The surface enthalpy fluxes (latent and sensible heat fluxes) provide the necessary energy to intensify tropical cyclones (TCs). The surface momentum fluxes modify the intensity of TCs. Various parameters affect the surface fluxes. Drag and enthalpy exchange coefficients are known as parameters that lead to ambiguity in the surface fluxes. Thus, for simulating a TC, various drag and enthalpy exchange

The role of the Coriolis effect in the initial formation of bottom patterns in a tidal channel is studied by means of a linear stability analysis. The key finding is that the mechanism generating oblique tidal sand ridges on the continental shelf is also present in confined tidal channels. As a result, the Coriolis effect causes the fastest growing pattern to be a combination of tidal bars and oblique

Cold water anomalies were found in the middle layer in the northern Taiwan Strait in the spring of 2015. The cold water was located at a depth of approximately 10–20 m, with warm water situated both above and below this cold water layer. This study investigated this phenomenon using a three-dimensional operational ocean model, in which the sea-surface net heat flux was justified by nudging the appropriate

The contribution of sea-state-induced processes to sea-level variability is investigated through ocean-wave coupled simulations. These experiments are performed with a high-resolution configuration of the Geestacht COAstal model SysTem (GCOAST), implemented in the Northeast Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic Sea which are considered as connected basins. The GCOAST system accounts for wave-ocean

A coupled numerical model is developed based on the spectral element method (SEM) and boundary element method (BEM) to predict the characteristics of tsunami wave response on Pohang New Harbor (PNH), South Korea, and Paradip Port, India. The current numerical model is developed to analyze the impacts on the coastal region with slowly varying bathymetry under the resonance conditions. In this method

The high-frequency radar coastal network in Toulon operates in multistatic mode for the monitoring of the ocean circulation in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. With 2 transmitters and 2 receivers on 3 distant sites, it measures 4 different elliptical components of the surface velocity. We provide a methodology for improved current mapping using this augmented number of available projections and

In this study, deep circulation in the South China Sea (SCS) is investigated using results from mesoscale-eddy-resolving, regional simulations using the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) verified by continuous current-meter observations. Analysis of these results provides a detailed spatial structure and temporal variability of the deep circulation in the SCS. The major features of the SCS deep

We studied the water age and transport of passive tracers in the Archipelago Sea, Baltic Sea, using the COHERENS 3D hydrodynamic model and the OpenDrift Lagrangian particle model. The mean water age, which was calculated with COHERENS over a period of 6 years, varied between 1 and 3 months in the outer archipelago and between 3 and 6 months in the middle archipelago. The water age was highest in the

The Unresolved Obstacles Source Term (UOST) is a general methodology for parameterizing the dissipative effects of subscale islands, cliffs, and other unresolved features in ocean wave models. Since it separates the dissipation from the energy advection scheme, it can be applied to any numerical scheme or any type of mesh. UOST is now part of the official release of WAVEWATCH III, and the freely available

The ocean thermal structure (OTS) is a significant element that affects tropical cyclone (TC) intensities, as energy drawn from the ocean fuels TCs. Satellite altimetry can be used to derive the OTS for TC research. The cooling of sea surface temperature (SST) caused by TCs is closely related to the OTS and differs according to differences in the OTS in different regions. However, the accuracy of existing

The Oujiang River Estuary (ORE) is a macrotidal estuary in southeast Zhejiang Province of China. Although the economy has developed rapidly over the past two decades, few studies have been explored on the estuarine dynamics. Based on in situ measurements, we established a 3-D numerical model to investigate salt intrusion and its response to river discharge, tide, and the salinity at river mouth. We

Sea spray comprises liquid droplets that cover a broad range of radii, from 0.01 to 1000 μm. For field observations, it is difficult to measure the sea spray size distribution over the full range of radii, particularly as spray production is associated with extreme weather conditions. As a result, differences in magnitude of the sea spray production estimates reach 6 orders. In this study, the sea

A multi-decadal simulation of ocean circulation in the northern Gulf of Mexico produces strong submesoscale instabilities in the Mississippi/Atchafalaya plume fronts. The model skill in reproducing these submesoscale frontal eddies over the Texas-Louisiana shelf is assessed using simulated and observed salinity and velocity fields as a way to investigate simulation accuracy and quantify the variability

Energy transfer mechanisms between the atmosphere and the deep ocean have been studied for many years. Their importance to the ocean’s energy balance and possible implications on mixing are widely accepted. The slab model by Pollard (Deep-Sea Res Oceanogr Abstr 17(4):795–812, 1970) is a well-established simulation of near-inertial motion and energy inferred through wind-ocean interaction. Such a model

In this study, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging of waves across ocean fronts was investigated using C-band Sentinel-1 VV-polarized SAR imagery collected over the Yangtze and the Zhujiang estuaries. The presence of ocean fronts in the study area was confirmed by collocated sea surface temperature (SST) data provided by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and sea surface current

Argo floats can be used to collect unique and spatiotemporally continuous eddy profiles as they are carried forward within eddies. Using satellite altimeter data, we designed and conducted an eddy-borne Argo float measurement experiment in a South China Sea (SCS) eddy generated in the southwest region of Taiwan. The Argo float was deployed at a location that was estimated to be in the eddy corridor

Global warming is changing the global wave climate, making waves stronger. In this study, we find that the wave climate in the South China Sea (SCS) undergoes an intensifying trend under global warming background, by examining the ERA-5 wave reanalysis data over 1979–2018. Results show a significant increase in most of the SCS, of 0.2% per year in significant wave height (SWH) and 0.15% per year in

Fatigue damage of offshore floating structures is a long-term cumulative process, which is mainly attributed to ocean waves. The natural variability and human-induced climate change may affect the wave climate and consequently result in the change of fatigue damage. This paper aims to investigate the effect of climate change on the fatigue damage of offshore floating structures operating in three offshore

The spatial and temporal variability of the high individual wave heights, which pose a hazard in India’s shelf seas, has not been investigated. In this study, the spatial and temporal variation of hourly maximum individual wave height (Hmax) in the Indian shelf seas is examined based on 40 years ERA5 Re-Analysis data from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Waverider buoy data from

Tidal characteristics in the well-known Coastal Marine Proving Ground near Chudao Island located in Shandong Province, China, are firstly investigated based on Princeton Ocean Model (POM) with a generalized coordinate system. Numerical results having been validated by available observations, the ensemble transform–based sensitivity method that calculates the gradient of forecast error variance reduction

Variations in river hydraulic geometry (HG) are of fundamental importance to fluvial geomorphological research and catchment management. In tide-influenced river deltas, channel geometry displays a mixed scaling behavior since the channel forming discharge is of both tidal and river origins. This study aims to map the tidal signature on delta morphology in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) channel network

Surface windstress transfers energy to the surface mixed layer of the ocean, and this energy partly radiates as internal gravity waves with near-inertial frequencies into the stratified ocean below the mixed layer where it is available for mixing. Numerical and analytical models provide estimates of the energy transfer into the mixed layer and the fraction radiated into the interior, but with large

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake.

Bioluminescence (BL) potential observations registered high BL potential emissions during the polar night of January 2012 at the mouth of a fjord Rijpfjorden (northern Svalbard, Norway). Notably, observations of BL potential at this location were significantly higher in the upper 50 m than observed BL potential at offshore stations located on the shelf-slope areas and in the deeper water off northern

Understanding the wave properties in centimeter to decameter (cmDm) wavelength range is of great interest to ocean remote sensing and air-sea interaction. For more than six decades, cmDm waves are generally considered to be in the equilibrium range, and its spectral function has a constant slope: − 5 or − 4 in the 1D frequency spectrum and − 3 or − 2.5 in the 1D wavenumber spectrum. Some variations

Typhoons can interact intensely with oceans, and the atmosphere–ocean interaction has an enormous impact on the intensity and structure of typhoons. To consider the impact of typhoon–ocean interactions, a regional coupled atmosphere–ocean system for operational forecasting of Western North Pacific typhoons is established in this paper based on a public coupled atmosphere–ocean framework and in accordance

San Francisco Bay (SFB) is a complex ecosystem that has been heavily impacted by human activities. It has experienced strong year-to-year variations in physical, chemical, and biological conditions, due to both natural climate variation and human activities. There is a need to investigate this long-term variation, with a focus on management practices and needs. The study aims to construct a coupled

Bayesian inference with coordinate transformations and polynomial chaos for a Gaussian process with a parametrized prior covariance model was introduced in Sraj et al. (Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 298:205–228, 2016a) to enable and infer uncertainties in a parameterized prior field. The feasibility of the method was successfully demonstrated on a simple transient diffusion equation. In this work, we

Ocean waves are the main driver of sediment transport on open sandy coastlines, and inter-annual to multi-decadal variability in the wave climate significantly impacts year-on-year coastal risk. As such, the integration of large-scale climatic variability into local-scale coastal management studies is pertinent but seldom implemented in practice, mainly due to the lack of knowledge in this subject

This study presents a new approach to modeling marsh evolution. The Tidal Marsh Model (TMM) has been developed as a module within the SCHISM (Semi-implicit Cross-scale Hydroscience Integrated System Model) framework. Some unique features of the TMM are dynamic rates, cross-scale simulations, and incorporation of anthropogenic stressors, which allow it to overcome many limitations that current marsh

This research explores the novel use of the partial least squares regression (PLSR) as an alternative model to the conventional least squares (LS) model for modeling tide levels. The modeling is based on twenty tidal constituents: M2, S2, N2, K1, O1, MO3, MK3, MN4, M4, SN4, MS4, 2MN6, M6, 2MS6, S4, SK3, 2MK5, 2SM6, 3MK7, and M8. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd PLSR components are selected from 40 PLSR components

The meandering of the Gulf Stream through the Straits of Florida is associated with eddy activity to the north (along the Florida Keys) and the south (along the Cuban coast). This study focuses on recently identified processes along the Cuban coast, namely anticyclonic eddies (Cuban ANticyclones: CubANs) and cyclonic activity characterized by cold-core eddies (cyclones) and coastal upwelling that enhances

Tidally dominated coasts are directly affected not only by projected rise in mean sea level, but also by changes in tidal dynamics due to sea level rise and bathymetric changes. By use of a hydrodynamic model, which covers the entire German Bight (South-Eastern North Sea), we analyse the effects of sea level rise and potential bathymetric changes in the Wadden Sea on tidal current velocities. The model

Operational ocean nowcast/forecast systems require real-time sampling of oceanic data for representing realistic oceanic conditions. Satellite altimetry plays a key role in detecting mesoscale variability of the ocean currents. The 10-day sampling period and horizontal gaps between the altimetry tracks of 100 km cause difficulties in capturing shorter-term/smaller-scale ocean current variations. Operational

The variability of the water mass exchange between the Arabian Gulf and the Indian Ocean is investigated using a high-resolution (1/36°) ocean model. We focus on the period from December 1996 to March 1998, having as reference in situ measurements at the Strait of Hormuz. Previous studies, based on models and observations, suggested a perpetual deep outflow, mainly in the southern part of the Strait

A partly coupled wave-ice model with the ability to resolve ice-induced attenuation on waves was developed using the Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) framework and applied to the Great Lakes. Seven simple, flexible, and efficient parameterization schemes originating from the WAVEWATCH III® IC4 were used to quantify the wave energy loss during wave propagation under ice. The reductions of

It is important to achieve a better understanding of the wave energy variations occurring as a steep wave evolves towards breaking. Laboratory experiments of focused waves are performed to investigate the kinematics of primary breaking waves. When a primary wave evolves towards breaking, the increase in the maximum kinetic energy is stronger than the increase in the maximum potential energy. Furthermore

While moderate wind and wave conditions prevail in the eastern equatorial Pacific, modeling waves in this area remains challenging due to the presence of multiple wave systems converging from different parts of the ocean. This area is covered by swells originated far away including the storm belts of both hemispheres, coexisting with local generation due to the regular action of both the southern trade

The blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia selliformis can be predicted with accuracy derived from knowledge of the main forcing variables. A naive Bayes classifier modeling framework, a member of the Bayesian network family, is used to identify the phytoplankton community and the physical and meteorological parameters involving K. selliformis blooms in the eutrophic Boughrara Lagoon (BL), Tunisia

A dense network of instruments has been deployed within harbors along the Mediterranean coast, in the Toulon Metropole area, between the Hyères islands and the Sanary Bay in the framework of the observation network HTM-NET. Each station is equipped with two piezometric sensors, the first immersed and the second emerged, which allows the calculation of the water level. Both piezometric sensors are also

Low-frequency interannual climatic oscillations have been reported to influence the precipitation regimes, river discharges, winds, and sea level in the Caribbean Sea. Here, we analyzed the presence and relevance of low-frequency oscillations in the waves’ climate of the Caribbean Sea using data from WAVEWATCH III (NOAA) reanalysis and applying frequency domain wavelet transform technique. Results

The tides in the Mediterranean Sea are generally weaker than in other regions of the world ocean, but are locally intensified in passages with complex bathymetry, such as the Gibraltar Strait and the Sicily Channel. To date, a detailed understanding of their effects on the circulation, on the short time scales relevant to forecasting, is still missing, due to the lack of specific observations, and

Vertical axes of mesoscale eddies with the coherent structure were observed to tilt southwestward significantly from the sea surface to bottom in the South China Sea. The dynamic mechanism for vertical tilting of eddies, however, is not well understood. In this study, the influence of the planetary β-effect on the vertical structure of a coherent eddy is investigated based on analytical considerations

Norway has complicated dynamics in the coastal ocean and in the fjords. In this area is also the largest salmon aquaculture industry in the world. The salmon industry is valuable for Norwegian economy worth more than 60 billion NOK. Thus, it is important to know the physical oceanography along the coast, even variability on short temporal and spatial scales (h/km), to be able to quantify environmental

In the Yellow Sea (YS), besides the energetic tidal forcing, winds also induce strong vertical mixing, especially in the summer season when the thermocline is well developed. The vertical mixing processes induced by tides and winds on the YS continental shelf in the summer of 2012 are studied by conducting different numerical simulations using a regional ocean model. Distributions of the mean summer

The Arctic Ocean is undergoing significant changes, with rapid sea ice decline, unprecedented freshwater accumulation, and pronounced regional sea level rise. In this paper, we analyzed the sea level variation in the Arctic Ocean based on a global simulation with 4.5-km resolution in the Arctic Ocean using the multi-resolution Finite Element Sea Ice-Ocean Model (FESOM). The simulation reasonably reproduces

Underwater gliders can provide real-time and spatially flexible temperature/salinity (T/S) observations for improving the marine forecast by data assimilation. By conducting Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs), this study aims to investigate the effect of assimilating glider-observed T/S profiles regarding the horizontal resolution of glider deployment and assimilation frequency, as well

In the original article, the first-author name Xiouzhou Ma should be changed to Xiaozhou Ma.

The Bosphorus, located at the junction of Asia and Europe, controls the transports of water, material, and energy between the Black Sea (BS) and the Mediterranean Sea. The Canal Istanbul (CI), planned by Republic of Turkey (TR), is a gigantic project which bisects the current European side of Istanbul, thus forming a secondary waterway parallel to the existing natural channel of the Bosphorus. The

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The following data attribution statement per our research sponsors requirement has been omitted.

The short-lived events of high SST are called hot events (HEs) and can only be generated under the conditions of large daily heat gain due to strong solar radiation and weak wind. We investigated the thermal structure below HEs in the western equatorial Pacific by using in situ data obtained from TAO/TRITON buoys. We found that the occurrence of HEs can be identified by the typical vertical thermal

The westward transversal current (TC) in the southern Yellow Sea entrance was investigated during winter 2007 using a numerical ocean model. The three-dimensional structures and dynamics of the westward TC were highlighted. The model-simulated monthly mean current fields showed that the strong westward TC was limited to the upper water column (shallower than 50 m) and extended westward from 126° E

Procedures of formal averaging over the air-sea interface are applied to both momentum and enthalpy surface-transfer coefficients, CD and CK, in hurricane conditions. The transfer coefficients across the total area of the sea surface and water-covered portions of the sea surface, CD, CK, and CDw, CKw, are estimated by measurements in the open-sea and laboratory (foam-free) conditions, respectively

The 3D Lagrangian residual velocity (LRV) is solved analytically in a narrow bay employing a vertically varying eddy viscosity coefficient. The nondimensional vertical profile of the eddy viscosity is described by a parabola that is characterized by its minimum value and the location of its symmetry axis. The results show that the LRV has similar structures as that under constant eddy viscosity coefficient

Based on a non-hydrostatic two-dimensional and high-resolution model, evolution of internal solitary waves (ISWs) on the typical slope-shelf topography in the northern South China Sea is investigated numerically, and the influences of the initial amplitude, seasonal stratification and topographic characteristics are analyzed with a series of sensitivity runs. The results indicate that the initial amplitude

Numerical simulations based on solving the 2D shallow water equations using a discontinuous Galerkin (DG) discretisation have evolved to be a viable tool for many geophysical applications. In the context of flood modelling, however, they have not yet been methodologically studied to a large extent. Systematic model testing is non-trivial as no comprehensive collection of numerical test cases exists

Marine resources are outstanding among renewable energy for their wide occurrence and diverse possibilities of exploitation. The tidal resource can be harnessed by the use of both potential (sea level) and kinetic energy (tidal currents). Maranhão coast presents one of the largest tidal ranges and strongest currents on Brazilian coastline, providing a good source of renewable energy. A 3D hydrodynamic

The interactions between barotropic tides and mesoscale processes were studied using the results of a numerical model in which tidal forcing was turned on and off. The research area covered part of the East Atlantic Ocean, a steep continental slope, and the European Northwest Shelf. Tides affected the baroclinic fields at much smaller spatial scales than the barotropic tidal scales. Changes in the

An understanding of the oceanic response to tropical cyclones is of importance for studies on climate change, ecological variability and environmental protection. Hurricane Irma (2017, Atlantic Ocean) broke many records, including the fact that it was the first category 5 hurricane making landfall in Cuba since 1924. In this study, we assess the oceanic response of the waters of the Cuban Exclusive

The Gulf Stream (GS) transports a massive amount of heat northward to high latitudes and releases sensible and latent heat to the atmosphere, playing an important role in the North Atlantic and European climate change. The change trends of the GS transport and pathway are still uncertain to date. Our analyses of altimeter observations from 1993 to 2016 indicate that the linear trends in surface maximum