Number of tall buildings in metropolitan areas such as Istanbul increased dramatically in recent years. On the other hand, it is crucial to conduct condition assessment of such structures after an earthquake due to public safety and owner-need reasons. Structural health monitoring (SHM) enables condition assessment of structures before, during and after earthquake rapidly, remotely and objectively

An assessment of liquefaction potential for the Kathmandu Valley considering seasonal variability of the groundwater table has been conducted. To gain deeper understanding seven historical liquefaction records located adjacent to borehole datapoints (published in SAFER/GEO-591) were used to compare two methods for the estimation of liquefaction potential. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) blowcount data

In previous major earthquakes, the damage and collapse of structures located in liquefied field which caused by site failure a common occurrence, and the problem of assessment of liquefaction possibility and discussion on the seismic response and stability of liquefied site is still issue of common concern in geotechnical earthquake engineering. To study the influence of the existence of structure

The present paper deals with the elaboration of a methodology to assess the macro-seismic risk of monumental historical buildings, representing a fundamental part of the European cultural assets. Monumental buildings typically arise from a very complex constructive and morphological evolution process characterised by modifications occurred over the centuries. Therefore, they are usually heterogeneous

Seismic design of bridges in some respects is more complex than other structures especially due to, in some cases, the a priori unknown shape of the displacement profile of the structure. Bridges of irregular nature and of a certain length can have transversal horizontal displacement profiles (THDP) of the deck that are very dependent on higher frequency modes. Furthermore, the THDP might change significantly

In this work, we assess ground shaking in the wider Zagreb area by computing simulated seismograms at regional distances. For the purposes of the simulations, we assemble the 3D velocity and density model and test its performance. First, we compare the low-frequency simulations obtained using deterministic method for both new 3D model and a simple 1D model. We then continue the performance test by

This paper presents the probabilistic seismic demand and fragility analyses of a novel mid-rise large-span cassette structure. A newly designed nine-storey office building in Hunan, China, is selected, and its two different design schemes, namely, a traditional frame structure and a novel cassette structure, are examined using numerical models established on the basis of a shake table test. Based on

The October 30, 2020 Earthquake caused unexpectedly significant damage in İzmir considering its distance to the city. This paper evaluates the recorded ground motions, summarizes the performance of structures affected from the earthquake with emphasis on the reasons of damage. A detailed damage assessment was carried out by the Earthquake Engineering Research Center of Middle East Technical University

Reinforced concrete shear walls are the structural elements that considerably increase the seismic performance of buildings. Fiber elements and fiber-spring elements are used for the modeling of the inelastic behavior of these elements. The Fiber Element Method provides a certain amount of accuracy for the modeling of reinforced concrete shear walls. However, the studies related to this method are

Post-earthquake observations have outlined the poor seismic performance of substandard reinforced concrete (RC) beam-column joints in existing buildings. They often exhibit significant cracking even under moderate intensity earthquakes, compromising the seismic performance of the entire building. This makes the quantification of their residual capacity and the definition of reliable repairability thresholds

Restrainer-type sliding bearing (RTSB) is a practical seismic isolation system for reducing the excessive displacement of flat sliding bearings under strong earthquakes to ensure the seismic safety of highway bridges. Due to the good corrosion resistance and considerable energy dissipation capability, SMA cables can be used in the RTSB to form the SMA-restrained RTSB to improve its performance. To

Equivalent strut macro-models are largely employed in research and practice, to reproduce the effect of infill walls in frame structures. These models are simple and at the same time computationally effective, but because of their phenomenological nature, have the big commitment to summarize a complex mechanical interaction with a relatively simple analytical relationship. Because of this, the overall

In this paper, we present an open-source end-to-end Python tool for ground motion record selection and scaling for non-linear dynamic analysis of structures. The tool, named haselREC (HAzard-based SELection of RECords), has been formulated to be executed after performing a probabilistic seismic hazard and disaggregation analysis with OpenQuake, an open-source hazard and risk calculation engine developed

This correction is published as author name typo was found in the original article and should be read as Michele Morici instead of Michele Morci.

Infrastructure systems are one of the most important attributes of modern society. Earthquake induced damage to infrastructure not only results in economic losses, but also secondary effects caused by their loss of function. Proper understanding of seismic vulnerability of critical infrastructure is therefore essential for disaster risk reduction. The 2015 Gorkha earthquake (MW 7.8) and its aftershocks

Seismic evaluation of existing structures is based on determining the damage likely to occur during the lifetime of these structures due to earthquake ground motion excitation. However, there is not a consensus about the acceptable level of seismic damage, the expected lifetime of these structures, and the seismic hazard level(s) to evaluate the structures at. This paper presents a methodology for

Unreinforced masonry buildings undergoing seismic actions often exhibit local failure mechanisms which represent a serious life-safety hazard, as recent strong earthquakes have shown. Compared to new buildings, older unreinforced masonry buildings are more vulnerable, not only because they have been designed without or with limited seismic loading requirements, but also because horizontal structures

A new non-ergodic ground-motion model (GMM) for effective amplitude spectral (EAS) values for California is presented in this study. EAS, which is defined in Goulet et al. (Effective amplitude spectrum (eas) as a metric for ground motion modeling using fourier amplitudes, 2018), is a smoothed rotation-independent Fourier amplitude spectrum of the two horizontal components of an acceleration time history

This paper examines the seismic behavior of CLT-steel hybrid walls at 6- and 10-story heights to increase seismic force resistance compared to conventional wooden walls. The ultra-strong shear walls proposed in this paper are called Framing Panel Shear Walls (FPSW), which are based on a robust articulated steel frame braced with CLT board panels and steel tendons. Timber structures are well-known for

This paper describes CEQID, a database of earthquake damage and casualty data assembled since the 1980s based on post-earthquake damage surveys conducted by a range of research groups. Following 2017–2019 updates, the database contains damage data for more than five million individual buildings in over 1000 survey locations following 79 severely damaging earthquakes worldwide. The building damage data

The seismic risk assessment of spatially distributed assets requires a seismic hazard that considers the spatial correlations of earthquake intensity measures (IMs). Several spatial correlation models have been developed to address this concern, but the majority of existing models are based on the hypothesis of isotropy. Recent investigations revealed that the assumption of isotropy is not generally

The minarets, which have a tall and slender structure, are quite vulnerable to dynamic forces, i.e. earthquakes and winds. In mainly concrete minarets, since the bond between the concrete blocks is provided by only mortar, the damages caused by high tensile stresses may emerge. This study aims to simulate the behaviour of the concrete Selimiye minaret damaged during the İzmir (Seferihisar-Samos) earthquake

In the process of performance-based design of bridges with aseismic bearings, there exist intrinsic trade-off between minimization of the bearing displacement and pier displacement during strong earthquake events. However, difficulty in selecting the optimal parameters of the bearings that satisfy the two objectives arises, in conjunction with considerable computational resource requirements for nonlinear

The spatial resolution of exposure data has a substantial impact on the accuracy and reliability of seismic risk estimates. While several studies have investigated the influence of the geographical detail of urban exposure data in earthquake loss models, there is also a need to understand its implications at the regional scale. This study investigates the effects of exposure resolution on the European

ShakeMap is the tool to evaluate the ground motion effect of earthquakes in vast areas. It is useful to delimit the zones where the shaking is expected to have been most significant, for civil defense rapid response. From the earthquake engineering point of view, it can be used to infer the seismic actions on the built environment to calibrate vulnerability models or to define the reconstruction policies

A novel numerical methodology is presented to solve the dynamic response of railway bridges under the passage of running trains, considering soil–structure interaction. It is advantageous compared to alternative approaches because it permits, (i) consideration of complex geometries for the bridge and foundations, (ii) simulation of stratified soils, and, (iii) solving the train-bridge dynamic problem

This study applies the latest probabilistic performance-based earthquake engineering tools in terms of nonlinear dynamic analyses in tandem with hazard-consistent record selection to assess the risk of collapse of RC tall buildings in the Istanbul metropolitan area and to quantify their seismic safety margin with respect to acceptable risk levels. Statistically representative archetype buildings selected

Many studies have demonstrated that the design of structures in a region through the uniform hazard principle does not guarantee a uniform collapse risk. Even in regions with similar Peak Ground Accelerations (PGAs) corresponding to the same mean return period, the seismic risk in terms of collapse probability will be significantly different mainly due to the shape of the hazard curves as well as uncertainties

The current work presents a simplified multi-mode nonlinear static procedure based on normalizing the deformation demands (called NMP) for estimating the seismic demands of structures with significant higher mode effects. The proposed procedure is conceptually based on the extended N2 (where N stands for nonlinear analysis and 2 for two mathematical models) method (Kreslin and Fajfar in Earthquake

In violent earthquakes, ground motion is considered to change dramatically in the process of spatial propagation. Strong spatially varying exists in ground motion near fault area, and it can cause the large-span and large stiffness structure to be damaged. In this paper, a typical long-span steel box arch bridge is selected as an engineering case. In order to simulate the spatial variation of near

Vulnerability functions describe the expected loss for a given ground shaking intensity level and are an essential component in probabilistic seismic risk assessment. This manuscript presents a novel open-source platform for the derivation of analytical fragility and vulnerability models, covering state-of-the-art methodologies, and addressing critical issues in vulnerability modelling such as uncertainty

The predominant building configurations in the seismically active Indian Himalayan region comprise of vertically irregular buildings located on hillside slopes. Buildings in hilly topography are often constructed with foundations at multiple levels, such as ones with foundations split at two levels or stepped foundations, requiring columns of varying height to accommodate the ground slope. This introduces

This paper aims at comparing the use of different software environments for the study of a simple unreinforced masonry building through nonlinear static analyses. The presented results are part of a wider research project conducted within the ReLUIS consortium, and specifically within a research task whose purpose is providing practitioners with results and tools for an aware employment of commercial

The overlapping displacement fields among closely spaced piles termed as pile-to-pile interactions, increase the overall settlement of pile groups. Resultantly, under static loading, these interactions invariably decrease the group stiffness of piles than the collective stiffnesses of corresponding single piles. Whereas under dynamic loading, the group stiffness may increase or decrease than the cumulative

The existing seismic provisions across the world account the non-linear response of a structure in a linear elastic design implicitly using a constant behavior factor, or response reduction factor (R). However, this factor (R) does not address the effects of changes in structural configurations, which eventually alters the dynamic behavior of the structure. Hence, the adequacy of prescribing a constant

For both spiritual and cultural reasons, churches are an essential part of the historical heritage of several countries worldwide, including Europe, Americas and Australasia. The extreme damage that occurred during the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic swarm highlighted once again the noteworthy seismic vulnerability of unreinforced masonry churches, which exhibited several collapses and caused uncountable

This paper presents an experimental investigation into the structural and material response of ambient-dry and wet clay-brick/lime-mortar masonry elements. In addition to cyclic tests on four large-scale masonry walls subjected to lateral in-plane displacement and co-existing compressive gravity load, the study also includes complementary tests on square masonry panels under diagonal compression and

All around the world, non-engineered masonry constructions (NECs) typically have high vulnerability to seismic ground motion, resulting in heavy damage and severe casualties after earthquakes. Even though a number of computational strategies have been developed for seismic analysis of unreinforced masonry structures, a few studies have focussed on NECs located in developing countries. In this paper

Significant attention has been recently paid to the determination of floor acceleration demands used for the design of acceleration-sensitive non-structural components in buildings. This study makes a contribution through the use of experimental shake table data from one 6-storey and two 3-storey reinforced concrete buildings tested at the E-Defense testing facility. All buildings were exposed to multiple

The evaluation of the aggregate risks to spatially distributed infrastructures and portfolios of buildings requires quantification of the estimated shaking over a region. To characterize the spatial dependency of ground motion intensity measures (e.g. peak ground acceleration), a common geostatistical tool is the semivariogram. Over the past decades, different fitting approaches have been proposed

The ability to quantify the seismic risk associated with structural and non-structural elements is a critical aspect of earthquake engineering. While methods to improve the understanding of structural response to earthquake shaking and how to quantify their risk have been studied, non-structural elements (NSEs) have more recently emerged as a crucial aspect to address given their pertinence in overall

The paper presents the comparison of the results of non-linear static analyses performed with different software based on the equivalent frame (EF) modelling approach on a simple two-story unreinforced masonry building with rigid diaphragms. This study is part of a wider research activity carried out in the framework of the Italian Network of Seismic Laboratories (ReLUIS) projects, funded by the Italian

A mixture model approach is presented for combining the results of different models or analysis methods into a single probabilistic demand model for seismic assessment. In general, a structure can be represented using models of different type or different number of degrees of freedom, each offering a distinct compromise in computational load versus accuracy; it may also be analysed via methods of different

Precast reinforced concrete panels are commonly used as wall claddings in precast buildings. The cladding panels are generally evaluated as non-structural members and are joined to structural systems via mechanical, welding, and bolted dry connections. Several failures were observed in the last seismic events in Southern Europe, which demonstrate the deficiencies of the cladding connections in terms

It is conventional to assume that the role of the soil-structure interaction (SSI) is beneficial to the buildings under seismic loading. However, lessons learned from recent earthquakes revealed that this assumption could be misleading, and SSI may have different effects on the seismic response of different structural systems. In this study, an enhanced soil-structure numerical model is developed and

The consequences to structures caused by permanent fault displacement have been investigated for dip-slip faulting, but not for the effect of the embedment depth on the interaction between a normal fault rupture and shallow embedded foundation. This study investigated the effect of the embedment depth on the interaction of normal fault rupture and shallow foundation using a numerical model validated

The response spectral ratio (RSR) used to construct a design spectrum that incorporates site effects is conventionally assumed to be independent of an earthquake scenario in linear analysis. However, recent studies have found that the RSR varies significantly with an earthquake scenario, even in linear analysis. In this study, an analytical RSR model that incorporates the effect of an earthquake scenario

A rapid estimate of the damage state of a building after an earthquake event is of crucial importance, having the potential to minimise casualties and mitigate costs associated with structural damage and economic downtime. Visually determining the damage state accurately is often difficult, and so instrumentation can be installed to estimate the extent and locations of damage. However, the current

This paper presents a novel method for rapidly addressing the earthquake-induced damage identification task in historic masonry towers. The proposed method, termed DORI, combines operational modal analysis (OMA), FE modeling, rapid surrogate modeling (SM) and non-linear Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). While OMA-based Structural Health Monitoring methods using statistical pattern recognition are

In recent years, significant economic and human loses have been caused by earthquake events across the globe, particularly in developing countries, where non-seismically designed buildings constitute a significant share of the existing stock. Algeria is one of those cases and has witnessed earthquakes in the northern part of the country, which indicated the urgency to establish a robust disaster risk

The paper shows the results of an experimental campaign aimed at investigating the cyclic behavior of a column-to-foundation joint for precast concrete elements. The tested connection is realized adopting corrugated steel ducts embedded into the foundation, in which column protruding rebars are anchored by grouting high performance mortar. The experimental program consists in testing six full-scale

The results of dynamic centrifuge tests carried out to study the effects of seismic input, fine crust and existing structure on liquefaction triggering and manifestations are presented. The basic concept of the experimentation was to analyse the seismic behaviour of level ground, saturated, 14 m deep sandy deposits, homogeneous or stratified, subjected to increasing seismic excitations up to liquefaction

On October 30th 2020, a M7.0 earthquake occurred in the Aegean Sea close to Samos Island (Greece) and the western coast of Turkey that had a strong impact on the city of İzmir, about 70 km away from the epicenter. 116 people were killed, several hundreds were injured and about 4% of the structures sustained damages, including buildings that totally collapsed. Strong amplification of ground motion within

The seismic performance of precast portal frames typical of the industrial and commercial sector could be generally improved by providing additional mechanical devices at the beam-to-column joint. Such devices could provide an additional degree of fixity and energy dissipation in a joint generally characterized by a dry hinged connection, adopted to speed-up the construction phase. Another advantage

This paper investigates the spatial correlation of response spectral accelerations from a set of broadband physics-based ground motion simulations generated for the Norcia (Central Italy) area by means of the SPEED software. We produce several ground-motion scenarios by varying either the slip distribution or the hypocentral location as well as the magnitude to systematically explore the impact of

Soil liquefaction is a well-known ground instability phenomenon that may occur during earthquakes. This paper presents a novel catalogue of earthquake-induced manifestations of soil liquefaction occurred in Europe in the latest 1000 years or so. This unique digital archive, named “European interactive Catalogue of earthquake-induced soil Liquefaction phenomena” ECLiq, contains documented historical

The strong-column weak-beam (SCWB) design concept for RC frames has been adopted in many seismic design codes. However, seismic investigations show that the minimum column-to-beam flexural strength ratio (CBFSR) required in seismic codes usually cannot guarantee the SCWB failure mode of RC frames during strong earthquakes. This paper investigates the seismic performance of RC frames designed according

Conventional concrete frames are designed to dissipate the earthquake energy through inelastic deformation of the structural elements. It leads to hefty repairment costs and prolonged down time after earthquakes. Self-centering concrete frames (SCCF) have been introduced to minimize the unrecoverable structural damages and post-earthquake repairment costs. SCCF exhibits predictable yield mechanism

The shape memory alloys (SMAs) are special materials able to withstand large non-elastic deformations regaining their original form by removing stress. High fatigue strength and proper resistance to corrosive agents are the specific characteristics of these alloys. This article explores the SMA and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) at designated points of reinforced concrete (RC) structures to

An improved cyclic softened membrane model (ICSMM) based smeared reinforced concrete (RC) plane stress element has been developed in the present study. The newly developed two-dimensional (2D) element has been implemented in the OpenSEES nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA) framework. The effectiveness of the developed element has been thoroughly validated using experimental results of three RC