We present deterministic ground motion simulations that account for the cyclic multiaxial response of sediments in the shallow crust. We use the Garner Valley in Southern California as a test case. The multiaxial constitutive model is based on the bounding surface plasticity theory in terms of total stress and is implemented in a high‐performance computing finite‐element parallel code. A major advantage

Oltre ad essere fondamentale per la definizione delle azioni sismiche di progetto, la valutazione probabilistica della pericolosita sismica (PSHA) e propedeutica alla valutazione del rischio sismico e delle conseguenti perdite attese. Un ingrediente chiave del PSHA e la descrizione dell'attenuazione del movimento del suolo. Modelli empirici (GMM), calibrati sui dati registrati disponibili, sono generalmente

Buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) have proven to be very effective in improving the seismic performance of existing and new structures. They provide strength, stiffness and added energy dissipation to the structure. However, being BRBs characterized by a low post-elastic stiffness, their use may lead to residual deformations hindering the building’s reparability and to excessive cumulative ductility

This paper presents a new optimization approach for designing minimum-cost fail-safe distributions of fluid viscous dampers for seismic retrofitting. Failure is modeled as either complete damage of the dampers or partial degradation of the dampers' properties. In general, this leads to optimization problems with large number of constraints. Thus, the use of a working-set optimization algorithm is proposed

Funding information China Scholarship Council, Grant/Award Numbers: N/A, 201608440273 Summary This study investigates the correlation properties of integral ground-motion intensity measures (IMs) from Italian strong-motion records. The considered integral IMs include 5–95% significant duration, Housner intensity, cumulative absolute velocity, and Arias intensity. Both IM spatial correlation and the

The paper deals with the seismic response analysis of nonlinear secondary oscillators. Bilinear, sliding and rocking single-degree-of-freedom dynamic systems are analysed as representative of a wide spectrum of secondary structures and non-structural components. In a first stage, the equations governing their full dynamic interaction with linear multi-degree-of-freedom primary structures are formulated

This paper explores the influence of linear hysteretic damping on the performance of passive tunedinerter devices. An inerter is a device that produces a force proportional to the relative acceleration across its two terminals; devices incorporating inerters have received widespread attention in the earthquake engineering community, because they offer the ability to improve the seismic response of

The present study explores analytically the concept of rocking isolation in bridges considering for the first time the influence of the abutment-backfill system. The dynamic response of rocking bridges with free-standing piers of same height and same section is examined assuming negligible deformation for the substructure and the superstructure. New relationships for the prediction of the bridge rocking

Funding information European Comission, Horizon 2020 program, Grant/Award Number: 691213; Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri – Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, ReLUIS program Summary In seismic risk assessment of structures, fragility functions are the probabilistic characterization of vulnerability at the component and/or structural level, expressing the probability of failure as a function

Funding information H2020-SC5-2019 research project RISE (Real-time Earthquake Risk Reduction for a Resilient Europe), Grant/Award Number: 821115; POR GRISIS (Gestione dei rischi e sicurezza delle infrastrutture a scala regionale), Grant/Award Number: CUP B63D180002800079; Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC), ReLUIS-DPC 2019-2021 program Summary Earthquakes

Funding information Onassis Foundation; Imperial College London Summary The seismic collapse capacity of ductile single-degree-of-freedom systems vulnerable to P-Δ effects is investigated by examining the respective influence of ground motion duration and acceleration pulses. The main objective is to provide simple relationships for predicting the duration-dependent collapse capacity of modern ductile

This historical note reports on the early days of the development of an experimental method called “hybrid simulation.” As background, the seeds of this concept, initiated in the early 1970s by Japanese researchers, are presented first, followed by initial efforts (regarded as Stage I) to realize the concept of hybrid simulation and its first applications to explore the seismic performance of structures

Consideration of vertical seismic design loads is important for long‐span structural systems, short‐period structures, and for some nonstructural components in the buildings. To this end, seismic design codes utilize alternative approaches to define vertical design spectrum at different levels of complexity: either as a fraction of horizontal design spectrum or using a separate functional form having

Track nonlinear energy sinks (track NESs) have been shown to be an effective and applicable strategy to mitigate structural response in recent years. However, previous studies on track NESs has mainly focused on demonstrating the benefits of track NESs through numerical simulations and experiments, with relatively little attention paid to the analytical understanding of the unique dynamics of track

This paper investigates the influence of the hysteretic shear behavior of postinstalled anchors in concrete on the seismic response of nonstructural components (NSCs) using numerical methods. The purpose of the investigation is to evaluate current design requirements for NSC and their anchorage. Current design guidelines and simplified methods, such as floor response spectra (FRS), typically approach

In recent years, the additional risk posed to the built environment due to aftershock sequences and triggered events has been brought to attention, and several efforts have been directed towards developing fragility functions for structures in damaged conditions. Despite this rise of interest, a rather fundamental component for such tasks, namely that of aftershock ground motion record selection, has

Accurate and high‐fidelity finite element (FE) models are in great demand in the design, performance assessment, and life‐cycle maintenance of long‐span cable‐stayed bridges. The structural system of a long‐span cable‐stayed bridge is often huge in size and complex with many components connected and various materials constituted. Therefore, the FE model of a long‐span cable‐stayed bridge involves a

During a mainshock‐aftershock (MSAS) sequence, there is no time to retrofit structures that are damaged by a mainshock; therefore, aftershocks could cause additional damage. This study proposes a new approach to develop state‐dependent fragility curves using real MSAS records. Specifically, structural responses before and after each event of MSAS sequences are used to obtain statistical relationships

No abstract is available for this article.

As urban systems become more highly sophisticated and interdependent, their vulnerability to earthquake events exhibits a significant level of uncertainties. Thus, community‐level seismic risk assessments are indispensable to facilitate decision making for effective hazard mitigation and disaster responses. To this end, new frameworks for pre‐ and post‐earthquake regional loss assessments are proposed

A new type of external substructure to upgrade existing reinforced concrete frames (RCFs) is presented in this paper, namely, a self‐centering precast bolt‐connected steel‐plate reinforced concrete buckling‐restrained brace frame (SC‐PBSPC BRBF). The upgrade mechanism and three‐dimensional simulation model were analyzed based on relevant experiment validations. A quasistatic analysis and parameter

A novel low‐cost friction sliding system for bidirectional excitation is developed to improve the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers. The sliding system is a spherical prototype developed by combining a central flat surface with an inclined spherical segment, characterized by stable oscillation and a large reduction in response accelerations on the flat surface. The inclined

A freestanding rigid block subjected to base excitation can exhibit complicated motion described by five response modes: rest, pure rocking, pure sliding, combined sliding‐rocking, and free flight. Previous studies on the dynamics of a rocking block have assumed that the block does not interact with neighboring objects. However, there are many applications in which the block may start or come in contact

In a real‐time hybrid simulation, a transfer system is used to enforce the interface interaction between computational and physical substructures. A model‐based, multilayer nonlinear control system is developed to accommodate extensive performance variations and uncertainties in a physical substructure. The aim of this work is to extend the application of real‐time hybrid simulation to investigating

Testing of stiff physical substructures (PSs) still poses major technical issues that prevent from adopting hybrid simulation (HS) as a standard structural testing method. Firstly, elastic deformation of reaction frames, as well as the limited resolution of displacement transducers, deteriorate displacement control accuracy. Secondly, as a consequence of control errors, small perturbations of actuator

Near‐fault ground motions containing high energy and large amplitude velocity pulses may cause severe damage to structures. The most widely used intensity measure (IM) is the elastic spectral acceleration at the fundamental period of the structure (Sa(T1)); however, Sa(T1) is not a sufficient IM with respect to the effects of the pulse‐like ground motions on structural response. For near‐fault ground

Studies on recent earthquakes highlighted that buildings with minimal structural damage still suffer from extensive damage and failure of nonstructural components. The dropping and damage of suspended ceiling systems, which typically consist of acceleration‐sensitive nonstructural elements, resulted in lengthy functional disruptions and extended recovery time. This article experimentally and analytically

The investigation of structural single rocking walls (SRWs) continues to gain interest as they produce self‐centering lateral load responses with reduced structural damage. The simple rocking model with modifications has been shown to capture these responses accurately if the SRW and its underlying base are infinitely rigid. This paper advances previous rocking models by accounting for (1) the inelastic

The time‐integration algorithm is an indispensable element to determine response of the boundary of the numerical as well as physical parts in a hybrid test. Instability of the time‐integration algorithm may directly lead to failure of the test, so stability of an integration algorithm is particularly important for hybrid testing. The explicit algorithms are very popular in hybrid testing, because

The characterization of the dynamic behavior of an arch dam, and its evolution throughout the structure's lifetime, provides important data for the safety control process. Forced vibration tests remain a reliable technique for this purpose. The Baixo Sabor dam is a 123 m high arch dam recently built in Portugal. Forced vibration tests were performed before and after the reservoir filling. Two techniques

A pushover‐based seismic risk assessment and loss estimation methodology for masonry buildings is introduced. It enables estimation of loss by various performance measures such as the probability of exceeding a designated economic loss, the expected annual loss, and the expected loss given a seismic intensity. The methodology enables the estimation of the economic loss directly from the results of

One widespread problem in damping estimation of high‐rise buildings is the neglect of structural modal directions, which may induce beating in measured dynamic responses along building geometric axes and thereby induce errors in damping estimations to some extent. Based on a proposed two degrees of freedom (2‐DOF) simulation model, the effects of neglecting the modal directions on damping estimate

Modelling uncertainty can significantly affect the structural seismic reliability assessment. However, the limit state excursion due to this type of uncertainty may not be described by a Poisson process as it lacks renewal properties with the occurrence of each earthquake event. Furthermore, considering uncertainties related to ground motion representation by employing recorded ground motions together

Past earthquakes, in many instances, have demonstrated poor performance of commonly used built‐in staircase configurations. Codal provisions in India pertaining to staircases present a rather simple approach wherein the effects of built‐in staircases on the overall dynamic properties or on the local behavior of structures are not addressed explicitly. Studies in the past have highlighted the scale

The special interest produced by near‐field directivity records and their effect on structural response has given a new significance in the velocity time history, its pulse‐like content, and relevant parameters and indices. Recent research has shown that directivity pulses inherent in these records govern the linear and the nonlinear response of a wide range of structures. Based on this observation

No abstract is available for this article.

Unbonded posttensioning anchors a rocking structural member to its foundation and produces its controlled rocking response when the member undergoes seismic action. Unlike rocking of free‐standing bodies, little attention has been given to the dynamic behavior of these controlled rocking members. This paper utilizes experiments of concrete structural members with unbonded posttensioning, varying member

Considerable bridge‐ground interaction effects are involved in evaluating the consequences of liquefaction‐induced deformations. Due to seismic excitation, liquefied soil layers may result in substantial accumulated permanent deformation of sloping ground near the abutments. Ultimately, global response is dictated by the bridge‐ground interaction as an integral system. However, a holistic assessment

The objective of this paper is to present incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) and seismic performance evaluation results for a two‐story cold‐formed steel (CFS)–framed building. The archetype building was designed to current U.S. standards and then subjected to full‐scale shake table tests under the U.S. National Science Foundation Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) program. Test results

The results of an investigation of the probability of earthquake damage to nonstructural unreinforced masonry (URM) components are presented. The components include parapets, chimneys, and out-of-plane loaded facades typical of low-rise pre-1940 construction in Australia and New Zealand. The study is based on a street survey of component geometry, in situ data on material strength, and simplified mechanical

Earthquake Engng Struct Dyn. 2020;49:261–284. Summary The achievement of adequate performance objectives for buildings under increasing seismic intensities is not only related to the performance of structural members but also to the behavior of nonstructural elements. The need to properly design nonstructural elements for earthquakes has been largely demonstrated in the last few years and has become

This work was supported by FCT (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology), within ISISE, scholarship SFRH/BD/95086/2013. This work was also partly financed by FEDER funds through the Competitivity Factors Operational Programme - COMPETE and by national funds through FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology within the scope of the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007633.

Funding information ReLUIS, Grant/Award Number: ReLUISDPC 2019-2021 project; Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri—Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC) SUMMARY In performance-based seismic design, as adopted by several building codes worldwide, the structural performance is verified against ground motions that have predetermined exceedance return periods at the site of interest. Such a return

© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Experimental research into the seismic performance of buildings with passive oil dampers has so far been restricted to large-scale testing of frames erected on laboratory shaking tables that ignore the foundation soil below. This simplification of the problem falls short of replicating dynamic soil-structure interaction that would occur in the field. This paper presents

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A refined probabilistic assessment of seismic demands and fracture capacity of Welded Column Splice (WCS) connections in welded steel moment resisting frames (WSMRFs) is presented. Seismic demand assessment is performed through cloudbased nonlinear time history analysis (NLTHA) for two case-study structures, i.e. a 4and a 20story WSMRFs. Results from NLTHA are assessed through a probabilistic seismic

This paper proposes methodological developments for quantifying the impact of residual axial shortening of first‐story steel columns on earthquake loss estimations in steel moment‐resisting frame (MRF) buildings. A new formulation is proposed that accounts for the likelihood of having to demolish a steel MRF building due to column residual axial deformations in addition to residual story‐drift ratios

Correspondence *Adam Zsarnóczay, Email: adamzs@stanford.edu Abstract This research is part of a larger effort to better understand and quantify the epistemic model uncertainty in dynamic response-history simulations. This paper focuses on how calibration methods influence model uncertainty. Structural models in earthquake engineering are typically built up from independently calibrated component models

Earthquake‐induced building collapse and progressive collapse due to accidental local failure of vertical components are the two most common failure modes of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures. Conventional design methods usually focus on the design requirements of a specific hazard but neglect the interactions between different designs. For example, the progressive collapse design of an RC

This paper aims to construct inelastic displacement spectra associated with corresponding damage state (i.e., the capacity-based inelastic displacement spectrum) for RC bridge columns using a new smooth hysteresis model proposed by the authors. Nonlinear time history analysis of SDOF systems having different hysteretic behaviors identified from the tested columns with various design parameters and

A framework for the generation of bridge-specific fragility utilizing the capabilities of machine learning and stripe-based approach is presented in this paper. The proposed methodology using random forests helps to generate or update fragility curves for a new set of input parameters with less computational effort and expensive re-simulation. The methodology does not place any assumptions on the demand

Earthquake Engng Struct Dyn. 2019;1–21. Summary This paper presents results of one‐g shake‐table tests on scoured pile‐group‐ supported bridge models in saturated (liquefiable) and dry (nonliquefiable) sands. The primary objective is to reveal the influence of liquefaction on seismic demands and failure mechanism of scoured bridges. To this end, two identical models, each consisting of a 2 × 2 reinforced

Performance-based earthquake engineering requires accurate estimation of structural response associated with different damage states because of strong ground motion. In recent work (Meza-Fajardo and Papageorgiou, 2018, EESD), we demonstrated that a significant contribution to the response of elastic soil-structure systems for high-rise buildings is attributed to base rocking associated with Rayleigh

A methodology for the development of design tools for direct estimation of peak inelastic response in reduced-degree-of-freedom (RDOF) isolation and energy dissipation systems is presented. The suggested procedure is an extension of an earlier method addressing purely hysteretic isolation systems. Herein, the dynamic equation of motion is first normalised to reduce the number of design parameters that

1030 © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Summary Amplitude scaling is commonly used to select ground motions matching a target response spectrum. In this paper, the effect of scaling limits on ground motion selection, based on the conditional spectrum framework, is investigated. Target spectra are computed for four probabilistic seismic hazard cases in Western United States, and 16 ground motion suites

Earthquake Engng Struct Dyn. 2019;1–17. Summary Although for many years it was thought that amplitude scaling of acceleration time series to reach a target intensity did not introduce any bias in the results of nonlinear response history analyses, recent studies have showed that scaling can lead to an overestimation of deformation demands with increasing scale factors. Some studies have suggested that

This paper presents a comprehensive comparison of different dynamic and static approaches for assessing building performance under sequential earthquakes and tsunami. A 10-storey reinforced concrete seismically designed Japanese vertical evacuation structure is adopted as a case study for the investigation. The case study building is first assessed under sequential earthquake and tsunami non-linear

Rocking isolation has been increasingly studied as a promising design concept to limit the earthquake damage of civil structures. Despite the difficulties and uncertainties of predicting the rocking response under individual earthquake excitations (due to negative rotational stiffness and complex impact energy loss), in a statistical sense, the seismic performance of rocking structures have been shown

The effects of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the seismic response of different types of structures has been thoroughly investigated in the past 4 decades. Yet, the phenomenon of structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI) was often overlooked. The present study aims at the rigorous investigation of the interacting effects of adjacent buildings in a two dimensional setting. The soil medium was

It is widely accepted that ductility design improves the seismic capacity of structures worldwide. Nevertheless, inelastic deformation allows serious damage to occur in structures. Previous studies have shown that a certain level of post-yield stiffness may reduce both the peak displacement and residual deformation of a structure. In recent years, several high-strength elastic materials, such as fiber-reinforced