Abstract Since their inception, computing and information technologies have played an important role in solving the problems facing the nuclear industry. Methods of mathematical modeling are widely used in the design of nuclear reactors; the study of the properties of materials, including their radiation resistance; the study of nuclear safety issues; and the design of nuclear power plants. Information

Abstract This article, which is based on the materials of a paper presented at the General Meeting of RAS Members on December 8, 2020, formulates new materials-science and technological approaches to ensure the safety and economic efficiency of the operation of new-generation nuclear power plants. The importance of the complementary application of multilevel modeling, accelerated radiation tests of

Abstract This paper deals with the principal results of studies performed by scientists of academic institutes and nuclear industry enterprises in the field of laser physics and high energy density physics. Some projects of creating an advanced experimental laser base are presented, and the directions of works to be done are listed.

Abstract The concept of “strategic stability” was formally defined in the 1990 Joint Statement by Russia and the United States as “the state of strategic relations between the parties that removes incentives for a first nuclear strike.” This understanding was reflected in the START I Treaty and five subsequent treaties, including the current START III Treaty (2010). Thanks to them, according to the

Abstract This article presents the domestic experience in nuclear medicine, radiobiology, radiotoxicology, radiation protection, and health maintenance of nuclear industry workers and residents of the region of location of radiation hazardous facilities of the Russian Federation. In addition, the authors address the history and stages in the establishment of nuclear medicine and radiobiology in Russia

Abstract Data on the development of nuclear power units for use in spacecraft—nuclear rocket engines and nuclear power units—are presented. Information on the creation of a reactor unit for a transport power module based on a megawatt-class nuclear power propulsion system is provided. The research results are presented, including modeling of neutron physics, heat transfer, and gas dynamics; testing

Abstract A major milestone in the 75-year history of the nuclear industry was the construction of a nuclear power plant for the first Soviet nuclear submarine. This article, based on the report presented at the General Meeting of the Russian Academy of Sciences on December 8, 2020, focuses on the role of science in solving this new for that time, complex, multifaceted problem. It is emphasized that

Abstract Nuclear power is a highly concentrated energy source that does not emit greenhouse gases and does not affect the climate. In the future, it should hold a significant share in the world energy balance, but this possibility is realized only if the technological problems of closing the nuclear fuel cycle like minimizing the radioactive waste generated and multi-recycling of fissile isotopes are

Abstract The contribution of the USSR Academy of Sciences to the implementation of the Atomic Project is discussed. Examples of scientific, technical, and personnel support by the Academy of Sciences for work on atomic and hydrogen weapons in the Soviet Union are given. The outstanding contribution of scientists of the USSR Academy of Sciences to the creation of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons in

Abstract Possible prospects for thermonuclear research in the first half of the 21st century and their implementation in the practical sphere of domestic energy are discussed. It is concluded that thermonuclear research can be and already acts as a powerful driver of scientific and technological progress, a mechanism that stimulates the development of high-tech segments of the country’s economy, and

Abstract The scientific, engineering, and production potential created in our country in the field of nuclear shipbuilding is of exceptional importance. In nuclear ship technologies, a special appearance of reactor units has been formed, the characteristic features of which are extreme compactness and increased reliability and survivability. Based on the experience of creating and improving ship and

Abstract This article is based on a report presented by the author at the Scientific Session of the General Meeting of Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences “75 Years of the Nuclear Industry: Contribution of the Academy of Sciences” and provides a detailed description of the approaches and understanding of strategic stability in the current hardly favorable conditions of conflict between major

Abstract This article is dedicated to the history of the formation and development of radiation medicine, which is becoming increasingly widespread. Radiation treatment of various benign and malignant neoplasms with the help of contact use of ionizing radiation sources is called brachytherapy. To date, clinical brachytherapy has been divided into three areas: high-dose/high-power, low-dose/low-power

Abstract Extreme states arise when a substance is exposed to powerful shock, detonation and electric explosive waves, concentrated laser radiation, electron and ion beams, during powerful chemical and nuclear explosions, hypersonic motion of bodies in dense planetary atmospheres, high-speed impact, and in many other situations characterized by extremely high pressures and temperatures. The study of

Abstract This article reveals the concept of proportionality in constitutional law based on the methodology of modern post-non-classical jurisprudence. Constitutional proportionality is considered in conjunction with constitutional identity and justice and is interpreted as a basis of legal co-evolution. It is noted that proportionality, imbued with moral content, presupposes finding a balance between

Abstract This article, based on a report at the General Meeting of Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences on December 8, 2020, deals with research carried out in our country since the 1970s under the “Hydrogen Energy” program, which was coordinated by the Commission on Hydrogen Energy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Work went on at the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy in close cooperation

Abstract Prospects and problems of the development of modern nuclear power, as well as ways to solve them are analyzed in this article, which was prepared on the basis of a report at the General Meeting of RAS members on December 8, 2020. In late 2018, the Presidium of Rosatom’s Scientific and Technical Council approved the Strategy for the Development of Nuclear Power, which envisages reaching an

Abstract Little-known publications and new data from central, regional, and museum archives on study of the Ainu of Sakhalin in the period after the Second World War are analyzed. The leading role of scientists from academic institutions in collecting information about the culture, language, and anthropology of this ethnic group is noted. The Soviet scientific school focused on the problems of the

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has led to self-isolation and business interruptions around the world. On the basis of measurements of concentrations of an indicator of aerosol emissions from fuel combustion products—black carbon—it is shown that the decrease in economic activity had a significant effect on the pollution of the Moscow atmosphere. The decrease in the intensity of the traffic and the

Abstract The results of studying the attitude of the population to the confidentiality of personal data on the Internet are presented. In empirical terms, this article is based on a representative survey of the Moscow population of May‒June 2020. It is recorded that the practice of presenting personal information when using various Internet services has become widespread. At the same time, two-thirds

Abstract Our Civilization is the most complex natural system we know. Its further progressive development is impossible without a constant increase in energy consumption to overcome entropic processes and, accordingly, constant dissipation of this energy into the environment. Hence, with time, irrespective of the nature of the energy sources used, a violation of the thermal balance of the planet and

Abstract Negative trends and major problems in the current development of rural areas in the regions of the Siberian Federal Okrug are analyzed. The characteristics of an average rural settlement are given. The conditions of the residence and consolidation of the population in rural areas are determined. Trends in the development of rural areas of the Siberian macroregion are proposed: the formation

Abstract Over the course of time, Pakistan–Russia relations severely lacked stability; many transformations were witnessed. Especially during the Soviet era, throughout the Cold War, the nature of the relations swung like a pendulum between extremely hostile to limited cooperation. Either side passed over many chances to ameliorate relations due to geo-strategic orientations of the other; Pak–US alliance

Abstract As a rule, coronavirus infections are mild in healthy adults and do not require special approaches to treatment. However, highly pathogenic strains, particularly the recently isolated SARS-CoV2, which causes COVID-19 infection, in about 15% of cases lead to severe complications, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, which causes high patient mortality. In addition, a common complication

Abstract The increasing anthropogenic and technogenic impact on the soil and vegetation cover and water resources of Central Asia has sharply accelerated the degradation and desertification of natural pastures in this region, which was accompanied by a deterioration in the fodder base for animal husbandry, and, as a result, in the quality of life of the population. The theoretical substantiation of

Abstract In a multimodal biometric recognition system, the integration of multiple features derived from various biometric modalities seeks to overcome the several drawbacks found in a unimodal biometric system. In this paper, we have proposed a novel multimodal biometric recognition system based on a multi-level hybrid feature fusion mechanism to compact knowledge from multiple feature vectors. Several

Abstract An overview of trends in Russian academic ethnology over the past three decades is provided. This is an analysis of the state of the discipline from the inside, from the point of view of the author, who has been at the center of the scientific and public life of the country for all these years and who, as the director of the RAS Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, influenced academic

Abstract The main problems of the development of rural areas of Russia are considered. Particular attention is focused on the issues of employment, poverty, housing, high-quality potable water, network gas, and road network development, since today almost one-third of villages and hamlets are in transport isolation. The state of the social sphere is analyzed. An assessment of the implementation of

Abstract What is the current assessment of the comparative significance of historical events in the mass consciousness of Russians? From what sources do our compatriots draw their knowledge about the past of the country? Can one talk about “good” and “bad” eras in the development of Russia? Based on the materials of empirical research, the author of this article undertakes an attempt to analyze the

Abstract The environmental consequences of crop production are analyzed, including those manifested in the form of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from sources such as chemical and organic fertilizers applied to arable land, soil cultivation processes, rice fields, plant residues, and burning of crop residues. The quantitative indicators of GHG emissions for 1992 and 2017 of six countries with developed

Abstract In this century the nature of many conflicts has changed: instead of common interstate feuds, the world has faced intrastate conflicts but with an international background. The active participation of nonstate actors in modern conflicts has made them much less manageable and their resolution much more complicated, including the efforts undertaken by international intermediaries. In the middle

Abstract The results of analysis of the status position of a young scientist as a multidimensional sociocultural phenomenon and not only as an instrumental category of scientific policy are presented. The socio-historical context of the formation of the category of youth is considered, the constitutive characteristics of this social group are identified, and the transformations that it undergoes under

Abstract This article touches a few aspects of our awareness of the geological epoch humanity has created—the Anthropocene. It recalls some of the questions philosophers raised already a long time ago and puts emphasis on the development of the empirical basis of the science of the biosphere by V.I. Vernadsky. It stresses the grave impact of human-made climate change and expresses the hope that the

Abstract Astrometry is the basis for astronomical observations and measurements of coordinates and time. Its main task is to implement a reference frame—the one mentioned in Newton’s first law. Since ancient times, astronomers have created star catalogs for this purpose. Work on them led to the discovery of the precession and nutation of the Earth’s axis, proper motions and parallaxes of stars, and

Abstract The ongoing large-scale transformation of the global economy, caused primarily by the economic recovery of the leading developing countries, forms a multipolar map of the world with new centers of power—the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). Thanks to their increased industrial and financial power, these countries are among the key players in the international

Abstract Key aspects of the development of world transportation and logistics infrastructure under globalization are considered. The external and internal factors of the rapid development of transport and infrastructure in recent decades are classified. It is shown that the phenomena of globalization and containerization have led to an increase in the importance of seaports as a pillar of international

Abstract Long-term work, based on a physical and mathematical approach, that ultimately provided an explanation of a number of empirical and newly discovered laws of natural phenomena and processes, in particular, the energy spectrum of cosmic rays, the Gutenberg–Richter law for earthquakes, other cumulative distributions, and laws of turbulent diffusion pollution on the surface of water, is described

Abstract In the context of the active development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF), it is extremely important to analyze the status of its lake fund and potential changes in the ecological state of lake ecosystems that are expected in connection with the existing plans for the development of the northern territories. This analysis will make it possible to form a program for studying

Abstract This article is devoted to the methodology and analysis of the results of economic assessment and forecasting of the consequences of global climate change in the form of permafrost thawing and degradation for the housing sector in eight regions of the Russian Arctic. Changes in the state of permafrost soils during the implementation of the most negative (scenario RCP 8.5) of the IPCC forecast

Abstract New technological ways of using biogas—an energy resource widespread in many countries of the world—are analyzed. Biogas is considered not only as a form of energy but also as a means of solving environmental problems, in particular, in Russian megacities, where the problems of solid municipal waste disposal and environmental pollution are most acute. The world experience of using biogas and

Latin American studies have entered the period of scientific maturity. This connotation is valid both for the global context and for domestic practice. The results are obvious: tens of thousands of book titles in the bibliography on Latin American issues in the world count, far beyond the thousands of titles of monographic publications and thematic collections published in total in the Soviet period

The historical roots and economic factors of temporary internal labor migration of the population in Russia are considered. An overview of studies of otkhodnichestvo (temporary internal migrant labor) in historical retrospective is presented. The process of renewing this form of union of labor and capital in the recent history of Russia amid functioning market relations, in general, and the labor market

The phenomenon of political liberalism and its genesis and evolution are explored. This phenomenon is studied using interrelated methodological principles at the crossroad of political philosophy, political theory, and international relations theory. The author analyzes the discourse of the “decline of Europe” and, more broadly, of the Western-centric world through the prism of changes in the forms

The accumulated experience of Soviet‒African cooperation is analyzed, and the existing possibilities of using it to strengthen the economic and political positions of Russia on the African continent are demonstrated. According to the authors, this will help Russia to become one of the five largest economies in the world, ensuring high rates of economic growth and creating in the basic branches of the

The possible responses of Russia to modern challenges to the legislative regulation of navigation along the Northern Sea Route are analyzed against the background of climate change in the Arctic. The authors focus on identifying the best ways to harmonize the status of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation and the statutory regime of navigation along the Northern Sea Route with the rules of international

Atherosclerotic lesions of the brachiocephalic arteries are one of the main causes of death and disability in the world population. The diagnosis of patients with atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid arteries and their division into symptomatic/asymptomatic are described in detail, and recommendations are given for the prevention of such lesions and on the treatment of such patients. The data of

Iran is the world’s fourth largest holder of oil reserves, and the costs of producing Iranian oil are relatively low. The dynamics of oil production has a pronounced cyclical character, and these cycles are set by political factors exogenous for the oil sector. The peak was reached in 1974, and since then Iran’s share in world oil production has declined. The authors show that, in a series of powerful

The dynamics of the growth of foreign trade turnover of the People’s Republic of China over seven decades is shown, and the main features of the modern trade and geographical structure of exports and imports are identified. The author focuses on China’s trade in services, Beijing’s attraction of foreign investment, and the export of Chinese capital. The features of the leading territorial forms of

The withdrawal of the United States from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty) in 2019 threatens the collapse of the entire nuclear weapons control system created over the past 50 years. This may lead to an uncontrolled multilateral arms race. This dangerous turn of events is assessed differently by politicians and experts. One of the growing trends of thought postulates that the

A military alliance between China and Russia does not currently appear to be justified in terms of the broadly understood security interests of the Russian Federation. Such an alliance would significantly reformat the structure of world multipolarity, causing significant radicalization and increased tensions in it. This alliance would probably exacerbate the security problem of the Russian Federation

Currently, the number of works that study body aging mechanisms is rapidly growing in the world. This problem occupies not only philosophers, biologists, and physicians but also representatives of the exact sciences—physicists, chemists, and mathematicians. Experimental studies are being conducted at various levels of the structural organization of living matter, as well as theoretical studies, and

The main directions and preliminary results of the policy of President D. Trump in the foreign economic sphere are analyzed. The reasons for and main goals of the ongoing radical reforms in US foreign economic relations are shown. China occupies a special place in US foreign economic policy. The essence of US claims against China is analyzed, and an assessment of the economic relations between these

Although the COVID-19 crisis has hit the Chinese economy hard, China’s Internet companies have benefited from the quarantine. However, the long-term consequences of the 2020 crisis for the development of the innovative potential of Chinese Internet corporations, primarily the largest platforms such as Alibaba, Baidu, Tencent, and JD.com as integrators of the Chinese Internet economy, are still unclear

Using the methodology of assessing the risk from carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic substances to public health, algorithms to estimate the standards for the quality of atmospheric air and potable water are considered. The acceptable levels of risks for various countries and impact groups are analyzed. It is shown that the levels of maximum permissible concentrations of these substances, calculated depending

Reviews are essential for the sustainable development of research, as evidenced by their higher citation rates compared to other types of publications. The literature on the typification of reviews is analyzed; the role of reviews in the general flow of scientific publications is characterized, including by scientific trends; and hypotheses about factors affecting the citation of scientific publications

On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom, a country with a population of 67 mln people and the fifth largest economy in the world, left the European Union. The case when a state ceased to be an EU member is the first in the history of European integration. Except for the episode with Greenland, which left the EEC in 1985, the group had invariably expanded before that. The currently available extensive

In modern conditions, legal consciousness has acquired the role of a dynamic factor in lawmaking and law enforcement. The development of the legal space, the understanding of law as a “moment of rest,” and its anticipatory impact on the processions and stages of the development of legal consciousness in the context of socioeconomic and other changes are characteristic features of the present day. These

This article is dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the classic author of Russian literature, Honorary Academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the Category of Fine Literature, the first Russian Nobel Prize laureate in literature I.A. Bunin (October 10 (22), 1870–November 8, 1953). The parallel of the category of the “national” as the “universal,” open to the world, capable of connecting

Abstract— The results on the informativeness of the widely known and easy-to-use Hirsch citation index are described briefly, and the advantages and disadvantages are noted. As an alternative, four new three-dimensional citation indices are presented: the M -index, the weighted M -index, the G -index of superhigh citation, and the weighted G -index. For ease of comparing the publication activity of

The possibility of identifying or creating a system of moral requirements that regulates the reaction of society to possible threats is discussed. First, an attempt is made to verify the ability of the basic normative programs of morality to form the basis for such a system. The author argues that the ethics of absolute prohibitions, the ethics of human rights, and the ethics of virtue are faced with