Rock avalanches usually progress through three consecutive phases: Detachment (Phase 1), Disintegration (Phase 2), and Flow (Phase 3). While significant advances have been achieved in modeling Rock Avalanche Phase 1 (Detachment) and Phase 3 (Flow), the crucial link between both during Phase 2 (Disintegration) is still poorly understood. Disintegration of the detached rock mass is often initiated as

Establishing a reliable chronological framework for sediments is crucial to the reconstruction of evolution process of estuarine delta, and the study of regional paleoenvironmental history, e.g., sea level fluctuations due to global climatic changes. High resolution chronology is still very limited for Holocene sediments in the Pearl River delta (PRD) in southern China. This study tries to construct

The constitutive relation of rock joints in the percolation environment has always been a frontier research topic in the field of geotechnical engineering, involving nuclear waste disposal, dam foundation construction, tunnel tunneling, and other fields. In this study, a shear statistical damage constitutive model of rock joints considering seepage pressure was proposed, which takes into account the

This study presents high-resolution multi-proxy biological and geochemical records in an 82-cm sediment core from Manzherok Lake located in a forest–steppe zone on the western piedmonts of Altai Mountain, Russia. Based on 210Pb dating and 48 accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dates as well as pollen data and geochemical proxies, detailed lake history and local climatic changes over 1,500 years are obtained

During deposition and subsequent diagenesis, reservoir rocks develop sediment texture and cement phases are formed during the precipitation of secondary minerals such as microcrystalline quartz, calcite and clay fibrous over-growths that contain secondary porosity. The grain size distribution and presence of secondary microporous material can influence the reservoir porosity and permeability. Using

We measured saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), coercivity of remanence (Hcr), and insoluble dust mass concentration (IDC) of 49 ice samples from Vostok and EPICA Dome-C ice cores (Antarctica) as a measure of magnetic properties of the aerosol dust trapped in the ice. Samples range in age from marine isotopic stage (MIS) 7 to 19 in EPICA Dome-C ice core and from MIS 1 to 11 in Vostok

The Earth’s early basaltic crust converted episodically into felsic TTG (tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite) crust by unknown tectonic processes. To contribute to the debate on the possible tectonic settings of TTGs, this article illustrates and explains migmatite structures of Meso- to Neoarchean TTG-amphibolite terrains in Arctic Fennoscandia. The Lake Inari and Rommaeno complexes in northern Finland

Because many volcanoes are densely vegetated, understanding of the interactions between active lava flows and trees is essential for robust hazard modeling. Tree molds − lava flow features generated when advancing lava engulfs and combusts trees − are widely documented but have, to date, only been described qualitatively. Detailed, quantitative studies of molds can, however, provide insights into the

The Flims rockslide/rock avalanche (FRRA) is the largest long runout landslide in Europe. This event provides a unique opportunity to study the pre-failure and failure behavior of a large rock slope, as both the source zone and deposit of this event are accessible. In this study, we perform engineering geological and geomorphic field mapping as well as stability and runout modeling in order to explore

Archean-Proterozoic boundary represents a significant transitional phase in the Earth's history. Bastar Craton is one of the major Archean cratons in the Indian subcontinent with voluminous granites, supracrustal rocks, and tectonic belts. Malanjkhand, Dongargarh, and Kanker are the three major granitic plutons emplaced during the Archean-Proterozoic transition in the Bastar Craton, and this study

The Ethiopian rift is known for its diverse landscape, ranging from arid and semi-arid savannahs to high and humid mountainous regions. Lacustrine sediments and paleo-shorelines indicate water availability fluctuated dramatically from deep fresh water lakes, to shallow highly alkaline lakes, to completely desiccated lakes. To investigate the role lakes have played through time as readily available

In 20th century, more than 10 strong earthquakes (EQs) of magnitudes 6,7 hit South Caucasus, causing thousands of casualties and gross economic losses. Thus, strong-EQ forecast is an actual problem for the region. In this direction, we developed a physical percolation model of fracture, which considers the final failure of solid as a termination of the prolonged process of destruction: generation and

Equus stenonis is one of the most prevalent European Pleistocene fossil horses. It is believed to be the possible ancestor of all Old World Early Pleistocene Equus, extant zebras and asses, and as such provides insights into Equus evolution and its biogeography and paleoecology. The Equus stenonis holotype skull (IGF560) was first described by Igino Cocchi in 1867, from the Early Pleistocene locality

Land use has been recognized as an important anthropogenic forcing of climate change in recent studies. However, climatic effects of land management practices have been little discussed and compared to land-use impacts. As land-atmosphere interactions via surface fluxes are particularly strong during the warm season, we investigate the impacts of historical land use and present irrigation practices

We present the findings from analysis and modeling of a stratigraphic series of magnetic susceptibility (MS) data measured with a portable MS meter from the Permian Salagou Formation loessite (south-central France). The results reveal discernible Milankovitch-scale paleoclimatic variability throughout the Salagou Formation, recording astronomically forced climate change in deep-time loessite of eastern

In high latitude environments, silicon is supplied to river waters by both glacial and non-glacial chemical weathering. The signal of these two end-members is often obscured by biological uptake and/or groundwater input in the river catchment. McMurdo Dry Valleys streams in Antarctica have no deep groundwater input, no connectivity between streams and no surface vegetation cover, and thus provide a

Large volcanic eruptions are frequently triggered by the intrusion of hot primitive magma into a more evolved magma-chamber or -mush zone. During intrusion into the cooler mush zone, the basaltic magma undergoes crystallization, which in turn can release heat and volatiles to the mush. This should cause a drop in bulk mush-viscosity, potentially leading to its mobilization and even eruption. The non-linear

This paper aims to present a multifractal approach of the turbulent atmosphere, by proposing that it can be considered a complex system whose structural units support dynamics on continuous but non-differentiable multifractal curves. Implementing the theoretical framework of multifractality through non-differentiable functions in the form of scale relativity theory with arbitrary and constant fractal

Alluvial fans are a significant part of the sediment routing system, forming distinctive steep, fan-shaped deposits of coarse-grained detritus where rivers lose flow velocity after exiting confined mountain drainages. Processes on the fan are influenced by both internal (autogenic) feedback cycles like channel avulsion and by external (allogenic) conditions such as climate and tectonics. These conditions

The Yarlung Zangbo River (YZR) basin occupies a crucial position in the formation and development of atmospheric circulation and climate change in the Tibetan Plateau, where is the potential trigger and amplifier in global climate fluctuations. Previous studies mainly focused on meteorological drought induced by variations of precipitation and temperature. In this study, a multi-index evaluation of

Yellowstone is a large restless caldera that contains many dynamic thermal areas that are the surface expression of the deeper magmatic system. In 2018, using a Landsat 8 nighttime thermal infrared image, we discovered the emergence of a new thermal area located near Tern Lake on the northeast margin of the Sour Creek dome. A high-spatial-resolution airborne visible image from August 2017 revealed

Agricultural practices affect the status of legacy phosphorus (P) in soils and consequently the P bioavailability and susceptibility of losses to water resources. Previous studies have primarily assessed P status within agroecosystems, and rarely have these results been compared to native conditions. We evaluated the effects of long-term (45 years) consistent cropping [continuous corn (CC), corn-oats-alfalfa-alfalfa

We studied disastrous heavy rainfall episodes in 2017–2019 summer in SW Japan, especially in the Kyushu region using tropospheric delay data from the Japanese dense global navigation satellite system (GNSS) network GEONET (GNSS Earth Observation Network). This region often suffers from extremely heavy rains associated with stationary fronts during summer. In this study, we first analyze behaviors of

Retrieval of ionospheric parameters from spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and SAR interferometry observations has been developed in recent years because of its high spatial resolution. However, current studies are centered on the one-dimensional or two-dimensional ionospheric parameters, and there is a lack of retrieving three-dimensional ionospheric electron density. Based on this background

Estimations of the distribution and eruptive volume of large-scale pyroclastic density current (PDCs) and tephra fall deposits are essential for evaluation of the affected area, long-term volcanic hazards assessments, volcanic activity, and geophysical and petrological quantitative analysis at caldera volcanoes. For this study, the original distributions and eruptive volumes of large-scale PDC (up

Effective identification of induced seismicity and real-time management of seismic risks are hot topics due to increasing induced seismicity in areas related to energy exploitation. Existing decision-making tool for managing seismic risks, known as the traffic light system, is not robust enough. To meet the increasing needs for safe mining of energy at production sites, finding an advanced and efficient

There is broad consensus that many bones of extinct vertebrates contain Rare Earth Elements (REE) and other trace minerals that have been incorporated and enriched into the fossil during diagenesis. During fossilization, apatite minerals in vertebrate bones recrystallize from metastable biogenic forms to thermodynamically more stable inorganic apatite minerals while incorporating REEs from their environment

In this study, we investigate the effects of increased dust emission from the Middle East deserts on subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) variability of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM). Numerical experiments are performed using the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) coupled with the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5) physics, with regional refinement at 30 km grid resolution over South Asia and the surrounding

A multi-disciplinary study, integrating volcanological field observations, petrography, whole rock geochemistry and textural and compositional analyses on plagioclase crystals has been carried out on the products of Monte Luccia, Spiaggia Lunga, and Quadrara eruptions, occurred between 48 and 21 kyrs on the island of Vulcano. These products are all characterized by welded scoria blankets, and their

Magma ascending from the storage region toward the surface may crystallize small and rapidly-grown crystals, designated as microlites. Upon decompression, the rapid changes of the microlite textures, such as number density and crystal size, directly impact the rheology of the magma in the volcanic conduit, and eventually control the effusive vs. explosive style of the subaerial eruption. This is of

Climatic changes in the western Pacific marginal seas are influenced by global forcing and regional processes, including monsoons, and ocean circulation. To better understand the process of hydrographic and temperature changes, we applied the UK′37 as our index of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and TEX86 as the index of Subsurface Water Temperature (SWT) for the last 8400 years using the sediment core

Understanding the timescales of magma evolution and ascent is essential for interpreting geophysical monitoring signals from active volcanoes. In this study, we explore the potential of diffusion-driven Li concentration and isotope zoning profiles recorded by magmatic olivine crystals to unravel time scales of magma evolution processes. Lithium is a fast-diffusing element and may provide the opportunity

The Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Seismographs in Schools (SIS) program has supported teachers in the use of educational seismometers and real-time seismic data in the classroom for the past 20 years. To better understand how the seismographs and seismic data are being used in the classroom, we sent a survey to 770 past or current program participants. The survey asked about

Late glacial and Holocene environmental and climate change in the Gobi Desert is poorly understood due to the lack of appropriate geological archives and commonly faced difficulties in establishing reliable chronologies. Here, the relatively well-dated sediment record from the terminal Lake Ulaan (Ulaan Nuur) is used to reconstruct the lake history and climate in the region. Most abundant calcareous

Perennially ice-covered lakes that are tightly sealed from the atmosphere represent a unique group of polar lakes. In these lakes, the δD-δ18O evolution of the water column and steady-state conditions are controlled by rates of recharge and freezing at the bottom of the ice cover. We developed a recursive model (FREEZCH9) that takes into account the changing salinity in the water column as a result

The origin of methane and light hydrocarbons (HCs) in natural fluids from serpentinization has commonly been attributed to the abiotic reduction of oxidized carbon by H2 through Fischer-Tropsch-type (FTT) reactions. Multiple experimental serpentinization studies attempted to identify the parameters that control the abiotic production of H2, CH4, and light HC. H2 is systematically and significantly

The detailed mechanisms of the sealing of a single fracture, from hydration to almost complete closure by increase of confining pressure, as monitored from in situ synchrotron X-ray microtomography during the flow of carbonated water, is here shown for the first time. Different mechanisms play the key role at different stages in the evolution of the fracture. Hydration mechanically weakens the surfaces

Over the last decade, data assimilation methods based on the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) have been particularly explored in various geoscience fields to solve inverse problems. Although this type of ensemble methods can handle high-dimensional systems, they assume that the errors coming from whether the observations or the numerical model are multivariate Gaussian. To handle existing non-linearities

El Niño years are characterized by a high sea surface temperature anomaly in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean, which leads to unusually warm and dry conditions over many fire-prone regions globally. This can lead to an increase in burned area and emissions from fire activity, and socio-economic, and environmental losses. Previous studies using satellite observations to assess the impacts of the recent

The dynamics of the carbon cycle across different timescales is crucial for understanding past and present global climate changes. Following the Permian–Triassic boundary mass extinction (PTBME), the carbon cycle changed profoundly during the following 5.4 Myr, with magnitudes of changes comparable to those of the Precambrian. In pace with the successive cycles of the carbon budget, the recovery of

Suffusion is one of the main modes of internal erosion leading to selective erosion and gradual migration of fine soil particles through the voids of soil skeleton formed by coarse soil particles under seepage flow. Suffusion may induce deterioration and even failure of hydraulic geo-structures, such as embankment dams, dikes, levees, as well as landslide dams, if they are formed by gap-graded cohesionless

Based on new geological data and the analysis of a 4 m spatial resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM), we provide a detailed and comprehensive description of section of the Chingual Cosanga Pallatanga Puna Fault System, a major active fault system in Ecuador. This work allows estimating new slip rates and large earthquakes parameters (displacement, recurrence) along a ∼100 km-long section of the

To examine the spatial patterns of hydrological variations in the southern and northern East Asia Monsoonal (EAM) region on millennial time scales, as well as to investigate the relationship between hydrological changes and carbon accumulation in these regions with contrasting environmental backgrounds, we performed facies-based hydrological reconstructions in two wetlands, Midiwan wetland (37°39′N

Savanna-like ecosystems were present at high latitudes in North America during much of the Neogene. Present-day African savannas, like the Serengeti, have been proposed to be modern analogs of these paleosavannas, particularly those from the middle Miocene of the Great Plains region of the United States. Both these extant and extinct savannas contain a preponderance of artiodactyl (even-toed ungulate)

Plio-Pleistocene silt/clay-rich deposits and paleo-karst fissure sediments from sites of the northern and southern parts of the Carpathian Basin were investigated. These materials were supposed to be mixed during transport before being captured in karstified fissures. Evidence that the eolian fissure sediments of Plio-Pleistocene age in the older Triassic–Cretaceous limestones are derived from eolian

Magma ascent rates control volcanic eruption styles. However, the rates at which basaltic magmas ascend through the crust remain highly uncertain. Although recent studies have successfully exploited records of decompression driven degassing to estimate the rates at which H2O-rich basalts ascend, such approaches cannot readily be applied to primitive and H2O-poor basalts that erupt in ocean island and

Environmental research has been shifting toward a new normal in which a primary focus is to capture change that may be accelerating. In this study, we collected particulate samples in the northern San Francisco Bay Estuary (SFBE) in the fall of 2011 through the spring of 2012 in order to assess vascular plant contributions across both time and space and to compare our findings with a similar set of

We explore the basic properties of the “climate” of the field of subinertial motions with periods of 2–12 days in the Baltic Sea. The calculations are performed using the output of the Rossby Center Ocean Model RCO with a spatial resolution of 2 nautical miles for 1961–2005. The field of such motions in the Baltic Sea is strongly asymmetric, with much more energy present in the eastern regions of the

Despite widespread warming in mountain regions, little research to date has explored the physical mechanisms driving the variable response of snowpacks to changes in climate, instead focusing primarily on empirical relationships, such as seasonal air temperature or elevation. In this work, we evaluate how differences in snowfall fraction, cold content, and the snowpack energy balance produce simulated

The infiltration of melted snow water and rainwater into snow can drastically change the form of snow layers. This process is an important factor affecting wet snow avalanches. Accordingly, numerous field surveys and cold room experiments have been conducted to investigate the distribution of water in snow. The common methods of water content measurement (calorimetric and dielectric methods) are implemented

The stapes is the smallest bone of the mammalian skeleton. Being the innermost middle ear ossicle, it is in contact with the inner ear and is directly responsible for sound transmission into it. Today, Ruminantia are one of the most diversified groups of large mammals with more than 200 species. However, their stapes has been very little studied. Here we investigate the shape of 66 stapes from 44 species

Melt and gas transfer processes are essential to the formation and growth of the Earth’s crust and for sustaining volcanic activity. These processes also play a major role in magma fractionation at shallow depths (<10 km) where magmas stall rheologically and solidify. In this scenario, the conditions of melt and gas mobilization during progressive cooling of crystal mushes down to their solidus remain

This research analyzes the cyclostratigraphy of the lacustrine Dabeigou Formation (DBG) of early Jehol Biota age (∼130–135 Ma) in the Luanping Basin, northern China. A high-resolution (2 cm interval), 117.82-m-long magnetic susceptibility (MS) stratigraphic series was measured along the Yushuxia section. MS is positively correlated with thorium, potassium and uranium concentrations associated with

Peralkaline rhyolites, associated with extensional tectonic settings, are medium to low viscosity magmas that often produce eruptive styles ranging from effusive to highly explosive eruptions. The role of pre-eruptive conditions and crystallization kinetics in influencing the eruptive style of peralkaline rhyolitic magmas has been investigated and debated considering equilibrium conditions. However

In the North Volcanic Zone of Iceland, we studied with the greatest possible detail the complete structural architecture and kinematics of the whole Theistareykir Fissure Swarm (ThFS), an N-S-trending, 70 km long active rift. We made about 7500 measurements along 6124 post-Late Glacial Maximum (LGM) extension fractures and faults, and 685 pre-LGM structures. We have collected the data over the last

The Negev Desert in southern Israel hosts a number of late Cenozoic lacustrine and palustrine sedimentary sequences that attest for past wetter conditions in what today constitutes one of the driest deserts on Earth. These sequences are of special importance because the Negev Desert forms part of the Levantine Corridor, which was probably the only continental bridge that enabled initial out-of-Africa

The Barents Sea is one of the most rapidly changing Arctic regions in terms of sea ice. As it is almost ice-free in summer, most recent changes in the Barents Sea have occurred in winter, with a reduction of about 50% of its March sea-ice area between 1979 and 2018. This sea-ice loss is clearly linked to an increase in the Atlantic Ocean heat transport, especially through the Barents Sea Opening, in

Gelatin is a commonly used material for analog experiments in geophysics, investigating fluid-filled fracture propagation (e.g., magmatic dikes), as well as fault slip. Quantification of its physical properties, such as the Young’s modulus, is important for scaling experimental results to nature. Traditional methods to do so are either time consuming or destructive and cannot be performed in situ.

The injection of gas and pyroclastic material from volcanic vents into the atmosphere is a prolific source of acoustic waves. Infrasound arrays offer efficient, cost-effective, and near real-time solutions to track the rate and intensity of surface activity at volcanoes. Here, we present a simple framework for the analysis of acoustic array data, based on least-squares beamforming, that allows to evaluate

The stable isotope compositions of Cu and Zn in major geochemical reservoirs are increasingly studied with the aim to develop these isotope systems as tools to investigate the global biogeochemical cycles of these trace metals. The objectives of the present study were (i) to expand the range of Cu, Zn, and Pb isotope compositions of mineral dust by analyzing samples from major mineral dust sources