltic Sea. This is the first identification in Europe and the second in the world. This is also the first observation of the Demodecidae family in the pinnipeds outside North America. A high density of demodecid mites was observed in the skin of the examined seal, but no symptoms of parasitosis
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Dominant species drive seasonal dynamics of the fish community in the Min estuary, China Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-03-26 Jun Li; Bin Kang
Fishery resources are currently facing multiple stresses such as overfishing, pollution and climate change. Looking into processes and mechanisms of the dynamic fish community through detailed quantitative analyses contributes to effective conservation and management of fishery resources. The Min estuary plays an important role in maintaining fisheries in southeastern coastal China, therefore the fish
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Diversity and biogeography of picoplankton communities from the Straits of Malacca to the South China Sea Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-03-26 Zhao-Yu Jiang; Fu-Lin Sun
Marine picoplankton, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic picoplankton, drive many biogeochemical processes, such as carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles, making them crucial to the marine ecosystem. Despite the fact that picoplankton is prevalent, its diversity and spatial distribution from the Straits of Malacca (SM) to the South China Sea (SCS) remain poorly investigated. This work explores the phylogenetic
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Age, growth and reproductive biology of the saddled seabream (Oblada melanura) in the North Aegean Sea, Eastern Mediterranean Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-03-26 Ismail Burak Daban; Ali Ismen; Mukadder Arslan Ihsanoglu; Koray Cabbar
This study determines the length distribution, length– weight relationship, age, growth parameters, mortality rate, sex ratios, length at first maturity and reproduction of saddled seabream (Oblada melanura) collected monthly by fishermen around the Northern Aegean Sea between November 2017 and October 2018. The length–weight relationship was calculated as W=0.0091×L3.11 (R2=0.95) and positive allometric
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Risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in water, sediment and plants in the Nile River in the Cairo region, Egypt Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. (IF 0.753) Pub Date : 2020-03-26 Afify D.G. Al-Afify; Amaal M Abdel-Satar
Samples of water, sediment and two native plants (Eichhornia crassipes and Ceratophyllum demersum), collected seasonally from eight sites, were analyzed to investigate the level of contamination with metals (Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb and Cd) in the Nile River in the Cairo region, using heavy metal pollution and contamination indices in the case of water, and the geoaccumulation index, the pollution