Abstract The existing system of monitoring and assessing the performance of scientific organizations is analyzed, and the expediency of the transition from monitoring scientific organizations to monitoring the status of and trends in civil-purpose research, design, and technology is substantiated.

Abstract The problems of transformation of Russia’s land ecosystems amid climate change and anthropogenic impacts were discussed at a meeting of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences on December 10, 2019. Its participants recognized that the current condition of land ecosystems increases the environmental risks and economic consequences of such changes. At the same time, the discussion participants

Abstract This article, based on a report at the meeting of the RAS Presidium on December 10, 2019, discusses the possibilities and problems of the development of the Russian circular forest bioeconomy, which is considered an effective response to modern global challenges. The concepts of the programs on science and technology, Ecological and Socioeconomic Threats of Forest Degradation in Russia under

Abstract Problems of the conservation and use of plant resources in the context of climate change and socioeconomic challenges are considered. Particular attention is paid to the conservation of crop wild relatives and traditional crop varieties as sources of genetic diversity, which had been lost by the modern gene pool of cultivated plants first in the process of domestication and then during the

Abstract In connection with the 200th anniversary of the Moscow Society of Agriculture (MSA), the first agricultural society in our country, this article describes its activities over the years of its existence (1820–1930) in developing advanced agricultural theory and practice in Russia and their productive synthesis. Particular attention is paid to the role of the Moscow Society of Agriculture in

Abstract Today, changes in terrestrial ecosystems—forests, marshes, tundras, meadows, steppes—as a result of increasing anthropogenic pressures and climate warming, transform the evolutionary structure of Russia’s vegetation cover on a large scale, which increases environmental and economic risks. A comprehensive study of all the components and mechanisms of the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems

Abstract Two ways of considering science—as a cultural phenomenon and as a sociocultural project—are analyzed through the prism of the sociophilosophical program of science development that was proposed by A.A. Bogdanov, a thinker and public figure. The premises of Bogdanov’s approach to the analysis of the stage of science development in his lifetime are revealed, making it possible to highlight the

Abstract The problems that have accumulated in the Russian energy sector are systemic in nature and require serious scientific analysis. The transition of this country to a market economy was accompanied by a sharp drop in electricity consumption and the commissioning of new electricity generating capacities and, as a result, led to the degradation of domestic power engineering and the collapse of

Abstract The geological structure of the deep-sea part of the Arctic Ocean and its shelves is considered. Various models of the geological and tectonic history of the Arctic are proposed. Particular attention is paid to the structure of the Alpha‒Mendeleev Rise, which emerged with the formation of the volcanic continental passive margin. The history of the water mass, climate, and hydrocarbon potential

Abstract Conceptual provisions on the assessment and prediction of radiation effects on biota are discussed. Interconnected components of radioecological assessments are identified with account for the redistribution of radionuclides in the environmental components and the associated levels of exposure in living organisms. An approach to solve problematic issues in developing migration and dosimetric

Abstract Recent changes in public consciousness have inevitably led to the greening of thinking in all spheres of human activity. The most illustrative reflection of this phenomenon is the growing interest in naturelike technologies, which are associated with the main hopes for the settlement of the global environmental crisis, generated by a long-term antagonistic confrontation between the technosphere

Abstract The axiological foundations of modern constitutionalism are considered. The conclusion based on a study of world experience in constitutional development is made that there is a general trend to replenish the value catalog of constitutions, taking into account the historical experience accumulated by states and national priorities. The perception of national values in the constitutional evolution

Abstract This paper discusses the scientific foundations of spatial planning for the disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW), which has been intensively accumulated in Russia. It is noted that the chaotic, uncontrolled disposal of waste leads to contamination of atmospheric air, soil, rocks, and groundwater, the most important life-supporting resources of the biosphere, which causes a decrease in the

Abstract The need to create councils on the priority directions of scientific and technological development as part of the implementation of the Strategy for the Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation following the example of the implementation of the Soviet national level nuclear project in which the cooperation of hundreds of scientific and production structures was important

Abstract In recent decades, the interest of Russian society in historical science has grown immeasurably. The first reason for this increased interest is because in an era of global cataclysms people turn primarily to the past to find psychological support and thereby restore the connection of times. The second motivation is that, with the emergence of new states on the territory of the former Soviet

Abstract The dynamics of the development of the Russian economy from 2013 to the first half of 2019 is considered. The potential of future economic growth until 2024 is estimated by an average annual GDP growth rate of 4%. The main drivers of growth are the population’s demand for durable goods, postponed due to lower incomes, as well as investments in fixed assets and human capital, the current level

Abstract Russia possesses enormous raw material resources sufficient to meet fully the internal demand for rare-metal, rare-scattered, and rare-earth elements. However, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, production of many metals from this group has ceased almost completely, while the demand for these metals is satisfied mainly by importing them. There is a vital need to accelerate recovery of

Abstract The year 2019 was proclaimed by the UN and UNESCO as the International Year of the Periodic Table of the Chemical Elements; by its beginning, the seventh period of the Table was already filled with new, very heavy elements. According to theoretical predictions, isotopes of superheavy elements with increased stability form a large zone in the form of an island with a vertex located near the

Abstract Turning to the contribution of D.I. Mendeleev to Russian and world science, the author of this paper speaks about the history of the discovery of the famous Periodic Law of Chemical Elements and its significance for the development of chemistry and physics. The main idea of this paper is that, in his generalizations, Mendeleev rose to the level of formulating a law that has predictive power

Abstract The results of a comprehensive sociological diagnostic analysis of the current state and dynamics of postreform Russian society and the social consequences of post-Soviet transformations, which began almost 30 years ago, are presented. The empirical basis of this paper is the data of numerous nationwide sociological studies, carried out by the Institute of Sociology, Federal Center of Theoretical

Abstract— According to the author of this paper, when forming a state’s economic and social policy, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the mentality of the population since, as studies show, values shared by people and their motivation and intelligence affect the socioeconomic achievements of countries. It is argued that the correspondence of social institutions to the national

Abstract This report discusses the consequences of the unfolding and deepening crisis in relations between Russia and Western countries, in particular with the United States of America. The author characterizes this period as a Cold War 2.0. There are some similarities and some differences between the new Cold War and the initial stage of tensions between the two countries in the 20th century. The

Abstract This paper analyzes positive and negative demographic trends of modern Russian society. Two main approaches to interpreting and evaluating these trends are presented. It is proved that the demographic potential of society remains sufficient to overcome depopulation, and the continuity of traditional family values is preserved. Despite the risks associated primarily with population decline

Abstract Using a multidisciplinary approach, this report analyzes the current transformation of the world-order architecture. It is noted that the speed and depth of this transformation is unprecedented for peacetime over the past 200 years. One of the most important indicators of turbulence is a certain deglobalization of the world economy. A study of the technological, social, economic, and political

Abstract A brief review of chemical elements, compounds from which find application in medicine, ranging from the commonly occurring organogenic elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus), composing the structure of proteins and nucleic acids of the cells of living organisms and determining the genetic transmission, to native rarely encountered organic fluorine compounds

Abstract This article is based on the report at the scientific session of the General Meeting of Members of the RAS on November 13, 2019, and analyzes the fundamental conflict between constitutionalism and democracy expressed in the distrust of constitutionalism in the rule of the people. The elitist nature of modern representative democratic government is shown to cast doubt on the values of democracy

Abstract The author reflects upon the place of the Russian language in modern Russia, its distribution in the world, the importance of basic Russian studies for the development of science and Russian society, and the activity of the Russian Academy of Sciences in maintaining the stability of linguistic norms and the culture of Russian speech. On the one hand, scientific research in the field of the

Abstract The problem of chemophobia is caused by an increasing chemical load on the environment on the one hand and an insufficient level of chemical literacy among the population on the other hand. This paper prepared from the materials of a report presented at the Scientific Session of the General Meeting of the RAS on November 14, 2019, presents the data of sociological studies providing insight

Abstract Issues are discussed related to Russia’s political and economic objective to become one of the five major economies of the world. It is shown that the continuation of the existing trends in GDP should permit Russia to rise in the coming years from the sixth position to the fifth among the world nations in terms of GDP yet remain in this position only until the end of the 2020s. The authors

Abstract History testifies to the following: successful, long-term civilization projects were carried out when it was possible to find a successful combination of three identity levels: a local level (an ethnic language community), a regional level (a group of related cultures and languages that have common roots), and a global level (humanity). The key role is played by the second level, which ensures

Abstract The creation of a national scientometric database of scientific periodicals in Russia can solve the problem of identifying leading academic journals. The first step towards its formation was the development of Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI). To make it clear whether the contradictions of its first version, released in 2015, were settled, this article analyzes the quantitative indicators

Abstract Astrophysical observations give scientists the most essential information about the processes and “rates of production” of elements in nature and their abundance in the Universe. The lightest elements of the Periodic Table—hydrogen, helium, and, partially, lithium—appeared in the first seconds after the birth of the Universe. The first stars “gathered” from them; they enriched the Universe

Abstract The work is a continuation of the article published in the journal Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk (2019, No. 7) in which a review of tools for quantifying the effects of trade wars was given. This article presents the results of calculations of the consequences of several scenarios of the trade war of the United States and its European allies against Russia and China. These results were

Abstract The genesis of basic concepts such as literary monuments and composition of literature, which largely determine the formation of the repertoire of the Literary Monuments book series, is discussed. The interpretation of these elements, which are now, as before, taken into account by the editorial board of the series, goes back to the ideas of Academician Nikolai Konrad about the historicity

Abstract A special type of society is forming in the global North, the functioning and development of which are mostly determined by large-scale immigration. The integration of such societies, which include mass and diverse cohorts with a migrant background, has become a vital task requiring new governance approaches. The potential to mitigate social differences and bring people of different origins

Abstract The modern scientific community somewhat forgets the original meaning of the word publication (from Latin publico, I declare publicly): publicizing. Questionable administrative restrictions lead to the fact that expansion of readership is an author’s almost last concern. This article considers characteristic examples of the unjustified narrowing of readership imposed on the author. In particular

Abstract This article is based on a presentation at the meeting of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences on September 24, 2019. It analyzes new trends in the development of the People’s Republic of China and emphasizes the need for updating approaches to study of the economic and political transformation of modern China. The decline in economic growth that is determined by the influence

Abstract The supply of Russia’s high-tech industry with critical mineral raw materials has become an aggravating concern in recent years because of the steady shrinkage of rich and technically and economically feasible deposits and the instability of imports from producing countries in today’s world of political volatility. This article shows why this issue is a matter of global importance and why

Abstract In 2017, a collective work of German specialists in Slavic Studies was published in Berlin. This book was Handbuch des Russischen in Deutschland: Migration, Mehrsprachigkeit, Spracherwerb (Guide to the Russian Language in Germany: Migration, Multilingualism, Language Mastery and Proficiency), which considers the fate of the Russian language in Germany in the historical and cultural perspective

Abstract This article is dedicated to one of the most authoritative climatologists of the 20th century, Academician Mikhail Ivanovich Budyko. In January 2020, we celebrate the hundredth anniversary of his birthday. Budyko had an exceptionally wide scientific horizon. Although he contributed to various scientific fields, the world knows him primarily as a founder of the theory of anthropogenic climate

Abstract This paper discusses the general characteristics of chemical analysis, its tasks, and requirements. The main requirement is the reliability of the results. Relations between the tasks of analysis and the means of their resolution are considered. Primary attention is paid to chemical analysis methods and the dynamics of their development: the concept of the significance of individual methods

Abstract This article analyzes the major trends in development of relations between Russia and China for the current period and the near-term future. The features of Russia–China partnership in the political-military sphere are presented as well as their interaction in different regions of the world, their bilateral trade, and economic, investment, and humanitarian cooperation. In addition, this article

Abstract Thermokarst elements of topography—alases—are widely spread in areas of permafrost rocks and are represented by depressions of various sizes and shapes on the surface of plains. It has been found that their formation is related to degradation of the ice complex and subsidence and subsequent redeposition of the surrounding rocks. Complex polycyclic soil-forming rocks consisting of layers of

Abstract This article attempts to analyze the evolution, current status, and possible prospects for the development of cooperation between Russian and Ukrainian scholars–historians in the context of today’s political realities. The material presented is based on communications made by the authors and their subsequent discussion at the Bureau of the Department of Historical and Philological Sciences

Abstract This article is dedicated to the replication policy of leading world journals on international relations. The opportunity to replicate (reproduce) research results presented in foreign periodicals is viewed as an important factor of publication ethics. The experience of leading world journals and the US research infrastructure in the sphere of international relations are analyzed. The special

Abstract Climate policy is becoming an important component of the global economic dynamics. The set of climate change control measures is wide but is predominantly reduced to an increased share of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources (RESs). For Russia, these measures are rational in terms of СО2 reduction; however, they lead to worsening of the macroeconomic indicators. The higher

Abstract Trends and characteristics of Russian–Chinese academic mobility are considered as a complex phenomenon, the impact of which goes far beyond the framework of bilateral relations in higher education. The prevailing target model of development of Russian–Chinese academic mobility, based on quantitative indicators, is shown as not accounting for the process specifics and not enough harmonized

Abstract The modern world with constantly emerging international contradictions and military conflicts attempts to react adequately to existing challenges. To this end, private military companies (PMCs) have become increasingly in demand by states, multinational corporations, and international organizations. Employees of these companies differ fundamentally from classical mercenaries: PMCs as corporate

Abstract This article analyzes the history of the development and dynamics of the structure and species composition of the principal target species of the national commercial fisheries in the Black Sea from the time of the demise of the Crimean Khanate in 1783 to the present day, as well as the structure of the Black Sea exploitable bioresources that had evolved throughout the geological history of

Abstract On June 18, 2019, a joint meeting of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus took place. The meeting discussed the results of joint work in 2018, promising draft programs of the Union State, and plans for cooperation between the RAS and the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for the near future. Particular attention

Abstract Three model scenarios of changes in road infrastructure sustainability under permafrost thawing and degradation due to global climate change in nine Russian Arctic regions are considered. Until the current mid-century, economic assessment of the aftermath of climate change in these regions was physicogeographically based on six model climate assessments of cryogenic conditions, reflecting

Abstract The status and dynamics of religiosity in modern Russia are considered. The distinctive features of religious consciousness and behavior have been fixed proceeding from the system of indexes and empirical indicators developed. In the course of comparative representative studies, which have been accomplished in the metropolitan area over the last three decades on the basis of a single methodology

Abstract This report presents some new methodological opportunities that biophysics can offer for solving the fundamental problem of planetary ecology—deciphering the mechanism that maintains the equilibrium state of the biosphere. The Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, where the author of this report works, is developing two complementary directions in ecological

Abstract This paper is devoted to the life and professional activities of Academician A.A. Blagonravov (1894−1975) as an outstanding Soviet scientist and great promoter of science. He made an invaluable contribution to the development of the national school of automatic small arms and artillery weapons, the design of all-purpose industrial machines and mechanisms, advancement of machine science, and

Abstract This article relates the life and scientific achievements of Sergei Alekseevich Chaplygin (1869–1942), a mathematician and mechanic, one of the founders of aerodynamics, an organizer of science and higher education, a talented teacher, the creator of the largest scientific school in the field of aerohydromechanics, one of the organizers of the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI), who

Abstract This paper presents a brief history and some of the characteristics of the collections of the oldest archives formed by the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg over almost 300 years of history. Attention is focused on the main problems of the archives that arose after the reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2013; prospects for their solution are outlined.

Abstract An attempt is made to sum up the results of interdisciplinary studies; to generalize the main data found in archives of the United States, Estonia, France, Spain, Italy, and other countries; and to outline the prospects for studying the history and legacy of Russian America. This article does not lay claim to comprehensive and detailed analysis of sources on the specified topic; this goal

Abstract The quality of Russia’s surface waters is analyzed. The main problems of quality control are highlighted: drinking water at odds with specified standards, defects of the economic mechanism of quality control of natural waters, the obsolete and contradictory legislative and regulatory framework for water-body management, the low efficiency of supervision, and the weakness of the monitoring

Abstract This article considers the most important aspects of the development of the oil and gas complex of Russia. The exhausted paradigm of development of the country’s raw material base should be changed to prevent a drop in oil production in Russia. The sedimentary basins in the shelves of the Russian part of the Arctic Ocean, poorly studied provinces on land, and unique unconventional oil deposits

Abstract According to the data presented in this article, in modern Russia, the level of trust in the banking system is lower than in most countries of the world, and it has been falling in recent years due to the financial crisis and a number of other factors. Among the main reasons for the low trust of Russians in the banking system, the author considers both the shortcomings in the organization