The interaction mechanisms between the lower part of the atmosphere and the ocean surface comprise of a complicated issue with many parameters to be studied. Heat, moisture and momentum exchanges in the air-sea system exert a significant role on both lower atmosphere and sea state conditions. Working towards the understanding of how wave characteristics link the atmosphere with the ocean, an atmospheric

It is well known that the primitive equations (the atmospheric equations of motion under the additional assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium for large scale motions) are ill posed when used in a limited area on the globe. Yet the atmospheric equations of motion for large scale motions are essentially a hyperbolic system that with appropriate boundary conditions should lead to a well posed system in

The present work extensively describes the tropical dynamical changes during the Vortex split Major Stratospheric Warming (V-MSW) event occurred in recent decades. For better visualization of high latitude influence of tropical atmosphere, in this study, we have utilized three successive major vortex split warming events occurred in winters 1984/85, 1988/89 and 2008/09. The realistic visualization

A 1D model, including a time variation of eddy viscosity and mixed layer depth, is applied to study Ekman spirals. It simulates a weak velocity in the atmosphere but a jet in the upper oceanic mixed layer during daytime; and a strong velocity in the atmosphere but a weak, uniform velocity in the ocean at night. The mean spirals in both atmosphere and ocean are close to the average spirals at midday

At least two main oceanic fronts (the subarctic and subtropical fronts) exist in the North Pacific. Especially in the subtropical frontal zone (STFZ), the sea subsurface temperature gradient is significantly larger than that of the surface layer in winter. Subseasonal interaction between the subsurface subtropical front and overlaying atmosphere is revealed by using empirical orthogonal function (EOF)

In this study, long-term change of wind characteristics on the Black Sea has been investigated using two widely used data sources, i.e., European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim and National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (NCEP/CFSR), spanning 40 years between 1979 and 2018. Spatial and seasonal variability of climatic features

By analyzing NCEP-NCAR reanalysis daily data for 1979–2016, the modulation by Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) of the wintertime surface air temperature (SAT) over high latitude is examined. The real-time multivariate MJO (RMM) index, which divides the MJO into eight phases, is used. It is found that a significantly negative SAT anomaly over the northern high latitude region of (180°–60 °W, 60°–90 °N)

The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of subsurface temperature shows a dominant north-south mode of interannual variability in the Tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) at around 100 m depth (thermocline). This subsurface mode (SSM) of variability evolves in September-November (SON) as a response to Indian Ocean Dipole and intensifies during December-February (DJF) reinforced by El Niño and Southern