Seismic isolation has been used to effectively protect buildings and bridges from earthquakes. One of the challenges in designing seismic isolation systems is that, many of them can only be designed to optimize their behavior to one targeted level of seismic hazard. When they are designed for rare events, their performance in more frequent events cannot be controlled, which may leads to non-optimal

To address issues of security, efficiency and cost in mining operations, the concept of mining environment regeneration (MER) is proposed. Mining environment regeneration is defined as improving the orebody occurrence conditions via geotechnical engineering techniques and providing safe mining conditions for workers and equipment. Therefore, artificial reconstruction bodies such as preconditioned roofs

The current study was conducted with the purpose of proposing a new model based on wavelet transform and mathematical functions to simulate a near-fault pulse-type fling-step records under the assumption that each record of the pulse type was a combination of pulse and non-pulse components. Wavelet transform-based smoothening technique was employed to extract the original pulse component from the database

Consideration of soil's response in dynamic analysis is equally important as modeling superstructure to capture all nonlinear behavior in evaluating its seismic performance. This becomes more important if an adjacent building exists nearby, which can alter dynamic response of both structures. Also, soft soil makes effect of interaction between superstructure and soil more pronounced due to low stiffness

As part of the LEAP-UCD-2017 and the LEAP-ASIA-2019 exercises, dynamic centrifuge model tests were conducted at KAIST on a submerged 5° sloped medium-dense and dense model grounds of Ottawa F-65 sand. In this paper, the experimental procedure along with the testing results are presented. It was found that liquefaction occurred in the medium-dense model indicated by large lateral surface displacements

Fault zones play an important role in seismic hazard analysis and are often selected in accordance with the judgments of experts, making them controversial and diverse in a specific region. The delineation of seismic sources has a great impact on the uncertainty in seismic hazard analysis. Applications of seismic hazard analysis demonstrate that a 3D approach, compared to a 2D one, may lead to more

In view of its appropriate engineering properties and environmental benefits, waste rubber is being increasingly used in engineering applications. Along with static loading, clay-rubber mixture (CRM) can be also utilized under dynamic loading. Due to a lack of detailed research on dynamic and static properties of CRMs, the effects of 0–30% rubber content on geotechnical properties of clay soil (CS)

Seismic differential settlement of shallow foundations on an island slope with a liquefiable sand stratum can significantly reduce the foundation's bearing capacity. Now, most studies focused on the settlement of foundation, while few efforts have provided a description of the differential settlement of foundation. In this study, we therefore adopted an approach using three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear

In practice, the performance of the structure is studied based on a seismic scenario composed of independent single earthquakes. But in real life, the structure is subjected to multiple earthquakes during its typical design working life, which will produce an evolution of damage with time.The main purpose of this paper is to quantify the liquefaction-induced damage of an embankment due to sequential

Response spectrum analysis (RSA) has been applied to dynamic calculation of underground structure subjected to earthquake excitation. An analysis model composed of the underground structure and the surrounding soil was built to consider the soil-structure interaction (SSI). The seismic free field motion was enforced on the bottom boundary of the calculation model, namely the inertia force acts on the

A simplified analytical solution is developed for estimating the thrusts and bending moments of the circular tunnel in half space under the obliquely incident SV wave. The seismic waves impinging on the tunnel is obtained according to the elastic wave motion theory in half space firstly, which is the superposition of the incident and reflected SV waves and reflected P wave. Then, by considering the

Simplified methods are widely used in the seismic design of underground structures, but they generally ignore the influence of vertical ground motion. This can result in unreliable design because seismic earth pressure induced by vertical ground motion can have a significant adverse effect on their seismic performance. Therefore, this paper proposes an improved pushover analysis method (I-PAM) that

To distinguish how the natural density of soil affects the seismic response of a soil slope, three large-scale shaking table tests are conducted on slopes of different densities under seismic excitations. The natural density of the homogeneous dense slope (HDS, case #1) is 1.65 g/cm3; that of the heterogeneous graded slope (HGS, case #2) increases from 1.35 g/cm3 to 1.65 g/cm3 with depth; that of the

The spatial variability of ground motion has a significant influence on the seismic response of long infrastructure and is considered the primary cause of pipeline damage during earthquakes. In this study, a series of three-dimensional shaking table tests were carried out to investigate the influence of non-uniform seismic excitation on the pipeline response using a scaled pipeline model installed

The microstructure of calcareous sand sampled from the South China Sea Islands was investigated using X-ray microtomography (μCT). μCT images directly evidenced the amount of inner pores in the calcareous sand. The image analysis presented a map of the inner pore distribution and volume ratio compared with the volume of solid particles, showing that the inner pore distribution was affected by the particle

Greater Vancouver has the highest seismic risk in Canada with significant potential to cause earthquake-induced hazards including seismic slope failures. The available methods to predict seismic slope failures in practice are using seismic displacement prediction models (SDPMs) based on Newmark sliding displacement analogy. Seismically induced permanent displacements are calculated using earthquake

An indirect boundary element method (IBEM) is proposed to solve the scattering of qP-, qSV- and SH-waves by a three-dimensional (3D) arbitrary-shaped alluvial valley embedded in a layered transversely isotropic (TI) half-space. First, the 3D dynamic Green's functions for the uniformly distributed loads acting on an interior inclined plane in a multi-layered TI half-space are derived by means of exact

This paper presents the FEM-SPH coupling method for the analysis of large deformation problems caused by dynamic compaction (DC). A 3D FEM-SPH coupling model was established in LS-DYNA to simulate the dynamic compaction process. Moreover, DC operation was also simulated separately by the traditional FEM and pure SPH in the same condition with that by the FEM-SPH coupling method. After comparing the

The dynamic responses of an anisotropic layered poroelastic half-space subjected to a moving point load are studied based on the Stroh formalism and Fourier transform. The material in each layer of the half-space is anisotropic and poroelastic one. Utilizing the boundary conditions at the half-space surface (permeable or impermeable) and the continuity conditions between each layer, the three-dimensional

Underground structures must be able to support both static overburden and seismic loads. Previous work has found that the dynamic amplification of stress waves impinging on a tunnel is negligible when the wave length (λ) of peak velocities is at least eight times larger than the width (B) or diameter (D) of the opening. This condition is applicable to tunnels located far from the seismic source, where

Simplified design procedures for offshore wind turbine (OWT) support structures are necessary in the concept and tender design stages for assessing the financial viability. Building upon the previous research on simplified monopile design, this paper presents a similar method to design jacket supported OWTs founded on piles or suction caissons. The method is based on the minimum and necessary data

The region of north India has been witnessing frequent earthquakes (EQs) and subsequent induced effects from time to time (1720 Delhi EQ, 1905 Kangra EQ, 1999 Chamoli EQ, 2005 Muzzafarbad EQ, etc.). The seismic hazard of the region is collectively due to Himalayan EQs as well as EQs from regional sources in Aravalli and Indo-Gangetic basin. Previously attempted seismic hazard studies in the region

The concrete-filled FRP (Fiber-reinforced Polymer)-steel composite tube (CFCT) column is a new structure that integrates the advantages of various materials. The establishment of the cyclic stress-strain relationship under axial loading is of great importance for the seismic analysis and design method of this new structure. In this study, the stress-strain behaviors of six CFCT columns with various

This paper presents the performance of geofoam-filled trenches in mitigating of ground vibration transmissions by the means of a full experimental study. The results are interpreted in the frequency domain. Fully automated 2D and 3D numerical models are applied to evaluate the screening effectiveness of geofoam-filled trenches in the active and passive schemes. Experimental results are in good agreement

The permanent deformation behavior of granular materials governs the overall performance of railway track substructures. This article evaluates the cyclic behavior of construction and demolition (C&D) aggregates, namely recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and crushed brick (CB) blended with recovered plastic (RP) as railway capping layer materials. The response of C&D/RP blends was evaluated under multistage

Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading of the foundation soil severely damages the embankment resting on it. Installation of sheet pile near the toe of the embankment is a widely used technique to mitigate lateral spreading of the foundation soil and the associated damage to the embankment. However, several factors, such as the thickness of the liquefiable foundation, width of sheet pile, and softening

After presenting a taxonomy of schools in part one and their modes of behavior during the Ezgeleh earthquake in November 2017, this paper quantifies the seismic resilience index of Iranian school buildings, including post-recovery and retrofitting processes. Six schools having different structural properties as being representative of the 3029 Iranian school buildings in the affected area were chosen

Although the parallel seismic (PS) method has been successfully applied to determine the unknown foundation depth of buildings and bridges, the ability to detect defects in pile foundations has not been verified. In this paper, three large-scale model piles with artificial defects are designed and constructed in multilayered ground. The capability of cross-hole sonic logging, low-strain pile integrity

Through the investigation and research for seismic liquefaction cases, it is found that a certain amount of fine-grained sand is usually contained in the sand field where the seismic liquefaction occurs. Since the existence of fine particles in sand will affect the distribution of soil particles and the contact of between soil particles, further affect the liquefaction resistance of soil, it is of

Ocean site can be modeled as a fluid-seabed-bedrock system, in which the seabed is horizontally layered poro-elastic medium and the bedrock is a solid medium. The estimation of the wave-induced and earthquake-induced responses of the seabed played an important role in the design of offshore structures, which has attracted the attention of researchers and engineers. Based on Biot's poro-elastic theory

The main research work of this paper is based on the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and completed by the platform of particle flow software PFC2D. A numerical calculation model is established based on the motion equation and the force equation between soil particles which can consider the interparticle rolling resistance and particle shape effect. In addition, interparticle rolling resistance is introduced

In this study, a frequency-domain finite element model is proposed to evaluate the seismic response of water-structure-sediment-foundation-backfill coupling system. It includes the seawater as a compressible fluid, seawall as viscoelastic solid, backfilled soil, sediment, and foundation as two-phase poroelastic domains with dynamic behavior described by u-p formulation of Biot’s equations. The dynamic

This study investigates the effect of non-plastic fines on the anisotropic smalls strain stiffness of a calcareous sand by conducting multidirectional bender element tests. GHH, GHV and GVH are evaluated on both horizontal and vertical planes and the stiffness anisotropy, considering the effect of fine content, is studied. The models for predicting small strain shear modulus G0 of the calcareous sands

A simple single bounding surface constitutive model is developed to predict the undrained behaviours of saturated clays under cyclic loads. The new model does not involve complex kinematic hardening rules, and it is only required to memorize important stress reverse events; therefore, the simplicity should be the largest advantage of the model. A new interpolation function of an elastoplastic shear

The purpose is to address two issues arising from the frequency dependence of viscoelastic (VE) isolation bearings implemented in base-isolated structures (BIS): (i) how the frequency dependence affects the structural response; and (ii) which method is appropriate for the VE BIS. Effects of the frequency dependence on the absolute acceleration transmissibility are analyzed based on a two-degree-of-freedom

The present study aims to compare the performance of two machine learning techniques that can unveil the relationship between the input and target variables and predict the ground vibration (peak particle velocity, PPV) due to quarry blasting. To this end, a Random Forest (RF) model and a Bayesian Network (BN) model were developed. Before developing these models, and in order to illustrate the necessity

The seismic reliability assessment (SRA) of complex nonlinear structures which possess structural and seismic uncertainty is an open challenge for academics and practical engineers. This paper proposes an improved maximum entropy method (IMEM) for the SRA of nonlinear structures. Non-stationary ground motions are first generated via a random-function-based spectral representation method. High-dimensional

A shear key is installed on a seismic isolation bearing to resist long-term service and small earthquake loads. In the event of a large earthquake, the shear key is cut off to allow for the sliding of a bearing that isolates and dissipates the earthquake's energy. A scale in the bearing will satisfy the shaking table test's demands, however, the bearing will undergo disturbance when cutting off the

A review of the current literature on soil behavior modeling reveals the great success of constitutive models proposed within the critical state soil mechanics framework. Imam et al. (2005) proposed a critical state constitutive model for predicting the behavior of sand consolidated to a wide range of void ratios and pressures. The model uses capped yield surfaces and was formulated with special emphasis

Understanding the permanent deformation characteristics of subgrade soils under traffic loads can provide a basis for subgrade design and evaluation. During repeated load triaxial (RLT) tests, accurate simulation of traffic loads is critical. RLT tests on silt under continuous loading and intermittent loading (cycles of continuous loading and intermittent stage) were performed using an RLT apparatus

Self-centering buckling-restrained braces (SC-BRBs) consisting of BRBs as the primary load-resisting elements and shape-memory alloy (SMA) bars as the supplemental re-centering elements have shown the higher axial resistance in tension and compression along with negligible residual deformation under cyclic loading. Superplastic characteristics of Nickle and Titanium (NiTi) SMA bars provide the self-centering

This study reports data and findings from shake table tests performed on loosely compacted unsaturated well graded materials containing a wide range of particle sizes and significant fines contents of 18 to 28%. The results are useful for understanding the fundamental cyclic liquefaction behaviour of these unsaturated well graded materials when subjected to vertical cyclic loading conditions relevant

The dynamic responses of granular materials subjected to cyclic loading under partially drained condition were seldom investigated, though the partially drained condition is commonly existing for the granular materials that locate nearby the drainage boundaries. Besides, the prevalent studies mainly focus on the liquefaction behaviour of granular materials under high stress levels. In this study, a

The paper presents a parametric study on the seismic response of bridge piers founded on gravity caissons. Despite the wide use of caissons in bridge engineering, until a few years ago this foundation typology has been less investigated than piles and shallow foundations in both static and dynamic field. In most of the published studies, the seismic design of bridge piers was carried out without accounting

The dynamic response of a transversely isotropic, multilayered and poroelastic seabed under the action of two-dimensional water waves is investigated via a recently developed semi-analytical method. The coupled governing equations of motion are based on the Biot's complete poroelastodynamic model, expressed in the (u,p) form. The potential-function method is introduced to express the unknown primary

Seismic source location is a key parameter in the microseismic (MS) monitoring technology, and its accuracy is correlated with the calculation of some other event source parameters (e.g., event magnitude and focal mechanism). The conventional location methods usually take advantages of objective functions based on all arrival-time dataset and solve them through optimization algorithms, while a local

Rapid growth and implementation of high-speed trains (HSTs) have made commuting easier. However, the vibrations induced by HSTs deteriorate the embankment of ballastless tracks, particularly of those constructed in frozen regions. In this study, a series of field tests are conducted on the Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway in frozen regions to investigate the vertical acceleration (Az) at the embankment

A new semi-analytical method is developed for solving the dynamic response of an embedded flexible foundation of general shape in a transversely isotropic and multilayered half-space. It is based on the hybrid Green's functions (GFs) and finite-element method (FEM) via the modified subtraction method. The GFs in the multilayered half-space are derived by virtue of the dual variable and position (DVP)

Earthquake disaster records demonstrate that the influence of aftershocks (ASs) needs to be considered in structural seismic design and performance assessment, owing to the additional damage caused by them. To study the failure mechanism of a structure undergoing a sequence earthquake (i.e., mainshock–aftershock (MS–AS)), a clear understanding of the correlation between the intensity measures (IMs)

In practical engineering, liquefiable sand deposits in natural or manmade slopes, dams, and embankments may contain a certain amount of silty fines and often sustain a static shear prior to subsequent cyclic loading. To understand the effect of static shear stress on the cyclic liquefaction behavior of silty sand, a small amount of crushed fines was added to clean sand, and a series of triaxial tests

A steel-concrete composite frame is typically used for building construction. Earthquake action and progressive collapse event caused by accidental local failures are the primary threats affecting the safety of steel-concrete composite frames. Currently, multi-hazard resistance and building resilience have garnered much research attention from the international civil engineering community. Based on

This paper proposes a new efficient three-dimensional (3D) method to predict the vertical building vibration generated by trains running in tunnels in a multi-layered half-space. The tunnel-ground-building dynamic interaction involving in the proposed method is handled using the sub-structuring approach. The multi-story building is considered as rectangular floors supported by a distribution of columns

In this article, introducing the method of radial basis function (RBF) into reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM), and the radial basis reproducing kernel particle method (RRKPM) is presented. The RRKPM has higher computational accuracy and better convergence than the RKPM. Then the RRKPM is used in elastic dynamic problem, and the weak form of integral is used to find the discretized governing

the dynamic response at multi-points on the shaft of a defective pile under low strain loading condition is investigated theoretically. Three-dimensional axisymmetric continuum soil model is established to simulate the layered pile-soil system considering different types of pile defect. Theoretical solutions are deduced by applying the separate variable method and integral transformation technique

Previous post-earthquake damage investigations have indicated that inclined piles have either performed satisfactorily or poorly during seismic events; hence their effectiveness is still questionable. This paper aims to clarify the performance of inclined piles installed in the liquefiable ground during earthquakes. To this end, a three-dimensional finite element model has been developed using the

Filtered incremental velocity, FIV3, is a recently proposed and very promising intensity measure for seismic collapse risk assessment. However, no ground motion prediction equation currently exists that enables its complete implementation in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis or in seismic performance assessment of structures. This paper presents a model for the estimation of the random horizontal

The current code-conforming seismic lateral load patterns are implicitly derived based on the dynamic solutions of fixed-base elastic structural systems, without considering the effects of hysteretic characteristic and soil-structure-interaction (SSI). Consequently, such lateral force patterns may not be applicable for the seismic design of nonlinear deteriorating structural systems. In this study

Iran is one of the most earthquake-prone areas in the world and the resulting losses and casualties have had long-lasting effects on both its economy and citizens. As a vital structure in any community, schools are expected to maintain their initial functionality during a seismic event to guarantee the safety of students and act as an emergency center immediately following an earthquake. The Ezgeleh-Sarpole-Zahab