Weather forecasting is a challenging task, which is especially suited for artificial intelligence due to the large amount of data involved. This paper proposed an end-to-end hybrid regression model, called Ensemble of Spatial-Temporal Attention Network and Multi-Layer Perceptron (E-STAN-MLP), to forecast surface temperature, humidity, wind speed, and wind direction at 24 automatic weather stations

This study examines atmospheric structures causing convective development in the events of cloud cluster (CC) over the Korean peninsula using the analysis and forecast data of National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) climate forecast system reanalysis (CFSR) and observation data. Two CC types—CCs associated with meso-α-scale lows (CCMLs) and mesoscale troughs (CCMTs)—were investigated.

Thermal effects of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) play an important role in the atmospheric circulation over south Asia, which may have complex implications on the development of regional climate. In the study, we utilized 86 station-based observations (1980–2018) to investigate the variations in sensible heating on the plateau surface and their possible impacts on south Asian atmospheric circulation in

A “Novel Thunderstorm Alert System” (NOTHAS) has been developed and extensively tested for forecast and warnings of mid-latitude and tropical convective events. The design of the system showed some potential advantages compared to earlier alert systems, mainly in reducing uncertainties in predictions by taking the given maximum hourly local-scale signal. It represents a dynamic tool which allows the

During the transition period between the Jianghuai Meiyu and North China rainy seasons in 2016, there was a high-impact rainstorm event, connecting these two rainy seasons. However, both the short and medium range forecasts predicted a rain band that was too far south; this error can have serious implications for flood preparedness. This study discusses the causes of the forecast error using the ECMWF

The WRF model is nowadays the most widely applied mesoscale numerical weather prediction model. Its land-surface hydrological modeling module, WRF-Hydro, which is designed to facilitate the land-surface modeling being coupled with WRF, draws more and more attentions from both the meteorological and the hydrological community. In this study, four sensitive and principle parameters of WRF-Hydro are tested

The purpose of this study is to detect alterations of annual rainfall regime in terms of distributional changes of rainfall indices in Taiwan. A total of nine rainfall indices at eight stations with at least 72-year daily records are used to characterize annual rainfall regime. The generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS) is adopted for dynamically detecting evolution of

Five years of PM2.5/PM10 ratios and their potential relationships with wind and relative humidity (RH) were analyzed for three areas in Beijing (northwestern mountainous area, urban area and southern suburbs), and these values were compared with those of five other cities, including Tianjin, Dalian, Hangzhou, Shanghai and Guangzhou. In the past five years, both PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations have

The offshore intensification mechanisms of Supertyphoon Rammasun (2014) and Typhoon Rumbia (2013) are analyzed and compared based on the best track typhoon data provided by the Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration (STI/CMA), ECMWF (CMA and JMA) objective (subjective) predicted typhoon track and intensity, and reanalysis data of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National

In this study, the regional climate of East Asia was dynamically downscaled using Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 3-Regional Atmosphere (HadGEM3-RA) forced by the historical simulation data (1979–2005) of HadGEM2-AO produced by the National Institute of Meteorological Sciences (NIMS). To understand the impact of corrected SST on regional climate simulation, we integrated the experiments

This study evaluates the impact of coupled model in simulating the ocean state conditions of Bay of Bengal by comparing standalone and coupled numerical model simulations. The oceanic model is the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) and the coupled model comprises of ROMS and Weather Research and Forecast modelling system to simulate the oceanic and atmospheric state of the bay. The coupled model

We estimated the Korea Shortwave Radiation Budget (KSRB) providing new insights into the Korea climate system. Monthly averaged clear-sky, overcast-sky, and all-sky flux measurements with cloud amounts from 2000 to 2015 were used to assess the impacts of cloud on the KSRB. A deterministic model for shortwave radiation transfer was utilized with climatological data to compute the monthly mean of KSRB

In this work, we suggest new spatial precipitation interpolation schemes using compressed sensing (CS), which is a new framework for signal acquisition and smart sensor design. Using CS, the precipitation maps are recovered in high resolution by obtaining sparse coefficients of radial basis functions(RBFs). Two types of methods are designed according to the construction methods of CS matrix. In the

Binary tropical cyclones (BTC) often bring disastrous rainfall to China. From the viewpoint of the extreme of the BTC maximum daily rainfall, the characteristics of BTC extreme rainfall (BTCER) during 1960–2018 are analyzed, using daily rainfall data; and some representative large-scale mean flows, in which the associated BTCs are embedded, are analyzed. Results show that the frequency of BTCER shows

Northern Central China (NC China) is a seriously arid region. Precipitation variations are vital for environmental protection and socio-economical development. This study investigates the recent changes in summer heavy precipitation (HP) events over NC China and associated atmospheric circulation anomalies. Compared with the period of 1986–2002, the HP amount and frequency both significantly increase

Exact assessment of urban atmospheric CO2 enhancement, which is higher than background CO2 concentrations, is critical to mitigate carbon emissions in the city. However, ground-based atmospheric CO2 measurements covering the diverse landscape across the city are still limited. This study utilizes the column integrated CO2 concentration (XCO2) data obtained from the NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2

Using ERA-Interim and ERA-5 reanalysis datasets combined with measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), we divided the Tibetan Plateau (TP) into three regions to analyse the long-term trends of water vapor in the upper troposphere and its possible mechanisms. The conclusions are as follows. The water vapor at 200 hPa in the summers from 1979 to 2016 over Region 1 (34°N-40°N, 80°E-100°E) shows

The annual cycles of tropical and subtropical precipitation were estimated by parameterizing them using the inferential circular statistics approach. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) version 7 dataset which has spatial coverage from 50°S to 50°N and temporal coverage from 1998 to 2018 (21 years) was used to compute the monthly precipitation

This study analyzed HC (Hydrometeor Classification), rain rate, and DSD (Drop Size Distribution) observed using an optical disdrometer, parsivel, at a mountain (Daegwallyeong, DG) and a coastal site (Mokpo, MP) over 2 years (2010–2011). The HC accuracies of the drizzle, rain, and snow were about 95%, 87%, and 80% respectively. The R2 (coefficient of determination) of the parsivel with TB (Tipping Bucket)

Abstract Due to the special natural environment over the glacier area in the Tianshan Mountains, the observation of meteorological data became difficult and is strictly scarce. Using the available data observed from the automatic meteorological station (AMS) installed on the Western Tianshan Mountain Station (WTMS) in Kyrgyzstan, the daily and seasonal variations of meteorological variables including

Abstract This study has evaluated Satellite Based Precipitation (SBP) products at key basins in Bolivia. Three basins of national interest were selected at different ecological steps: highlands, valleys and lowlands. GSMaP and CHIRPS products were tested showing promising detection abilities especially in regions with high elevation. At highlands the correlation coefficients of both SBP products showed

Abstract The uneven hydro-climatic changes and droughts have significantly affected the socioeconomic condition of people dependent on the Indus basin, Pakistan. This study aims to examine the annual and seasonal hydro-climatic trends for the Upper Indus Basin (UIB), Middle Indus Basin (MIB) and Lower Indus Basin (LIB). The mean monthly data from 44 meteorological and 30 hydrological stations have

Abstract In addition to the tropical data, the OLR/U850/U200 data on a restricted region in southwestern Asia (17.5°N-35°N, 30°E-60°E) has been incorporated into the calculation of the Real-time Multivariate MJO (RMM) index. Introducing this data modifies the leading EOFs of the RMM index slightly and rotates them 14° eastward as a consequence of the change in the column variances of the RMM anomaly

Abstract The August Asian–Pacific Oscillation (APO) plays an important role in the variability of autumn (September ~ October mean) precipitation in central eastern China (CEC). Using observational and reanalysis data, the impact of the August APO on autumn CEC precipitation from 1960 to 2016 was studied. The statistical result showed that August APO is closely linked to the autumn precipitation anomalies

Abstract Error estimates associated with satellite precipitation retrievals are crucial to allow inferences about the reliability of such products in their operational applications. However, evaluating satellite precipitation error characteristics is challenging because of the inherent temporal and spatial variability of precipitation, measurement errors, and sampling uncertainties, especially at fine

Abstract Although precursor concentrations were reduced by emission control in Guangzhou, southern China from 2006 to 2016, ground-level O3 concentrations increased, forming potential risks to human health. This study explored the impacts of large-scale synoptic weather circulations on O3 concentration in Guangzhou, in a particular focus on high O3 pollution episodes. Twelve local weather types were

The article "Non-tropical Cyclone Related Winter Heavy Rainfall Events over the Philippines: Climatology and Mechanisms", written by Lyndon Mark Olaguera, Jun Matsumoto, Julie Mae B. Dado and Gemma Teresa T. Narisma, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on 02 January 2020 without open access.

The article “Possible Mechanisms of Long-Term Trend of June Rainfall over the Korean Peninsula”, written by Hyeran Lee, Hwan-Jin Song and Byung-Ju Sohn, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on 08 January 2020 without open access.

Abstract New technologies for the classification of convective cloud lifecycles and the prediction of their movements are needed to detect severe convective weather and to support objective cloud guidance. Satellites enable earlier detection of severe weather over larger coverage areas than ground-based observations or radar. The use of satellite observations for nowcasting is thus likely. In this

Abstract High-order filtering with isotropy of a local-domain data defined at an arbitrary location on the sphere, with an application to scale-decomposition of mean sea level pressure field, was investigated. The equation of high-order filter was based on the implicit hyper-diffusion of 8th-order, which was discretized by the Fourier-finite element method (FFEM). In order to apply the FFEM high-order

Abstract This study investigates the performance of simulated precipitation and estimates future changes in precipitation in CORDEX-East Asia Phase I. In the Historical experiment (1981–2005), a global climate model used as a lateral boundary condition does not realistically simulate the timing and intensity of the East Asian summer monsoon. Hence, it overestimates precipitation over East Asia. Generally

Abstract In this study, the intensity change of tropical cyclone (TC) Noru (1705) is investigated by using numerical simulations. TC Noru experienced a weakening stage during the binary interaction with TC Kulap (1706). In the presence of Kulap, the model captures well the observed intensity change. On the contrary, once Kulap is removed, it fails to reproduce the weakening stage of Noru. Possible

Abstract The long-term spatio-temporal variability in twelve rainfall indices across Tapi basin are investigated for period 1944–2013. The temporal trends in aforesaid indices, representing magnitude, intensity, frequency and duration of rainfall, are analysed using non-parametric tests. The total annual rainfall exhibit uniformly increasing trends over Lower Tapi basin (LTB), while heterogeneous trends

Abstract Here we show that Atlantic windstorms of extreme category in northern winter tend to follow a well-defined route toward the Atlantic sector of Arctic, and that heat and moisture transported by these extreme storms significantly warm the Arctic. A positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) condition and the associated intensified upper-level Atlantic jet provide favorable conditions for those

Abstract Characteristics of localized heavy rainfall events (LHREs) in South Korea are analyzed using high-resolution precipitation reanalysis data from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). The LHREs, defined as summertime heavy rainfall events with 30 mm/h or more, are detected using in-situ measurements, and their spatio-temporal structures are classified into the three groups using precipitation

Abstract Pakistan receives huge amount of rainfall during summer monsoon season that provides water replenishment for transition periods, helps in maintaining natural and anthropogenic ecosystems, and increased crop productivity. In this changing world, shifts in summer monsoon onset in Pakistan have been observed that seems to affect the society in general. Therefore, it is vital to address these

Abstract The reliability and accuracy of a risk assessment of extreme hydro-meteorological events are highly dependent on the quality of the historical rainfall time series data. However, missing data in a time series such as this could result in lower quality data. Therefore, this paper proposes a multiple-imputation algorithm for treating missing data without requiring information from adjoining

Abstract In this study year-round (2013) measurements of surface black carbon (BC) mass concentration recorded using a seven-channel Aethalometer (AE-31) over a tropical semi-urban site in Nagpur, in central India are presented. The annual mean BC during the studied period was 3.64 ± 1.81 μg m−3, which is comparable to that observed at few Indian and international sites. Seasonal variability in BC

Upward longwave radiation (ULR) is an important element for climate change analysis. We calculated ULR using land surface temperature (LST), sea surface temperature (SST), and downward longwave radiation (DLR) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Cloud and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES), along with broadband emissivity calculated using four multiple linear

Most infrared satellite remote sensors have a higher spatial resolution than microwave satellite sensors. Microwave satellite remote sensing has proven successful for the retrieval of soil moisture (SM) information. In this study, we propose a SM retrieval algorithm based on temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI), a function of land surface temperature (LST), and the normalized difference vegetative

An operational sea surface current (SSC) retrieval algorithm was developed using consecutive Himawari-8/AHI data based on a feature tracking method. Comparative analyses were conducted to determine the appropriate input data for the SSC retrieval algorithm. Investigation of the input data revealed some limitations in the use of single-band brightness temperatures caused by atmospheric features under

Satellite-based vegetation indices are an essential element in understanding the Earth’s surface. In this study, we estimated the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using Himawari-8/Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) data and analyzed the sensitivity of products to atmospheric and surface correction. We used the Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum (6S) radiative transfer

We propose a methodology employing an interpolation technique on the Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal (6S) look-up table (LUT) to improve surface reflectance retrieval using Himawari-8/Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI). A minimum curvature surface (MCS) technique was used to refine the 6S LUT, and the solar zenith angle (SZA) and viewing zenith angle (VZA) increments were narrowed by 0.5°. The

Bangladesh is under the strong influence of the South Asian monsoon. Extensive damages caused by frequent severe flood events in this country call for a study of nationwide precipitation climatology. Here, we examine spatiotemporal variations of precipitation in Bangladesh using rain gauge data at 35 stations for the period 2003–2016. The annual precipitation amount in Bangladesh is 2263 mm, and it

Despite its importance for hydrology and water resources, accurate estimation of snowfall rate over snow-covered regions has remained a major observational challenge from both in-situ and remote sensing instruments. Snowfall accumulation can be measured by either accumulating snowfall estimates or measuring snowpack properties such as Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) and mass. By focusing on snowfall over

A preliminary assessment of real-time multi-satellite precipitation products, Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) IMERG real time (IMRT), TMPA 3B42 real time (TMPA), PERSIANN (PERS) and CMORPH (CMOR) was carried out in Pakistan on entire study area basis and by dividing the study area in to five regions. It is extended from 61o to 77o East and 23.5 o to 37 o North, with varied climatic and topographic

Using eddy-covariance turbulence measurements over a Tibetan glacier, we present a description of scalar turbulence characteristics in the stable boundary layer. Interesting behaviours are demonstrated in terms of temperature–humidity de-correlation and dissimilarity. That is, a lack of perfect correlation occurs between the two scalars (i.e., correlation coefficients <1 in magnitude); overall, sensible

Temperature is one of the most important elements of climate, which undergoes temporal and spatial changes under the influence of local and external factors. These changes can cover micro and macroclimate areas as well as short to long-term periods. Therefore, in the present study, the spatial patterns of temperature change in Iran over the past half-century are discussed. To this end, average annual

Droughts being a regional phenomenon has a vicious impact on agricultural production as well as on the socioeconomic status of an area. Meteorological drought is not only the result of rainfall deficit but also influenced by temperature in the form of evapotranspiration. There are several indices that could assess meteorological drought. Because of the complex phenomenon underling in the interaction

The Korea’s Geostationary Multi-Purpose Satellite-2A (GK2A) was launched in December 2018 with its main payload, Advanced Meteorological Imager (AMI). Using the 9 infrared channels of the AMI, an algorithm has been developed to retrieve vertical profiles of temperature and humidity for the clear-sky. The algorithm, named as AMI Atmospheric Profile (AAP), is based on an optimal estimation method with

The clouds’ macro-, microphysical vertical structures and radiative effects in 4 shear-relative quadrants of typhoon over the northwest Pacific during development, maturity and extinction stages are studied based on CloudSat Tropical Cyclone dataset and China Meteorological Administration tropical cyclone dataset from 2nd June 2006 to 31th December 2015. The typhoon cloud is in an asymmetric “mushroom”

In this paper, it is discussed the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with a wildland fire-behavior module (WRF-Fire model) by the observational data collected in an experiment with a low-intensity prescribed fire (LIPF) conducted in the New Jersey Pine Barrens (NJPB) on March 6, 2012. The sensitivity experiments of the WRF-Fire model are carried out to investigate

In this study, we assessed the performance of the decaying average bias correction method in removing the systematic error in daily maximum temperature (dTmax) ensemble forecasts. We applied the technique to a short-range high-resolution limited-area ensemble prediction system of the Korea Meteorological Administration, which shows under-predictive and under-dispersive characteristics for dTmax. The

The GEO-KOMPSAT 2A (GK-2A) satellite is a next-generation geostationary meteorological satellite with multi-wavelength channels. The GK-2A Advanced Meteorological Imager (AMI) aerosol detection production (ADP) algorithm can detect aerosol types (e.g., dust, haze, volcanic ash), using visible and infrared channels. This algorithm is not employed in existing meteorological satellites and can detect

Major compositions of water-soluble ionic species in particulate matter less than 10 and 2.5 μm in diameter (PM10 and PM2.5, respectively) over the Yellow Sea were collected during the Korea–United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign in 2016 onboard the research vessel Gisang 1. The secondary ionic species (NH4+, nss-SO42−, and NO3−) in PM10 and PM2.5 accounted for 84% and 89% of the total analyzed

The Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) was used to estimate the accumulated rainfall in May from the Mei-Yu front in Taiwan. Rainfall estimation from GSMaP during 2002–2017 were evaluated using more than 400 local gauge observations, collected from the Taiwan Central Weather Bureau (CWB). Studies have demonstrated that the GSMaP rainfall estimation estimates can be biased, depending

Extraction of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were carried out over Srinagar, India, an ecologically sensitive semi-urban site in Garhwal Himalays. The PM2.5 sampling was carried out during January to December, 2017 over the site. The OC and EC were extracted from PM2.5 samples using a thermo optical OC/EC analyzer. Highest OC and EC concncentrations were found during postmonsoon (17

This study provides an overview of the development of sea surface temperature retrieval algorithms by using Himawari-8/AHI data as a proxy data of GK-2A with quite similar spectral bands except for 2.26-μm and 1.38-μm bands. For contingency preparation, several potential algorithms, such as Multi-channel SST (MCSST), Non-linear SST (NLSST), Hybrid SST, and Multi-band SST, were developed over the full

The impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phase transition on the atmospheric circulations, precipitation and temperature in the Middle East (ME) during the period of 1950–2018 autumn seasons were analyzed. ENSO events were selected based on the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) and its phase transition from El Nino to La Nina (type 1) and from La Nina to El Nino (type 2) events during the study period

This study investigates the impacts of marginal sea surface temperature (SST) on temperature variations over the Korean Peninsula in winter via observation data analysis and numerical model simulation. The marginal SST variability is represented using ocean temperature variations at the Ieodo Ocean Research Station (IORS), wherein the oceanic and atmospheric variables are observed in real-time. The