Zircon microcrystals are found in many planetary crustal rocks and nanoscale research on grains from well-characterized impact environments on Earth provide a baseline for reconstructing extreme shock and thermal histories elsewhere. However, using zircon to date large impact events can be challenging given that shock-related isotopic re-setting of U–Pb ratios, when measured at micrometre scale, is

Arc lower crust plays a critical role in processing mantle-derived basaltic melts into the intermediate continental crust, yet can only be studied indirectly or in exposed arc sections. Compared with the relatively well-studied oceanic arc sections (e.g., Kohistan and Talkeetna), the composition and formation mechanisms of continental arc lower crust remain less clear. Here we present a geochronological

The supracrustal metamorphic rocks of the Dora-Maira Massif, western Alps, have been intensively studied. Certain ultra-high-pressure lithologies contain coesite and nearly end-member composition pyrope, Mg3Al2Si3O12, making this locality petrologically and mineralogically unique. Structural OH-, loosely termed “water”, in pyrope crystals of different composition has been investigated numerous times

Interactions between carbonated ultramafic silicate magmas and the continental lithospheric mantle results in the formation of dunite—a ubiquitous xenolith type in kimberlites and aillikites. However, whether this process dominantly occurs in the mantle source region or by subsequent interactions between lithospheric mantle fragments and transporting silica-undersaturated magmas during ascent remains

Zircon is widely used to date metamorphic processes, particularly due to slow cation diffusion under crustal conditions. Here, we present laser-ablation depth profiling data that demonstrate rapid U diffusion in partially altered, high-pressure zircon. The zircons are hosted in metagabbros that underwent eclogite-facies (~ 550 °C, ~ 2.6 GPa) recrystallization during subduction of the Monviso meta-ophiolite

The occurrence of post-subduction magmatism in continental collision zones is a ubiquitous feature of plate tectonics, but its relation with geodynamic processes remains enigmatic. The nature of mantle sources in these settings, and their interaction with subduction-related components, are difficult to constrain using bulk rocks when magmas are subject to mixing and assimilation within the crust. Here

The compositional zoning styles of natural crystals produced during magma intrusion can be used to investigate the structure of magmatic plumbing systems and its relation to expressions of volcanic unrest (seismic, deformation, volatiles). However, magma intrusion is a progressive, dynamic process and yields non-monotonic heterogeneities in physio-chemical variables such as complex spatial variations

We measured the electrical conductivity of tremolite over a range of pressures (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 GPa) and temperatures (648–1373 K). At temperatures lower than 1173 K, the electrical conductivity of tremolite was ~ 0.001 S/m, but once the dehydroxylation reaction took place at 1173 K, we observed a significant increase in the electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity continued to increase

Observations in the S-type granites (s.l.) of the Wilson’s Promontory batholith demonstrate that one type of schlieren in granitic rocks represent accumulations of mainly mafic magmatic minerals, with internal layering formed through pulsed magma flow. Loss of interstitial magmatic liquid played, at most, a minor role in shaping the preserved compositions of the schlieren; filter pressing was not involved

A geochemical study was undertaken on basaltic lava flows intercalated with Oligocene to Miocene strata in the Sabzevar region, northern Iran, to examine their petrogenesis in a regional tectonic framework. The lavas are either aphyric or have phenocrysts and micro-phenocrysts of olivine and, to a lesser extent, clinopyroxene. Geochemically, the lavas are silica-undersaturated alkali basalts characterized

Kimberlites are pipe-like igneous bodies, consisting of a pyroclastic crater and diatreme, commonly underlain by coherent root-zone rocks, and with associated dyke/sill complexes. The processes that control the different modes of coherent kimberlite emplacement remain uncertain. In addition, late evolution of kimberlite melts during emplacement into the upper crust remains poorly constrained. Therefore

Garnet is a nominally anhydrous mineral that can incorporate several hundreds of ppm H2O in the form of OH groups, where H+ substitutes for cations in the garnet structure. To understand the effect of such small amounts of H2O on the physical and chemical properties of garnet, it is essential to determine where and how the OH groups are incorporated into the mineral structure. We investigated correlations

The Taupo Volcanic Center [TVC; Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), New Zealand] is home to the two most recent silicic caldera-forming eruptions in the TVZ—the giant (530 km3 DRE) Oruanui supereruption and the large (35 km3 DRE) Taupo eruption. This offers a unique opportunity to investigate similarities and differences between large and supersized volumes of rhyolitic magma at the TVC and more generally.

We developed a model to predict nucleation delay of olivine, plagioclase, and clinopyroxene in basaltic melts, and alkali feldspar and quartz in felsic melts. The model, based upon classical nucleation theory, was improved by applying modifications inspired by diffuse interface theory. The theoretical calculations were compared to results available in the literature (basalts) and from new experiments

In a paper published in 1920, Bowen conceived of a situation where forces acting on a crystalline mesh could extract the liquid phase from the solid, and in doing so cause variations in chemistry distinct from the purely gravitational effects of fractional crystallisation. His paper was a call-to-arms to explore the role of deformation as a cause of variation in igneous rocks, but was never followed-up

The impact of fluorine on phase relations and clinopyroxene–melt element partitioning has been explored experimentally to better understand the effect of this halogen on the residual enrichment of the REE and HFSE during crystallisation of alkaline and peralkaline magmas. Clinopyroxene was grown from three \(\hbox {H}_2\hbox {O}\)-saturated synthetic glasses of tephriphonolite-to-phonolite composition

The original version of this article contained a mistake.

Trace element partitioning between minerals and liquids provides crucial constraints on igneous processes. We quantified trace element concentrations in clinopyroxene (Cpx) phenocrysts and their phonolite melt inclusions from the 2007–08 eruption of Oldoinyo Lengai (Tanzania), and report Cpx-melt partition coefficients (D) and corresponding partitioning equations for rare earth elements (REE) and high

In the version of the article originally published

Lattice diffusion coefficients and partition coefficients have been determined for Li, Mg, Al, Sc, Ti, Cr, V, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, In, Lu, Hf, Ta and U in single crystals of natural magnetite as a function of oxygen fugacity (fO2) at 1150 °C and 1 bar by equilibration with a synthetic silicate melt reservoir. Most experiments were run for twelve hours, which was sufficient to generate

Silicic volcanoes are increasingly understood to be underlain by crystal-rich and vertically extensive magma reservoirs within which disequilibrium is widespread. Observations from ignimbrite deposits demonstrate that silicic magma reservoirs are often compartmentalised and compositionally stratified. However, it is currently unclear whether the small (i.e., < 0.1 km3 dense rock equivalent) eruptions

We experimentally investigated changes to the titanium concentrations of quartz-rich rocks caused by grain-boundary migration. Synthesis experiments were performed to make high-Ti quartz starting materials for usage in recrystallization experiments. We isothermally recrystallized quartz starting material in separate experiments at 10–25 kbar to reduce the solubility of Ti in quartz. Microstructural

The Half Dome Granodiorite in Yosemite National Park, California, contains multiple crosscutting generations of high-silica dikes that vary in texture but share the distinctive trace element characteristics of fine-grained aplite dikes of the region (e.g., low Y and middle REE). Dikes of the youngest generation are typical fine-grained, sugary aplites with sharp planar contacts, whereas progressively

Aqueous fluids produced by dehydration of the downgoing slab facilitate chemical exchange in subduction zones, but the efficiency of fluid-mediated redox transfer as a mechanism to deliver oxidized material from the slab to the sub-arc mantle remains hotly debated. Here we report the first direct measurements of the oxidation state of experimentally produced slab fluids using in situ redox sensors

We conducted in situ geochemical (major-, trace-element and Nd isotope compositions) analyses on apatite, together with whole-rock geochemistry from gabbro, granodiorite and granite in the Cretaceous Pingtan intrusive complex (SE China), aiming to investigate the roles of magmatic evolution and post-crystallization hydrothermal activity during its formation. Regardless of limited range in initial Nd

The Phalaborwa world-class phosphate deposit (South Africa) is hosted by a Paleoproterozoic alkaline complex mainly composed of phoscorite, carbonatite, pyroxenitic rocks, and subordinate fenite. In addition, syenite and trachyte occur in numerous satellite bodies. New petrological and in-situ geochemical data along with O and Sr isotope data obtained on apatite demonstrate that apatite is in the principal

Primary carbonates in kimberlites are the main CO2 carriers in kimberlites and thus can be used to constrain the original carbon and oxygen-isotope composition of kimberlite melts and their deep mantle sources. However, the contribution of syn- and post-emplacement processes to the modification of the C–O-isotope composition of kimberlites is yet to be fully constrained. This study aims to shed new

Proximal and distal garnets from skarns at Jiaduobule, Tibet, are used to demonstrate how variation in the fluid composition and parameters such as salinity, pH, fO2, and \({\text{X}}_{{\rm CO}_{2}}\) will impact on rare earth element (REE) distribution in garnets, and also to constrain skarn evolution across the orefield from proximal (Fe mineralization) to distal (Cu mineralization). These garnets

The intense explosive and effusive volcanic activity of the last 1000 years at La Fossa volcano (Vulcano Island, Italy) was characterized by the eruption of magmas ranging in composition from latites to trachytes and rhyolites, as well as K-rich trachytes. Evidence of syn-eruptive mixing among these magmas is frequently observed in the form of magmatic enclaves and bands in lava flows and pyroclastic

We report the results of kinetic experiments of graphitization at various pressures (0.5–8.0 GPa) and durations (1 s to 24 h) at 1200 °C. The natural carbonaceous material in sedimentary rocks from the Shimanto accretionary complex and the Hidaka metamorphic belt, Japan, underwent systematic changes in crystallinity and morphology with increasing pressure. To assess the pressure dependence of graphitization

Lamproites and kimberlites are natural probes of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle providing insights into the Earth’s continental lithosphere. Whole-rock major-, trace-element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions of the Paleozoic (~ 253 Ma) lamproite dikes from the Baifen zone of the Zhenyuan area in southeastern Guizhou Province (in the southern Yangtze Block, South China) are presented. The Baifen

The 1370 Ma Gifford Creek Carbonatite Complex (GCCC) comprises a diverse suite of alkaline dyke and sill complexes that cover an area of ~ 250 km2 in the Gascoyne Province, Western Australia. Most carbonatite types are interpreted to be related products of fractional crystallisation, with calcite carbonatites representing cumulate rocks and dolomite carbonatites representing crystallised products of

Despite the natural abundance of pyrite and marcasite and their intergrowth, and a wealth of information they can provide on the physical–chemical conditions of mineral deposits, a complete mechanistic and kinetic study on the phase transformation from the thermodynamically metastable polymorph marcasite to the stable polymorph pyrite is yet to be made. This limits the application of marcasite as an

Small-volume proximal-summit eruptions, sometimes with only little precursors, are common at Piton de la Fournaise (La Reunion Island, France). Their eruptive style ranges from Hawaiian to Strombolian, but their eruptive mechanisms are still not completely understood. To gain insight, we combined syn-eruptive field work, textural and geochemical measurements on the short-lived eruption of July 2015

Abstract The petrology, mineral major and trace-element concentrations, and garnet oxygen isotopic composition of low-MgO (11–16 wt%) eclogites from the Obnazhennaya kimberlite, Siberian craton, are used to infer their petrogenesis. These eclogites contain two types of compositionally distinct garnet: granular coarse garnet, and garnet exsolution (lamellae and fine-grained garnet) in clinopyroxene

Abstract Supersaturation Nucleation and Growth of Plagioclase (SNGPlag) is a numerical model that predicts the nucleation and growth of plagioclase crystals in a decompressing magma as a function of time. The model is written in Matlab, but is available as a standalone compiled program. SNGPlag uses the MELTS webservice to determine equilibrium plagioclase mode, for a user-defined magma composition

Abstract Understanding the impact of magmatic plumbing systems on explosive volcanic activity is important for hazard management. This study describes phase equilibria experiments using a high-silica andesite (HSA; SiO2 = 62.5 wt%) from the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska. Experiments were conducted under H2O saturated conditions, \(f_{{0_{2} }}\) = RRO (Re–ReO2 or ~ Ni–NiO + 2), at pressures

Abstract The ascent of hydrous magma prior to volcanic eruptions is largely driven by the formation of H2O vesicles and their subsequent growth upon further decompression. Porosity controls buoyancy as well as vesicle coalescence and percolation, and is important when identifying the differences between equilibrium or disequilibrium degassing from textural analysis of eruptive products. Decompression

Abstract Supersaturation of H2O during magma ascent leads to degassing of melt by formation and growth of vesicles that may power explosive volcanic eruptions. Here, we present experiments to study the effect of initially dissolved H2O concentration (cH2Oini) on vesicle formation, growth, and coalescence in phonolitic melt. Vesuvius phonolitic melts with cH2Oini ranging between 3.3 and 6.3 wt% were

Abstract The exceptional accumulation of perovskite in the alkaline-ultramafic Afrikanda complex (Kola Peninsula, Russia) led to the study of polymineralic inclusions hosted in perovskite and magnetite to understand the development of the perovskite-rich zones in the olivinites, clinopyroxenites and silicocarbonatites. The abundance of inclusions varies across the three perovskite textures, with numerous

This study presents boron (B) concentration and isotope data for white mica from (ultra)high-pressure (UHP), subduction-related metamorphic rocks from Lago di Cignana (Western Alps, Italy). These rocks are of specific geological interest, because they comprise the most deeply subducted rocks of oceanic origin worldwide. Boron geochemistry can track fluid-rock interaction during their metamorphic evolution

Abstract Unravelling the generation of compositionally and thermally zoned magma reservoirs is important to our understanding of the dynamic processes operating in magmatic systems. Here, we present new major and trace element data for volcanic glasses from the classically zoned Laacher See Tephra and suggest that mafic recharge may play an important role in producing the observed compositional gradient

The Rum Eastern Layered Intrusion (ELI; Scotland) is an open-system layered intrusion constructed of 16 macro-rhythmic units. Each of the macro-rhythmic units consists of a peridotite base and a troctolite (± gabbro) top, previously attributed to the fractional crystallisation of a single magma batch. This classic paradigm has been challenged, however, with evidence presented for the emplacement of

Abstract This paper highlights published and new field and petrographic observations for late-stage (crustal level) deformation associated with the emplacement of kimberlites and other mantle-derived magmas. Thus, radial and tangential joint sets in the competent 183 Ma Karoo basalt wall rocks to the 5 ha. Lemphane kimberlite blow in northern Lesotho have been ascribed to stresses linked to eruption

Abstract Polarized Raman spectroscopy was applied to garnet hosts which exhibit anomalous birefringence around inclusions of zircon and quartz to elucidate the spatial distribution of the anisotropic strain fields in the vicinity of the host-inclusion boundary. We show that there is a direct relationship between the stress-induced birefringence and the Raman scattering generated by the fully symmetric

Abstract The Skaergaard intrusion in East Greenland hosts mineralisation of platinum group elements and gold that is characterised by a remarkably low amount of sulphides (about 0.02 wt% sulphide) and a very high metal/sulphur ratio. Here we present the first quantitative analyses of sulphur (S), copper (Cu), lithium (Li) and other trace elements from melt inclusions in plagioclase to trace their evolution

The petrogenesis and relationship of diamondite to well-studied monocrystalline and fibrous diamonds are poorly understood yet would potentially reveal new aspects of how diamond-forming fluids are transported through the lithosphere and equilibrate with surrounding silicates. Of 22 silicate- and oxide-bearing diamondites investigated, most yielded garnet intergrowths (n = 15) with major element geochemistry

A new activity model for Mg-Al biotites was formulated through an integrated approach combining various experimental results (calorimetry, line-broadening in infrared (IR) spectra, analysis of existing phase-equilibrium data) with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The resulting model has a sound physical-experimental basis. It considers the three end-members phlogopite (Phl, KMg3[(OH)2AlSi3O10])

Western Tethyan peridotites exposed in the European Alps show limited amounts of partial melting and mostly fertile compositions. Here we investigate the Civrari Ophiolite (northwestern Italy), which is composed of depleted spinel-harzburgites and serpentinites associated with MOR-type gabbros and basalts. The ultramafic rocks are unique amongst western Tethyan peridotites, showing homogeneous residual

The application of the Ti-in-zircon thermometer to granitic rock requires consideration of a TiO 2 and a SiO 2 during zircon crystallization. Thermodynamic software programs such as rhyolite-MELTS or Perple_X permit the estimation of a TiO 2 and a SiO 2 values from whole-rock geochemical data as a function of pressure and temperature. Model calculations carried out on a set of 14 different granite

The coupled multicomponent diffusion of the species Ca2Si2O6, CaAl2SiO6 and Mg2Si2O6 was determined in diopside crystals in the diopside/anorthite (Di/An) system at temperatures (T) of 1110-1260 °C and oxygen fugacities (fO 2 ) between 1.0 log unit below and above the fayalite-magnetite-quartz equilibrium (FMQ ± 1). Diffusion couples were prepared by the seed overgrowth technique. Element concentration

Textures and compositions of minerals can be used to infer the physiochemical conditions present within magmatic systems. Given that plagioclase is an abundant phase in many magmatic systems, understanding the link between texture and process is vital. Here, we present a database of textural and compositional data for > 1800 plagioclase crystals in mid-ocean ridge basalt from the Gakkel Ridge (Arctic

Quantifying the storage conditions and evolution of different magmatic components within sub-volcanic plumbing systems is key to our understanding of igneous processes and products. Whereas erupted magmas represent a portion of the eruptible volcanic system, plutonic xenoliths provide a complementary record of the mushy roots of the plumbing system that cannot be mobilised easily to form lavas and

The internal energies and entropies of 21 well-known minerals were calculated using the density functional theory (DFT), viz. kyanite, sillimanite, andalusite, albite, microcline, forsterite, fayalite, diopside, jadeite, hedenbergite, pyrope, grossular, talc, pyrophyllite, phlogopite, annite, muscovite, brucite, portlandite, tremolite, and CaTiO3-perovskite. These thermodynamic quantities were then

The subduction system in southern Patagonia provides direct evidence for the variability of the position of an active continental arc with respect to the subducting plate through time, but the consequences on the arc magmatic record are less well studied. Here we present a geochemical and geochronological study on small plutons and dykes from the upper crust of the southern Patagonian Andes at ~ 51°S

The upper parts of the floor cumulates of the Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland, contain abundant features known as troughs. The troughs are gently plunging synformal structures comprising stacks of crescentic modally graded layers with a sharply defined mafic base that grades upward into plagioclase-rich material. The origin of the troughs and layering is contentious, attributed variously to deposition

One of the outstanding problems in understanding the behavior of intermediate-to-silicic magmatic systems is the mechanism(s) by which large volumes of crystal-poor rhyolite can be extracted from crystal-rich mushy storage zones in the mid-deep crust. The mechanisms commonly invoked are hindered settling, micro-settling, and compaction. The concept of micro-settling involves extraction of grains from

In this contribution, we address the vexed question of the extent to which microstructures in granitic rocks reflect their igneous histories or have been masked by later events. The previous works have tended to address the problem either using theoretical or modelling considerations, or by interpretation of observed microstructures. Here, we use an approach that integrates the theory of microstructural

Zircon megacrysts are locally abundant in 1-40 cm-thick orthopyroxenite veins within peridotite host rocks in the Archaean Lewisian gneiss complex from NW Scotland. The veins formed by metasomatic interaction between the ultramafic host and Si-rich melts are derived from partial melting of the adjacent granulite-facies orthogneisses. The interaction produced abundant orthopyroxene and, within the thicker

The magma forming the 20 m thick crinanitic/picrodoleritic Dun Raisburgh sill, part of the Little Minch Sill Complex of NW Scotland, comprised a mafic carrier liquid with a crystal cargo of plagioclase and olivine (1 vol%). The olivine component of the cargo settled on the floor of the intrusion while the more buoyant plagioclase component remained suspended during solidification, resulting in a relatively