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Experimental Observations of Precipitable Water Vapor over the Open Ocean Collected by Autonomous Surface Vehicles for Real-Time Monitoring Applications SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-11-07 Mikiko Fujita; Tatsuya Fukuda; Iwao Ueki; Qoosaku Moteki; Tomoki Ushiyama; Kunio Yoneyama
We report experimental observations of precipitable water vapor (PWV) derived using Global Positioning System/Global Navigation Satellite System (GPS/GNSS) receivers mounted on autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs), which were deployed in the tropical Pacific Ocean from July to September 2018. The GPS atmospheric delay was estimated by precise point positioning and converted to PWV with ASV surface meteorological
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Enhancement of extremely heavy precipitation induced by Typhoon Hagibis (2019) due to historical warming SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-12-24 Hiroaki Kawase; Munehiko Yamaguchi; Yukiko Imada; Syugo Hayashi; Akihiko Murata; Tosiyuki Nakaegawa; Takafumi Miyasaka; Izuru Takayabu
Impacts of historical warming on extremely heavy rainfall induced by Typhoon Hagibis (2019) are investigated using a storyline event attribution approach with the Japan Meteorological Agency Nonhydrostatic Model (JMA-NHM). Control experiments based on JMA mesoscale analysis data well reproduce the typhoon's track, intensity, and heavy precipitation. First, two non-warming experiments are conducted:
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Characteristics of Atmospheric Environments of Quasi-Stationary Convective Bands in Kyushu, Japan during the July 2020 Heavy Rainfall Event SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-12-24 Kentaro Araki; Teruyuki Kato; Yasutaka Hirockawa; Wataru Mashiko
This study investigated characteristics of atmospheric environmental fields in the occurrence of quasi-stationary convective bands (QSCBs) in Kyushu, western Japan during the July 2020 heavy rainfall event. We performed case studies of extreme rainfall subevents in the Kumamoto and Kagoshima prefectures on 3-4 July (2020KK) and northern Kyushu on 6-7 July 2020 (2020NK), compared with two heavy rainfall
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Impacts of cloud microphysics modifications on diurnal convection and the ISO over the Maritime Continent: A case study of YMC-Sumatra 2017 SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-12-23 Tomoe Nasuno
Relationship between diurnal convection and the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) over the western Maritime Continent (MC) was investigated by a case study of an ISO event that occurred during the Years of the Maritime Continent (YMC)-Sumatra 2017 campaign. Two sets of global cloud-permitting simulations using cloud microphysics settings for ISO prediction (CTL) and for climate simulation (MOD) were
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Influence of Warm SST in the Oyashio Region on Rainfall Distribution of Typhoon Hagibis (2019) SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-12-21 Satoshi Iizuka; Ryuichi Kawamura; Hisashi Nakamura; Toru Miyama
Typhoon Hagibis (2019) caused widespread flooding and damage over eastern Japan. The associated rainfall maxima were primarily observed on the windward mountain slopes along with the west of the leading edge of a low-level front. Concomitantly, a significant positive value in sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) was observed in association with an ocean eddy over the Oyashio region, together with
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Regional characteristics of future changes in snowfall in Japan under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-12-18 Hiroaki Kawase; Akihiko Murata; Ken Yamada; Tosiyuki Nakaegawa; Rui Ito; Ryo Mizuta; Masaya Nosaka; Shunichi Watanabe; Hidetaka Sasaki
We investigate regional characteristics of future changes in snowfall in Japan under two emission scenarios—RCP2.6 and RCP8.5—using a high-resolution regional climate model with 5 km grid spacing and discuss the influence of changes in atmospheric circulation. The high-resolution model can simulate details of changes in distributions of total snowfall in Japan. Under RCP2.6, the annual total snowfall
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Future Changes of a Slow-moving Intense Typhoon with Global Warming: A Case Study using a regional 1-km-mesh atmosphere–ocean coupled model SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-12-16 Sachie Kanada; Hidenori Aiki; Kazuhisa Tsuboki; Izuru Takayabu
Numerical experiments on Typhoon Trami (2018) using a regional 1-km-mesh three-dimensional atmosphere–ocean coupled model in current and pseudo-global warming (PGW) climates were conducted to investigate future changes of a slow-moving intense typhoon under the warming climate. Over the warmer sea in the PGW climate, the maximum near-surface wind speed rapidly increased around the large eye of the
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Climate change impacts on heavy snowfall in Sapporo using 5-km mesh large ensemble simulations SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-10-28 Sho Kawazoe; Masaru Inatsu; Tomohito J. Yamada; Tsuyoshi Hoshino
Synoptic circulation patterns associated with heavy snowfall events in Sapporo are examined using large ensemble simulation with 60-km global climate experiments. For snowfall, a 5-km dynamically downscaled model from the 20-km regional simulation is utilized. To identify synoptic circulation patterns, self-organizing maps (SOMs) are applied, and their response to a warming climate is examined. The
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Investigating Aerosol Effects on Maritime Deep Convective Clouds using Satellite and Reanalysis Data SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-10-22 Pradeep Khatri; Hiroaki Ooashi; Hironobu Iwabuchi
Aerosol effects on deep convective cloud (DCC) have been recognized as one of the complex subjects in climatic studies because of the difficulty in quantifying the sole effect of aerosols on DCC. The complexity further arises if the atmosphere has very strong temporal and spatial variations such as that of Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) region. Considering the strong influence of IPWP region on global
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Global bromine- and iodine-mediated tropospheric ozone loss estimated using the CHASER chemical transport model SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-10-15 Takashi Sekiya; Yugo Kanaya; Kengo Sudo; Fumikazu Taketani; Yoko Iwamoto; Maki N. Aita; Akitomo Yamamoto; Katsuhiro Kawamoto
We quantified the global bromine- and iodine-mediated tropospheric ozone loss using global chemical transport model simulations. We tested three datasets of very short-lived substances (VSLS) emissions, three datasets of sea surface iodide concentrations, and an explicit representation of the effects of multi-phase reactions at the air-sea boundary on dry deposition. We then determined optimal model
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Impact of sea surface temperature near Japan on the extra-tropical cyclone induced heavy snowfall in Tokyo by a regional atmospheric model SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-09-30 Hiroshi G. Takahashi; Takuya Yamazaki
This study investigated the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) on a snowfall event of late January 2018 on Kanto, Honshu, Japan, associated with an extratropical cyclone (south-coast cyclone) along the Pacific side, during the Kuroshio large meandering period by a regional atmospheric model. We addressed SST impacts on the snowfall event under almost the same synoptic-scale conditions, such as
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Seasonal Variations of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles Focused on Cloud Condensation Nuclei and Ice Nucleating Particles from Ground-Based Observations in Tsukuba, Japan SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-09-23 Narihiro Orikasa; Atsushi Saito; Katsuya Yamashita; Takuya Tajiri; Yuji Zaizen; Tzu-Hsien Kuo; Wei-Chen Kuo; Masataka Murakami
Since March 2012, multi-year ground-based observation of atmospheric aerosol particles has been carried out in Tsukuba, Japan to characterize the aerosol particle number concentrations (NCs), air mass origin relevance, and specifically, their cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nucleating particle (INP) characteristics. The CCN NCs at any water supersaturation (SS) exhibit strong seasonality, being
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Northward Ageostrophic Winds Associated with a Tropical Cyclone. Part 2: Moisture Transport and Its Impact on PRE SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-09-11 Kazuo Saito; Takumi Matsunobu
Heavy rainfalls often occur when a tropical cyclone (TC) exists on the sea off the south coast. These pre-typhoon rainfalls (PRE) is associated with the northward moisture transport ahead of the TC. In this paper, we examine the northward moisture transport by the ageostrophic winds associated with typhoon T0918 (Melor) and its impact on PRE. According to a numerical simulation conducted in the previous
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Evaluation of Human Thermal Comfort along a Marathon Course in Tokyo Metropolis SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-09-10 Kyosuke Kawano; Ryoko Oda; Atsushi Inagaki; Makoto Nakayoshi
The thermal stress along a marathon course in Tokyo is evaluated using a radiation balance model. The wet-bulb globe temperatures (WBGTs) for runners and spectators are calculated based on the surrounding building and tree geometries using the Solar LongWave Environmental Irradiance Geometry model. Analysis is conducted in terms of summer days in August 2018, which was during the hottest summer in
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Warm ocean accelerating tropical cyclone Hagibis (2019) through interaction with a mid-latitude westerly jet SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-08-31 Kosuke Ito; Hana Ichikawa
One of the remarkable environmental characteristics of tropical cyclone (TC) Hagibis (2019) was the positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly observed in the western North Pacific Ocean. In this study, an ensemble-based sensitivity experiment was conducted with a nonhydrostatic model, focusing on the impact of SST on TC motion. The TC with the analyzed SST (warm run) moved faster near mainland
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In Situ Measurements of Cloud and Aerosol Microphysical Properties in Summertime Convective Clouds over Eastern United Arab Emirates SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-08-28 Narihiro Orikasa; Masataka Murakami; Takuya Tajiri; Yuji Zaizen; Taro Shinoda
Aircraft observations were conducted over the eastern mountainous areas of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in September 2017 to characterize the microphysical properties of diurnal convective clouds. Aerosol particle and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) measurements indicate that the air mass had a continental nature, resulting in high cloud droplet concentrations of 600-800 cm−3. Two case studies were
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Temperature anomaly in the Tokyo Metropolitan area during the COVID-19 (coronavirus) self-restraint period SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-08-25 Fumiaki Fujibe
Japan underwent a nationwide self-restraint of human activities in spring 2020 to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 infection. In order to evaluate the effect of suppressed human activities on temperature in the Tokyo Metropolitan area, a statistical analysis was made for temperature anomalies during the self-restraint period using hourly data on the AMeDAS network. The temperature anomaly was defined
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Impact of Latent Heat Flux Modifications on the Reproduction of a Madden–Julian Oscillation Event during the 2015 Pre-YMC Campaign Using a Global Cloud-System-Resolving Model SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-06-27 Shuhei Matsugishi; Hiroaki Miura; Tomoe Nasuno; Masaki Satoh
We show that a modification to the latent heat flux (LHF) formulation in Non-hydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM) impacts the representation of a Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) event during the Pre-Years of the Maritime Continent (Pre-YMC) field campaign in 2015. First, we compare the LHFs computed by the standard NICAM setting with those estimated from the ship observation during Pre-YMC
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An Attempt to Retrieve Continuous Water Vapor Profiles in Marine Lower Troposphere Using Shipboard Raman/Mie Lidar System SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-06-20 Masaki Katsumata; Kyoko Taniguchi; Tomoaki Nishizawa
A shipboard lidar system was examined the capability to retrieve detailed variation of the water vapor mixing ratio in and above the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL). The water vapor mixing ratio is retrieved from the ratio of Raman lidar signals by water vapor and by nitrogen, with the help of radiosonde data beside. Data obtained during two special observations, Pre-YMC and YMC-Sumatra, off
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Rainfall Trends in Vietnam and their Associations with Tropical Cyclones during 1979-2019 SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-08-11 Ha Pham-Thanh; Thanh Ngo-Duc; Jun Matsumoto; Tan Phan-Van; Hoa Vo-Van
This study investigated rainfall trends and their associations with tropical cyclones (TCs) during the period of 1979-2019, using TC best-track data from the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center Tokyo - Typhoon Center and daily rainfall data from 138 meteorological stations in Vietnam. The radius of influence of TCs on local rainfall was limited to 500 km from TC centers. The average annual number
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Assessment of the potential impact of a hyperspectral infrared sounder on the Himawari follow-on geostationary satellite SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-07-10 Kozo Okamoto; Hiromi Owada; Tadashi Fujita; Masahiro Kazumori; Michiko Otsuka; Hiromu Seko; Yoshifumi Ota; Naotaka Uekiyo; Hiroshi Ishimoto; Masahiro Hayashi; Haruma Ishida; Akiyoshi Ando; Masaya Takahashi; Kotaro Bessho; Hironobu Yokota
To discuss the feasibility of the Himawari follow-on program, impacts of a hyperspectral sounder on a geostationary satellite (GeoHSS) is assessed using an observing system simulation experiment. Hypothetical GeoHSS observations are simulated by using an accurate reanalysis dataset for a heavy rainfall event in western Japan in 2018. The global data assimilation experiment demonstrates that the assimilation
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Large increase in atmospheric methane over West Siberian wetlands during summer detected from space SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-07-08 Yu Someya; Yukio Yoshida; Shamil Maksyutov
Although wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane, the amount and variability of methane emissions from wetlands still have large uncertainty. We investigated the local growth rate of the column-averaged methane dry air mole fraction (XCH4) in Siberia where wetlands are widely abundant using 11-year (2009-2019) Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) data. While the mean
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Editorial SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-06-13 Kunio Yoneyama
The Years of the Maritime Continent or YMC is a multi-national and multi-year effort, which aims at improving our understanding and prediction skill of the weather-climate systems over the Maritime Continent (MC) as well as its global impact. Its field campaign phase has been started since July 2017 and is scheduled to continue beyond 2020. During the campaign period, many intensive observations have
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Diurnal Variation of Surface Heat Fluxes off the West Coast of Sumatra Island as Revealed by In Situ Observation SOLA (IF 1.632) Pub Date : 2020-06-13 Satoru Yokoi
Given vigorous mean diurnal variation (MDV) of cumulus convection and surface wind over coastal waters of the Indonesian Maritime Continent, surface sensible and latent heat fluxes (SHF and LHF) are expected to also exhibit significant MDV. However, it is difficult to grasp characteristics of MDV of these fluxes due to lack of surface observation data. Recently, two intensive observation campaigns