While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial

The backward nonlinear local Lyapunov exponent method (BNLLE) is applied to quantify the predictability of warm and cold events in the Lorenz model. Results show that the maximum prediction lead times of warm and cold events present obvious layered structures in phase space. The maximum prediction lead times of each warm (cold) event on individual circles concentric with the distribution of warm (cold)

This study investigated the regime-dependent predictability using convective-scale ensemble forecasts initialized with different initial condition perturbations in the Yangtze and Huai River basin (YHRB) of East China. The scale-dependent error growth (ensemble variability) and associated impact on precipitation forecasts (precipitation uncertainties) were quantitatively explored for 13 warm-season

Predicting tropical cyclone (TC) genesis is of great societal importance but scientifically challenging. It requires fine-resolution coupled models that properly represent air-sea interactions in the atmospheric responses to local warm sea surface temperatures and feedbacks, with aid from coherent coupled initialization. This study uses three sets of high-resolution regional coupled models (RCMs) covering

We applied the multigrid nonlinear least-squares four-dimensional variational assimilation (MG-NLS4DVar) method in data assimilation and prediction experiments for Typhoon Haikui (2012) using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Observation data included radial velocity (Vr) and reflectivity (Z) data from a single Doppler radar, quality controlled prior to assimilation. Typhoon prediction

After the strong 2015/16 El Niño event, cold conditions prevailed in the tropical Pacific with the second-year cooling of the 2017/18 La Niña event. Many coupled models failed to predict the cold SST anomalies (SSTAs) in 2017. By using the ERA5 and GODAS (Global Ocean Data Assimilation System) products, atmospheric and oceanic factors were examined that could have been responsible for the second-year

Regional coupled modeling is one of the frontiers of regional climate modeling, but intercomparison has not been well coordinated. In this study, a community regional climate model, WRF4, with a resolution of 15 km, was coupled with a high-resolution (0.1°) North Pacific Ocean model (LICOM_np). The performance of the regional coupled model, WRF4_LICOM, was compared to that of another regional coupled

Three tiers of experiments in the Global Monsoons Model Intercomparison Project (GMMIP), one of the endorsed model intercomparison projects of phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), are implemented by the First Institute of Oceanography Earth System Model version 2 (FIO-ESM v2.0), following the GMMIP protocols. Evaluation of global mean surface air temperature from 1870 to 2014

Millimeter-wave cloud radar (MMCR) provides the capability of detecting the features of micro particles inside clouds and describing the internal microphysical structure of the clouds. Therefore, MMCR has been widely applied in cloud observations. However, due to the influence of non-meteorological factors such as insects, the cloud observations are often contaminated by non-meteorological echoes in

Two versions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model (CAS-FGOALS), version f3-L and g3, are used to simulate the two interglacial epochs of the mid-Holocene and the Last Interglacial in phase 4 of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4), which aims to study the impact of changes in orbital parameters on the Earth’s climate. Following

Electrical characteristics of an isolated supercell storm observed on 13 June 2014 over Beijing were investigated using lightning data obtained from the Beijing Lightning Network, radar reflectivity, and hydrometeor retrievals during the 6-h lifetime. Positive cloud-to-ground (+CG) lightning took a high percentage of CG lightning. Before and during a hail event, +CG lightning was more frequent than

Based on climate extreme indices calculated from a high-resolution daily observational dataset in China during 1961–2005, the performance of 12 climate models from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), and 30 models from phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5), are assessed in terms of spatial distribution and interannual variability. The CMIP6 multi-model ensemble mean (CMIP6-MME) can simulate

The diurnal variation in the vertical structure of the raindrop size distribution (RSD) associated with stratiform rain at Kototabang, West Sumatra (0.20°S, 100.32°E), was investigated using micro rain radar (MRR) observations from January 2012 to August 2016. Along with the MRR data, the RSD from an optical disdrometer and vertical profile of precipitation from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission

Formulating model uncertainties for a convection-allowing ensemble prediction system (CAEPS) is a much more challenging problem compared to well-utilized approaches in synoptic weather forecasting. A new approach is proposed and tested through assuming that the model uncertainty should reasonably describe the fast nonlinear error growth of the convection-allowing model, due to the fast developing character

In the original version of this article, the unit of the YRD total HFC emissions “Gg CO2 -e yr−1” in the abstract should be Tg CO2 -e yr−1. On Page 581, in the fifth line from the left bottom, the unit of the total CO2-equivalent emissions of HFCs “Gg yr−1” should be Tg yr−1.

Using National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis data for the period 28 June to 12 July during 2001 to 2013, the secondary circulation (SC) associated with the mei-yu front was quantitatively diagnosed by numerically solving a primitive version of the Sawyer-Eliassen equation. Results demonstrate that a direct SC exists near the mei-yu front zone during mid-summer and the synoptic-scale

As a follow-up of a previously published article on the contribution of tropical waves, this study explores the evolution of the mid-tropospheric mesoscale cyclonic vortex (MV) during the formation of Typhoon Megi (2010) with a successful cloud-resolving simulation. It is found that the formation and intensification of the MV were related to the deep convection and subsequent stratiform precipitation

Strong vertical motion (>10 m s−1) has profound implications for tropical cyclone (TC) structure changes and intensity. While extreme updrafts in the TC are occasionally observed in real TCs, the associated small-scale features remain unclear. Based on an analysis of the extreme eyewall updrafts in two numerical experiments conducted with the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting

Aerosols in the atmosphere not only degrade visibility, but are also detrimental to human health and transportation. In order to develop a method to estimate PM2.5 mass concentration from the widely measured visibility, a field campaign was conducted in Southwest China in January 2019. Visibility, ambient relative humidity (RH), PM2.5 mass concentrations and scattering coefficients of dry particles

Tropical cyclone (TC) precipitation (TCP) has attracted considerable attention in recent decades because of its adverse socioeconomic impacts. In particular, considerable effort has been devoted to quantifying TCP and investigating the precipitation of TCs that make landfall. However, precipitation over land induced by TCs that do not make landfall (i.e., offshore), the so-called “sideswiping” TCs

Hyperspectral data have important research and application value in the fields of meteorology and remote sensing. With the goal of improving retrievals of atmospheric temperature profiles, this paper outlines a novel temperature channel selection method based on singular spectrum analysis (SSA) for the Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS), which is the first infrared sounder operating

The three-member historical simulations by the Chinese Academy of Sciences Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model, version f3-L (CAS FGOALS-f3-L), which is contributing to phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), are described in this study. The details of the CAS FGOALS-f3-L model, experiment settings and output datasets are briefly introduced. The datasets include

In the original version of this article, the second author’s first name was misspelled as Zhipeng. The correct spelling is Zipeng. The sixth author’s first name was misspelled as Jirong. The correct spelling is Jinrong. The correct version is as follows: LICOM Model Datasets for the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project Pengfei LIN1,4, Zipeng YU1,4, Hailong LIU1,4, Yongqiang YU1,4, Yiwen LI1,4

The need for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction in the context of global warming is widely acknowledged by the global scientific community. Fossil fuel CO2 (CO2ff) emissions occur mainly in cities, and can be monitored directly with radiocarbon (14C). In this research, annual plants [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] were collected from 26 sites in 2013 and 2014 in the central urban district of

The importance of a national or regional network of meteorological stations for improving weather predictions has been recognized for many years. Ground-based automatic weather stations typically observe weather at a height of 2–10 m above ground level (AGL); however, these observations may have two major shortcomings. Large portions of data cannot be used if the station height is significantly lower

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have been widely used in China as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances, the production and use of which are being phased out under the Montreal Protocol. China is a major consumer of HFCs around the world, with its HFC emissions in CO2-equivalent contributing to about 18% of the global emissions for the period 2012–16. Three methods are widely used to estimate the emissions

In this paper we examine the epochal changes in the frequency of cyclones over the North Indian Ocean during the pre-onset and onset phases of the monsoon. We consider three epochs; namely, the early (1955–74), middle (1975–94) and recent (1995–2014) epochs. It is found that the number of cyclones in the Bay of Bengal (BOB) decreases throughout the three epochs. Over the Arabian Sea (ARB), however

Methane (CH4) is one of the most important greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, making it worthwhile to study its temporal and vertical distributions in source areas, e.g., North China. For this purpose, a ground-based high-resolution Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), the Bruker IFS 125HR, along with an in-situ instrument, the Picarro G2301, were deployed in Xianghe County (39.8°N,117

The profound impact of solar irradiance variations on the decadal variability of Earth’s climate has been investigated by previous studies. However, it remains a challenge to quantify the energetic particle precipitation (EPP) influence on the surface climate, which is an emerging research topic. The solar wind is a source of magnetospheric EPP, and the total energy input from the solar wind into Earth’s

Mole fractions of atmospheric CO2 (XCO2) have been continuously measured from October 2014 to March 2016 at the Guangzhou Panyu Atmospheric Composition Site (23.00°N, 113.21°E; 140 m MSL) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region using a cavity ring-down spectrometer. Approximately 66.63%, 19.28%, and 14.09% of the observed values were filtered as background, pollutant source, and sink due to biospheric

Ozone (O3) fluxes were measured over a maize field using the eddy covariance (EC) technique and gradient methods. The main objective was to evaluate the performance of the gradient methods for measuring the O3 flux by comparing them with the EC O3 flux. In this study, turbulent exchange coefficients (K) calculated with three methods were compared. These methods were the aerodynamic gradient (AG) method

The balloon-borne Aircore campaign was conducted in Inner Mongolia, China, on June 13 and 14 2018, which detected carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) profiles from surface to 24 km, showing strong positive and negative correlations between 8 km and 10 km on 13 and 14 June, respectively. Backward trajectories, meteorological analyses, and CO2 horizontal distributions were combined to interpret

From the perspective of cold air mass (CAM) analysis, we examine the characteristics and mechanisms of regional cold events (RCEs) over northwestern and northeastern China in the past 58 years (1958/59–2015/16). The RCEs in northwestern (northeastern) China are shown to have an average duration of 6.8 (4.7) days with a moderate (sharp) temperature drop. We quantitatively estimate the RCE-related CAM

As an important part of biogeochemical cycling, the nitrogen cycle modulates terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage, water consumption, and environmental quality. Modeling the complex interactions between nitrogen, carbon and water at a regional scale remains challenging. Using China as a testbed, this study presents the first application of the nitrogen-augmented community Noah land surface model with

With the development of urbanization, whether precipitation characteristics in Guangdong Province, China, from 1981 to 2015 have changed are investigated using rain gauge data from 76 stations. These characteristics include annual precipitation, rainfall frequency, intense rainfall (defined as hourly precipitation ⩾ 20 mm), light precipitation (defined as hourly precipitation ⩽ 2.5 mm), and extreme

The relative contributions of atmospheric fluctuations on 6 h–2 d, 2–8 d, and 8 d–1 month time scales to the changes in the air–sea fluxes, the SO circulation, and Antarctic sea ice are investigated. It was found that the imposed forcing variability on the three time scales creates a significant increase in wind power input, and hence an increase of about 50%, 97%, and 5% of eddy kinetic energy relative

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are an important component of the hydrological cycle linking moisture sources in lower latitudes to the Antarctic surface mass balance. We investigate AR signatures in the atmospheric vertical profiles at the Dronning Maud Land coast, East Antarctica, using regular and extra radiosonde measurements conducted during the Year of Polar Prediction Special Observing Period November

Erratum to: Xia, Y., Y. Y. Hu, J. P. Liu, Y. Huang, F. Xie, and J. T. Lin, 2020: Stratospheric ozone-induced cloud radiative effects on Antarctic sea ice. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 37(5), 505−514, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-019-8251-6. This article has changed from access by subscription to OA.

Weather forecasting in the Southern Ocean and Antarctica is a challenge above all due to the rarity of observations to be assimilated in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. As observations are expensive and logistically challenging, it is important to evaluate the benefit that additional observations could bring to NWP. Atmospheric soundings applying unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have a large

This study investigates the recent near-surface temperature trends over the Antarctic Peninsula. We make use of available surface observations, ECMWF’s ERA5 and its predecessor ERA-Interim, as well as numerical simulations, allowing us to contrast different data sources. We use hindcast simulations performed with Polar-WRF over the Antarctic Peninsula on a nested domain configuration at 45 km (PWRF-45)

This work presents the refractory black carbon (rBC) results of a snow and firn core drilled in West Antarctica (79°55′34.6″S, 94°21′13.3″W) during the 2014–15 austral summer, collected by Brazilian researchers as part of the First Brazilian West Antarctic Ice Sheet Traverse. The core was drilled to a depth of 20 m, and we present the results of the first 8 m by comparing two subsampling methods—solid-state

Antarctic polynyas play an important role in regional atmosphere-ice-ocean interactions and are considered to help generate the global deep ocean conveyer belt. Polynyas therefore have a potential impact on the Earth’s climate in terms of the production of sea ice and high-salinity shelf water. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the area of the Terra Nova Bay polynya and the air

Idealized numerical simulations are conducted in this study to comparatively investigate the characteristics of the stratiform sector in the outer rainbands of tropical cyclones (TCs) in lower- and upper-layer vertical wind shear (VWS) with moderate magnitude. Consistent with the results in previous studies, the outer rainband stratiform sector of the TCs simulated in both experiments is generally

Surface relative humidity (RH) is a key element for weather and climate monitoring and research. However, RH is not as commonly applied in studying climate change, partly because the observation series of RH are prone to inhomogeneous biases due to non-climate changes in the observation system. A homogenized dataset of daily RH series from 746 stations in Chinese mainland for the period 1960–2017,

The linkage between the Arctic and midlatitudes has received much attention recently due to the rapidly changing climate. Many investigations have been conducted to reveal the relationship between the Arctic and Eurasian extreme events from the perspective of climatological statistics. As a prediction source for extreme events in Eurasia, Arctic conditions are crucial for extreme event predictions

To represent model uncertainties more comprehensively, a stochastically perturbed parameterization (SPP) scheme consisting of temporally and spatially varying perturbations of 18 parameters in the microphysics, convection, boundary layer, and surface layer parameterization schemes, as well as the stochastically perturbed parameterization tendencies (SPPT) scheme, and the stochastic kinetic energy backscatter

The relationship between precipitation intensity and cloud water in typhoon systems remains unclear. This study combined time- and space-synchronized precipitation and spectral data obtained by the Precipitation Radar (PR) as well as the Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) onboard the TRMM satellite, to overcome the limitations of precipitation properties and cloud parameters not being synchronized

A method to tighten the cloud screening thresholds based on local conditions is used to provide more stringent schemes for Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) cloud screening algorithms. Cloud screening strategies are essential to remove scenes with significant cloud and/or aerosol contamination from OCO-2 observations, which helps to save on the data processing cost and ensure high quality retrievals

Understanding the responses of mean and extreme precipitation to climate change is of great importance. Previous studies have mainly focused on the responses to prescribed sea surface warming or warming due to increases of CO2. This study uses a cloud-resolving model under the idealization of radiative–convective equilibrium to examine the responses of mean and extreme precipitation to a variety of

In China and East Asia, the long-term continuous observational data at daily resolution are insufficient, and thus there is a lack of good understanding of the extreme climate variation over the last 100 years plus. In this study, the extreme temperature indices defined by ETCCDI (Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices) and local meteorological administrations were analyzed for Changchun

Cyclones with strong winds can make the Southern Ocean and the Antarctic a dangerous environment. Accurate weather forecasts are essential for safe shipping in the Southern Ocean and observational and logistical operations at Antarctic research stations. This study investigated the impact of additional radiosonde observations from Research Vessel “Shirase” over the Southern Ocean and Dome Fuji Station

The variation in the precipitation phase in polar regions represents an important indicator of climate change and variability. We studied the precipitation phase at the Great Wall Station and Antarctic Peninsula (AP) region, based on daily precipitation, synoptic records and ERA-Interim data during the austral summers of 1985–2014. Overall, there was no trend in the total precipitation amount or days

Recent studies demonstrate that the Antarctic Ozone Hole has important influences on Antarctic sea ice. While most of these works have focused on effects associated with atmospheric and oceanic dynamic processes caused by stratospheric ozone changes, here we show that stratospheric ozone-induced cloud radiative effects also play important roles in causing changes in Antarctic sea ice. Our simulations

Using a high-resolution precipitation dataset, the present study detected that the mountainous area of central China (MACA) is a hotspot of ENSO’s impact on the summer rainfall variability. Further analysis suggests that both ENSO and atmospheric forcing make contributions to the summer rainfall variability in MACA. The dominant rainfall-related SST mode features as a seasonal transition from an El

The second Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) was onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-20 satellite when launched on 18 November 2017. Using nearly six months of the earliest NOAA-20 observations, the biases of the ATMS instrument were compared between NOAA-20 and the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) satellite. The biases of ATMS channels 8 to

Focusing on the role of initial condition uncertainty, we use WRF initial perturbation ensemble forecasts to investigate the uncertainty in intensity forecasts of Tropical Cyclone (TC) Rammasun (1409), which is the strongest TC to have made landfall in China during the past 50 years. Forecast results indicate that initial condition uncertainty leads to TC forecast uncertainty, particularly for TC intensity

The present study uses the nonlinear singular vector (NFSV) approach to identify the optimally-growing tendency perturbations of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for tropical cyclone (TC) intensity forecasts. For nine selected TC cases, the NFSV-tendency perturbations of the WRF model, including components of potential temperature and/or moisture, are calculated when TC intensities

The North-East Corridor (NEC) Testbed project is the 3rd of three NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) greenhouse gas emissions testbeds designed to advance greenhouse gas measurements capabilities. A design approach for a dense observing network combined with atmospheric inversion methodologies is described. The Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model with the Stochastic