This paper provides a historical review and critique of stochastic generating models for hydrological observables, from early generation of monthly discharge series, through flood frequency estimation by continuous simulation, to current weather generators. There are a number of issues that arise in such models, from uncertainties in the observational data on which such models must be based, to the

In 1994, a network of small catchments (GEOMON) was established in the Czech Republic to determine input – output element fluxes in semi‐natural forest ecosystems recovering from anthropogenic acidification. The network consists from 16 catchments and the primary observations of elements fluxes were complemented by monitoring of biomass stock, element pools in soil and vegetation, and the main water

Clay aquitards are semipermeable membranes that allow groundwater flow while retarding solute migration have been researched extensively but also subjected to much debate. At present, there is no evidence of whether the physical and chemical properties of clay soil and the isotopic composition of pore water affect the semipermeable membrane effect. In this study, we collected clay samples from drilling

Despite the importance of tropical ecosystems for climate regulation, biodiversity, water and nutrient cycles, only a few Critical Zone Observatories (CZOs) are located in the tropics. Among these, most are in humid climates, while very few data exist for semi‐arid and sub‐humid climates, due to the difficulty of estimating hydro‐geochemical balances in catchments with ephemeral streams. We contribute

Though high rates of nitrate (NO3‐) leaching from forests are undesirable, the factors significantly regulating stream NO3‐ concentration is not clarified yet. In Japan, not only near metropolitan areas but also the Japan Sea‐side area with heavy snowfall is well known for receiving more than 10 kg‐N ha‐1 yr‐1 of nitrogen (N) deposition. However, NO3‐ concentration in stream water is relatively low

This study examined the weekly water vapor isotopic composition (δ18Ov) in Thailand. The water vapor was cryogenically collected from eight sites across the country. Two observational samples were collected over one 24‐h period each week (a daytime and a nighttime sample), from September 2013 to September 2014. The primary aim was to investigate the environmental factors influencing water vapor isotopes

The Kwakshua Watersheds Observatory (KWO) is an integrative watersheds observatory on the coastal margin of a rain‐dominated bog‐forest landscape in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Established in 2013, the goal of the KWO is to understand and model the flux of terrestrial materials from land to sea – the origins, pathways, processes, and ecosystem consequences – in the context of long‐term environmental

The water balance is an essential tool for hydrologic studies and quantifying water‐balance components is the focus of many research catchments. A fundamental question remains regarding the appropriateness of water‐balance closure assumptions when not all components are available. In this study, we leverage in‐situ measurements of water fluxes and storage from the Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory

The Demnitzer Millcreek catchment, is a 66 km2 long‐term experimental catchment located 50 km SE of Berlin. Monitoring over the past 30 years has focused on hydrological and biogeochemical changes associated with de‐intensification of farming and riparian restoration in the low‐lying landscape dominated by rain‐fed farming and forestry. However, the hydrological function of the catchment, which is

Simulated rainfall experiments were performed on bare, undecomposed litter layer and semi‐decomposed litter layer slopes with litter biomasses of 0, 50, 100 and 150 g m‐2, respectively, to evaluate the effect of the undecomposed layer and semi‐decomposed layer of Quercus variabilis litter on the soil erosion process and the particle size distribution of eroded sediment. The undecomposed layer and semi‐decomposed

Catchments have highly variable yields of runoff and soil erosion. The size, land use and the surface cover play a significant role and influence the catchment response and parameter values of simulation models. Two experimental basins – the Cariri Basins – were equipped in a semi‐arid region of Brazil, for obtaining runoff and sediment yield in different catchment scales, as well as, to evaluate the

In the referenced article, Nogueira, Schmidt, Trauth and Fleckenstein (2021), the acknowledgement section originally supplied was inadvertently omitted from the published version of record. The full acknowledgement should read as follows:

Lutz creek is a small (9.69 ha) catchment located on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), a 1500‐ha island in Lake Gatún, the principal freshwater reservoir (425 ha, 26 m above sea level) of the Panama Canal watershed in central Panama. In 1972, a concrete V‐notch weir was installed on the creek, located at 9°09′42.8358″N, 79°50′15.6699″W, and hydrological record keeping began. The island was first established

The Turkey Lakes Watershed (TLW) study is a federal, interdepartmental study established in 1979 to investigate the effects of acid rain on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The 10.5 km2 watershed, located in the Eastern Temperate Mixed Forest on the Canadian Shield, has been the site of multidisciplinary studies on biogeochemical and ecological processes conducted across plot to catchment scales

Water resources availability is one of the main concerns for policy makers around the world in present and future management plans. In the Mediterranean basin, this concern is increased given the extreme variability in climate and the intrinsic aridity conditions. Water resources in the Mediterranean region depend mainly on surface and subsurface supply from mountain areas. Because evapotranspiration

Hydrologic regime plays an important role in maintaining aquatic ecosystem structures and biogeochemical processes of endorheic salt lakes. Due to joint influences of regional climate change, runoff regulation and water withdrawal, ecological water deficiency has been increasingly prominent in endorheic salt lakes in Northwest China, especially in the Inner Mongolian Plateau. Previous studies mainly

Interactions between groundwater mounds caused by a geologic layer contrast affect the efficiency of managed aquifer recharge in arid areas. However, research has rarely examined the roles of groundwater mounding size variations on soil water dynamics in a stratified vadose zone in response to a sustained infiltration source. Numerical experiments were conducted on a two‐dimensional vertical‐section

The Brixenbach valley is a small Alpine torrent catchment (9.2 km2, 820‐1950 m a.s.l., 47.45°, 12.26°) in Tyrol, Austria. Intensive hydrological research in the catchment since more twelve years, including hydrogeological survey, pedological and land use mapping, measurements of precipitation, runoff, soil moisture and infiltration as well as the conduction of rainfall simulations, has contributed

This study demonstrates the potential value of a combined UAV Photogrammetry and ground penetrating radar (GPR) approach to map snow water equivalent (SWE) over large scales. SWE estimation requires two different physical parameters (snow depth and density), which are currently difficult to measure with the spatial and temporal resolution desired for basin‐wide studies. UAV photogrammetry can provide

Our understanding of how groundwater mediates evapotranspiration/streamflow partitioning is still fragmented and catchment studies under changing vegetation conditions can provide a useful frame for integration. We explored this partition in a flat sedimentary dry catchment in central Argentina in which the replacement of native vegetation with rainfed crops was accompanied by the abrupt formation

The Langtang catchment is a high mountain, third order catchment in the Gandaki basin in the Central Himalaya (28.2° N, 85.5° E), that eventually drains into the Ganges. The catchment spans an elevation range from 1400 m.a.s.l. to 7234 m.a.s.l. and approximately one quarter of the area is glacierised. Numerous research projects have been conducted in the valley during the last four decades, with a

The H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) encompasses the 6,400 ha Lookout Creek watershed in western Oregon, USA. Hydrologic, chemistry and precipitation data have been collected, curated, and archived for up to 70 years. The HJA was established in 1948 to study the effects of harvest of old‐growth conifer forest and logging‐road construction on water quality, quantity and vegetation succession.

The Shenandoah Watershed Study (established in 1979) and the Virginia Trout Stream Sensitivity Study (established in 1987) serve to increase understanding of hydrological and biogeochemical changes in western Virginia mountain streams that occur in response to acidic deposition and other ecosystem stressors. The SWAS‐VTSSS program has evolved over its 40+ year history to consist of a temporally robust

It is well accepted that summer precipitation can be altered by soil moisture condition. Coupled land surface – atmospheric models have been routinely used to quantify soil moisture – precipitation feedback processes. However, most of the land surface models assume a vertical soil water transport and neglect lateral terrestrial water flow at the surface and in the subsurface, which potentially reduces

Non‐perennial streams comprise over half of the global stream network and impact downstream water quality. Although aridity is a primary driver of stream drying globally, surface flow permanence varies spatially and temporally within many headwater streams, suggesting that these complex drying patterns may be driven by topographic and subsurface factors. Indeed, these factors affect shallow groundwater

In central Chile, many communities rely on water obtained from small catchments in the coastal mountains. Water security for these communities is most vulnerable during the summer dry season and, from 2010 to 2017, rainfall during the dry season was between 20 and 40% below the long‐term average. The rate of decrease in stream flow after a rainfall event is a good measure of the risk of flow decreasing

Redox hot spots occurring as metal‐rich anoxic groundwater discharges through wetland and river sediments commonly result in the formation of iron (Fe) oxide precipitates. These redox‐sensitive precipitates influence the release of nutrients and metals to surface water and can act as ‘contaminant sponges’ by absorbing toxic compounds. We explore the feasibility of a non‐invasive, high resolution magnetic

The Chirripó Hydrological Research Site (CHRS) is located within the Chirripó National Park, Costa Rica (between 3,100‐3,820 m asl) whereby ~100 km2 are covered by Páramo, a high‐elevation tropical grassland ecosystem. A lake district with approximately 30 lakes of glacial origin is also protected in this area. The CHRS has been monitored since April 2015 with the aim of establishing the first water

Riparian trees play a critical role in the ecological function of rivers, yet are threatened by anthropogenic change to the hydrological cycle. Identifying the sources of water used by riparian trees can inform sustainable water policy. We used isotopic analysis complemented by measurements of plant water relations to assess water sources for riparian trees at two sites with contrasting hydrogeological

Understanding changes in evapotranspiration during forest regrowth is essential to predict changes of stream runoff and recovery after forest cutting. Canopy interception (Ic) is an important component of evapotranspiration, however Ic changes and the impact on stream runoff during regrowth after cutting remains unclear due to limited observations. The objective of this study was to examine the effects

Nonpoint sources of nitrogen (N) and other nutrients are a major source of water pollution within the Chesapeake Bay watershed and other basins around the world. Human activities associated with agricultural practices can account for a large percentage of N loadings delivered to streams and rivers. This work aims to improve understanding of N transport from groundwater to surface waters, quantifying

The Buck Creek‐Boreas River Adirondack Watershed Monitoring Program, located in the Adirondack region of New York State, USA, combines the monitoring of headwater streams, soils, and vegetation based on a watershed design. Continuous monitoring of 6 watersheds is linked to the sampling of more than 400 additional Adirondack streams between 2003 and 2019 for chemical analysis of 14 constituents throughout

The role of faults in controlling groundwater flow in the Sahara and most of the hyper‐arid deserts is poorly understood due to scarcity of hydrological data. The Wadi Araba Basin (WAB), in the Eastern Sahara, is highly affected by folds and faults associated with Senonian tectonics and Paleogene rifting. Using the WAB as a test site, satellite imagery, aeromagnetic maps, field observations, isotopic