The development and evolution of precipitation microphysical parameters and the vertical structure characteristics associated with Typhoon Yagi (201814) are analyzed in the city of Jinan, Shandong Province based primarily on the observations of a micro rain radar (MRR), a cloud radar, and a disdrometer. The precipitation process is further subdivided into four types: convective, stratiform, mixed,

Convective/large-scale (C/L) precipitation partitions are crucial for achieving realistic rainfall modeling and are classified in 16 phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) atmospheric models. Only 4 models capture the feature that convective rainfall significantly exceeds the large-scale rainfall component in the tropics while the other 12 models show 50%–100% large-scale rainfall

The presence of embedded convection in stratiform clouds strongly affects ice microphysical properties and precipitation formation. In situ aircraft measurements, including upward and downward spirals and horizontal penetrations, were performed within both embedded convective cells and stratiform regions of a mixed-phase stratiform cloud system on 22 May 2017. Supercooled liquid water measurements

Large-ensemble simulations of the atmosphere-only time-slice experiments for the Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) were carried out by the model group of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System (FGOALS-f3-L). Eight groups of experiments forced by different combinations of the sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice concentration (SIC)

This study explores the structures of the correlations between infrared (IR) brightness temperatures (BTs) from the three water vapor channels of the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) onboard the GOES-16 satellite and the atmospheric state. Ensemble-based data assimilation techniques such as the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) rely on correlations to propagate innovations of BTs to increments of model state

As the key precursors of O3, anthropogenic non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) have been studied intensively. This paper performed a meta-analysis on the spatial and temporal variations of NMVOCs, their roles in photochemical reactions, and their sources in China, based on published research. The results showed that both non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) in China

Independent datasets consistently indicate a significant correlation between the sea ice variability in the Bering Sea during melt season and the summer rainfall variability in the Lake Baikal area and Northeastern China. In this study, four sea ice datasets (HadISST1, HadISST2.2, ERA-Interim and NOAA/NSIDC) and two global precipitation datasets (CRU V4.01 and GPCP V2.3) are used to investigate co-variations

This study investigates the circulation and precipitation anomalies associated with different configurations of the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) and the East Asian westerly jet (EAJ) in summer on interannual timescales. The in-phase configuration of the WNPSH and EAJ is characterized by the westward (eastward) extension of the WNPSH and the southward (northward) shift of the EAJ,

Following the progress of satellite data assimilation in the 1990s, the combination of meteorological satellites and numerical models has changed the way scientists understand the earth. With the evolution of numerical weather prediction models and earth system models, meteorological satellites will play a more important role in earth sciences in the future. As part of the space-based infrastructure

We use FLIGHT+ aircraft reconnaissance data for tropical cyclones (TCs) in the North Atlantic and Eastern Pacific from 1997 to 2015 to re-examine TC fullness (TCF) characteristics at the flight level. The results show a strong positive correlation between the flight-level TCF and the intensity of TCs, with the flight-level TCF increasing much more rapidly than the near-surface TCF with increasing intensity

Photochemical smog characterized by high concentrations of ozone (O3) is a serious air pollution issue in the North China Plain (NCP) region, especially in summer and autumn. For this study, measurements of O3, nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous acid (HONO), and a number of key physical parameters were taken at a suburban site, Xianghe, in the NCP

China experienced significant flooding in the summer of 2020 and multiple extreme cold surges during the winter of 2020/21. Additionally, the 2020 typhoon season had below average activity with especially quiet activity during the first half of the season in the western North Pacific (WNP). Sea surface temperature changes in the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans all contributed to the heavy rainfall

Ozone vertical column densities (VCDs) were retrieved by Zenith Scattered Light-Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (ZSL-DOAS) from January 2017 to February 2020 over Fildes Peninsula, West Antarctica (62.22°S, 58.96°W). Each year, ozone VCDs started to decline around July with a comparable gradient around 1.4 Dobson Units (DU) per day, then dropped to their lowest levels in September and

The accuracy of passive satellite cloud top height (CTH) retrieval shows regional dependence. This paper assesses the CTH derived from the FY-4A and Himawari-8 satellites through comparison with those from the ground-based millimeter radar at two sites: Yangbajing, Tibet, China (YBJ), and the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Beijing, China. The comparison shows that Himawari-8 missed more CTHs

Amines are important for new particle formation and subsequent growth in the atmosphere. Consequently, the processes involved are receiving more attention in recent years. Here, we conduct a field observation in order to investigate the atmospheric particulate amines at a background site in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) during the summer of 2018. Four amines in PM2.5, i.e., methylamine (MA), dimethylamine

In this study, the ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to generate accurate near-surface wind speed forecasts at kilometer- to subkilometer-scale resolution along race tracks (RTs) in Chongli during the wintertime is evaluated. The performance of two postprocessing methods, including the decaying-averaging (DA) and analogy-based (AN) methods, is tested to calibrate the near-surface

Short-duration snow bursts with heavy snow represent one type of hazardous weather in winter which can be easily missed by the winter weather warnings but often results in great hazards. In this paper, the mechanism for the occurrence of such events was investigated with the aid of a localized terrain-influenced snow burst event in Northeast China. The snow burst was produced by an eastward-moving

In recent years, several studies pointed out that anthropogenic emission sources in China which significantly contribute to the PM2.5 mass burden was an important cause of particulate pollution in South Korea. However, most studies generally focused upon a single pollution event. It is rare to see comprehensive research that captures those features prone to interannual variations concerning the transboundary

This article evaluates the performance of 20 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) models in simulating temperature and precipitation over China through comparisons with gridded observation data for the period of 1995–2014, with a focus on spatial patterns and interannual variability. The evaluations show that the CMIP6 models perform well in reproducing the climatological spatial distribution

Many weather radar networks in the world have now provided polarimetric radar data (PRD) that have the potential to improve our understanding of cloud and precipitation microphysics, and numerical weather prediction (NWP). To realize this potential, an accurate and efficient set of polarimetric observation operators are needed to simulate and assimilate the PRD with an NWP model for an accurate analysis

Use of data assimilation to initialize hydrometeors plays a vital role in numerical weather prediction (NWP). To directly analyze hydrometeors in data assimilation systems from cloud-sensitive observations, hydrometeor control variables are necessary. Common data assimilation systems theoretically require that the probability density functions (PDFs) of analysis, background, and observation errors

A comparative analysis and quantitative diagnosis has been conducted of extreme rainfall associated with landfalling tropical cyclones (ERLTC) and non-extreme rainfall (NERLTC) using the dynamic composite analysis method. Reanalysis data and the tropical cyclone precipitation dataset derived from the objective synoptic analysis technique were used. Results show that the vertically integrated water

The Kuroshio extension (KE) exhibits interdecadal variability, oscillating from a stable state to an unstable state. In this paper, ERA-Interim reanalysis data are used to discuss the possible reasons for the asymmetric response of the atmosphere to symmetric sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) during periods of differential KE states. The analysis has the following results: the SSTA presents a

Two types of existing iterative methods for solving the nonlinear balance equation (NBE) are revisited. In the first type, the NBE is rearranged into a linearized equation for a presumably small correction to the initial guess or the subsequent updated solution. In the second type, the NBE is rearranged into a quadratic form of the absolute vorticity with the positive root of this quadratic form used

The effects of aerosol-radiation interactions (ARI) are not only important for regional and global climate, but they can also drive particulate matter (PM) pollution. In this study, the ARI contribution to the near-surface fine PM (PM2.5) concentrations in the Guanzhong Basin (GZB) is evaluated under four unfavorable synoptic patterns, including “north-low”, “transition”, “southeast-trough”, and “inland-high”

A better knowledge of aerosol properties is of great significance for elucidating the complex mechanisms behind frequently occurring haze pollution events. In this study, we examine the temporal and spatial variations in both PM1 and its major chemical constituents using three-year field measurements that were collected in six representative regions in China between 2012 and 2014. Our results show

The impact of assimilating radiance data from the advanced satellite sensor GMI (GPM microwave imager) for typhoon analyses and forecasts was investigated using both a three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) and a hybrid ensemble-3DVAR method. The interface of assimilating the radiance for the sensor GMI was established in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The GMI radiance data are assimilated

The record-breaking meiyu in the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley (YHRV) in 2020 was characterized by an early onset, a delayed retreat, a long duration, a wide meridional rainbelt, abundant precipitation, and frequent heavy rainstorm processes. It is noted that the East Asian monsoon circulation system presented a significant quasi-biweekly oscillation (QBWO) during the meiyu season of 2020 that was associated

The solar-powered marine unmanned surface vehicle (USV) developed by the USV team of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics is a rugged, long-duration, and autonomous navigation vessel designed for the collection of long-range, continuous, real-time, meteorological and oceanographic measurements, especially under extreme sea conditions (sea state 6–7). These solar-powered USVs completed a long-term continuous

Many previous studies have demonstrated that the boreal winters of super El Niño events are usually accompanied by severely suppressed Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) activity over the western Pacific due to strong descending motion associated with a weakened Walker Circulation. However, the boreal winter of the 2015/16 super El Niño event is concurrent with enhanced MJO activity over the western Pacific

In mountainous lake areas, lake-land and mountain-valley breezes interact with each other, leading to an “extended lake breeze”. These extended lake breezes can regulate and control energy and carbon cycles at different scales. Based on meteorological and turbulent fluxes data from an eddy covariance observation site at Erhai Lake in the Dali Basin, southwest China, characteristics of daytime and nighttime

Although radar observations capture storm structures with high spatiotemporal resolutions, they are limited within the storm region after the precipitation formed. Geostationary satellites data cover the gaps in the radar network prior to the formation of the precipitation for the storms and their environment. The study explores the effects of assimilating the water vapor channel radiances from Himawari-8

This study investigates diurnal variations of precipitation during May–August, 1998–2012, over the steep slopes of the Himalayas and adjacent regions (flat Gangetic Plains–FGP, foothills of the Himalayas–FHH, the steep slope of the southern Himalayas–SSSH, and the Himalayas-Tibetan Plateau tableland–HTPT). Diurnal variations are analyzed at the pixel level utilizing collocated TRMM precipitation radar

Among all of the sources of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity forecast errors, the uncertainty of sea surface temperature (SST) has been shown to play a significant role. In the present study, we determine the SST forcing error that causes the largest simulation error of TC intensity during the entire simulation period by using the WRF model with time-dependent SST forcing. The SST forcing error is represented

Parallel back-building convective lines are often observed extending to the southwest of some mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) embedded in the mei-yu front in China. The convective lines with echo training behavior can quickly develop into a stronger convective group of echoes, resulting in locally heavy rainfall within the mei-yu front rainband. The initiation mechanism of the back-building convective

The datasets of the five Land-offline Model Intercomparison Project (LMIP) experiments using the Chinese Academy of Sciences Land Surface Model (CAS-LSM) of CAS Flexible Global-Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model Grid-point version 3 (CAS FGOALS-g3) are presented in this study. These experiments were forced by five global meteorological forcing datasets, which contributed to the framework of the Land

Although the first successful numerical weather prediction (NWP) project led by Charney and von Neumann is widely known, little is known by the international community about the development of NWP during the 1950s in China. Here, a detailed historical perspective on the early NWP experiments in China is provided. The leadership in NWP of the late Professor Chen-Chao Koo, a protégé of C. G. Rossby at

This paper describes three algorithms for retrieving precipitation over oceans from brightness temperatures (TBs) of the Micro-Wave Humidity Sounder-2 (MHWS-2) onboard Fengyun-3C (FY-3C). For algorithm development, scattering-induced TB depressions (ΔTBs) of MWHS-2 at channels between 89 and 190 GHz were collocated to rain rates derived from measurements of the Global Precipitation Measurement’s Dual-frequency

Anthropogenic emissions alter biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from naturally emitted volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). We review the major laboratory and field findings with regard to effects of anthropogenic pollutants (NOx, anthropogenic aerosols, SO2, NH3) on biogenic SOA formation. NOx participate in BVOC oxidation through changing the radical chemistry and oxidation capacity

Accurate estimates of land surface characteristic parameters and turbulent heat fluxes play an important role in the understanding of land-atmosphere interaction. In this study, Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager (AGRI) satellite data and the China Land Data Assimilation System (CLDAS) meteorological forcing dataset CLDAS-V2.0 were applied for the retrieval of broadband albedo

In collaboration with 12 other institutions, the Meteorological Observation Center of the China Meteorological Administration undertook a comprehensive marine observation experiment in the South China Sea using the Yilong-10 high-altitude large unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The Yilong-10 UAV carried a self-developed dropsonde system and a millimeter-wave cloud radar system. In addition, a solar-powered

Two types of three-dimensional circulation of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) act as the coupling wheels determining the seasonal rainfall anomalies in China during 1979–2015. The first coupling mode features the interaction between the Mongolian cyclone over North Asia and the South Asian high (SAH) anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau at 200 hPa. The second mode presents the coupling between the

Previous studies have recognized reflectivity maxima above the freezing level (RMAF) within stratiform precipitation over mountain slopes, however, quantitative studies are limited due to the lack of adequate identification criteria. Here, we establish an identification method for RMAF precipitation and apply it to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) observations

In the first half of winter 2020/21, China has experienced an extremely cold period across both northern and southern regions, with record-breaking low temperatures set in many stations of China. Meanwhile, a moderate La Niña event which exceeded both oceanic and atmospheric thresholds began in August 2020 and in a few months developed into its mature phase, just prior to the 2020/21 winter. In this

The North China Plain (NCP) is a region that experiences serious aerosol pollution. A number of studies have focused on aerosol pollution in urban areas in the NCP region; however, research on characterizing aerosols in rural NCP areas is comparatively limited. In this study, we deployed a TD-HR-AMS (thermodenuder high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer) system at a rural site in the NCP region in

The mei-yu season, typically occurring from mid-June to mid-July, on average, contributes to 32% of the annual precipitation over the Yangtze–Huai River Valley (YHRV) and represents one of the three heavy-rainfall periods in China. Here, we briefly review the large-scale background, synoptic pattern, moisture transport, and cloud and precipitation characteristics of the mei-yu frontal systems in the

The Chinese Carbon Dioxide Observation Satellite Mission (TanSat) is the third satellite for global CO2 monitoring and is capable of detecting weak solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) signals with its advanced technical characteristics. Based on the Institute of Atmospheric Physics Carbon Dioxide Retrieval Algorithm for Satellite Remote Sensing (IAPCAS) platform, we successfully retrieved

For pulse Doppler radars, the widely used method for identifying second-trip echoes (STs) in the signal processing level yields significant misidentification in regions of high turbulence and severe wind shear. In the data processing level, although the novel algorithm for ST identification does not yield significant misidentification in specific regions, its overall identification performance is not

Haze pollution in early winter (December and January) in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and in North China (NC) are both severe; however, their monthly variations are significantly different. In this study, the dominant large-scale atmospheric circulations and local meteorological conditions were investigated and compared over the YRD and NC in each month. Results showed that the YRD (NC) is dominated

Construction of high-order difference schemes based on Taylor series expansion has long been a hot topic in computational mathematics, while its application in comprehensive weather models is still very rare. Here, the properties of high-order finite difference schemes are studied based on idealized numerical testing, for the purpose of their application in the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction

The multidimensional morphological characteristics (including scale, horizontal shape and 3D morphology) of precipitation areas over the Tibetan Plateau in summer were studied using 15 years (1998–2012) of observational data from the precipitation radar onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite. As the scale of the precipitation area increased from 20 to 150 km, the near-surface rain

Using the World Meteorological Organization definition and a threshold-based classification technique, simulations of vortex displacement and split sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are evaluated for four Chinese models (BCC-CSM2- MR, FGOALS-f3-L, FGOALS-g3, and NESM3) from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) with the Japanese 55-year reanalysis (JRA-55) as a baseline. Compared

BCC-ESM1 is the first version of the Beijing Climate Center’s Earth System Model, and is participating in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The Aerosol Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP) is the only CMIP6-endorsed MIP in which BCC-ESM1 is involved. All AerChemMIP experiments in priority 1 and seven experiments in priorities 2 and 3 have been conducted.

Extreme high temperature (EHT) events are among the most impact-related consequences related to climate change, especially for China, a nation with a large population that is vulnerable to the climate warming. Based on the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), this study assesses future EHT changes across China at five specific global warming thresholds (1.5°C–5°C). The results

Anthropogenic climate forcing will cause the global mean sea level to rise over the 21st century. However, regional sea level is expected to vary across ocean basins, superimposed by the influence of natural internal climate variability. Here, we address the detection of dynamic sea level (DSL) changes by combining the perspectives of a single and a multimodel ensemble approach (the 50-member CanESM5

Based on C-LSAT2.0, using high- and low-frequency components reconstruction methods, combined with observation constraint masking, a reconstructed C-LSAT2.0 with 756 ensemble members from the 1850s to 2018 has been developed. These ensemble versions have been merged with the ERSSTv5 ensemble dataset, and an upgraded version of the CMST-Interim dataset with 5° × 5° resolution has been developed. The

The vertical observation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is an important means to clarify the mechanisms of ozone formation. To explore the vertical evolution of VOCs in summer, a field campaign using a tethered balloon during summer photochemical pollution was conducted in Shijiazhuang from 8 June to 3 July 2019. A total of 192 samples were collected, 23 vertical profiles were obtained, and the

This study investigates the characteristics of cold clouds and snowfall in both the Yeongdong coastal and mountainous regions under different meteorological conditions based on the integration of numerical modeling and three-hourly rawinsonde observations with snow crystal photographs for a snowfall event that occurred on 29–30 January 2016. We found that rimed particles predominantly observed turned

Hazardous events related to atmospheric precipitation depend not only on the intensity of surface precipitation, but also on its type. Uncertainty related to determination of the precipitation type (PT) leads to financial losses in many areas of human activity, such as the power industry, agriculture, transportation, and many more. In this study, we use machine learning (ML) algorithms with the data

Medium to long-term precipitation forecasting plays a pivotal role in water resource management and development of warning systems. Recently, the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) database has been releasing monthly forecasts for lead times of up to three months for public use. This study evaluated the ensemble forecasts of three C3S models over the period 1993–2017 in Iran’s eight classified