Paleoearthquake data obtained from fault trenching are essential for rebuilding the rupture history and understanding the rupture behavior of active faults. However, due to the lack of attention to stratigraphic sequences, the usual multiple trench constraining method may result in uncertainties of paleoearthquake sequences. In this study, we proposed an improved constraining method to generate stratigraphic

In this paper an algorithm for analysis and design of a structured irrigation network and a traditional irrigation network are developed on the basis of the gradually varied flow analysis of the flow in the entire network. The model developed brings advantages of the structured irrigation network concept and also allows the user to analyses and design the flow distribution in the entire network. Model

In rock engineering, block theory is a fundamental theory that aims to analyze the finiteness, removability, and mechanical stability of convex blocks under different engineering conditions. In practice, the possible combinations of the fractures and joint sets that may generate key blocks can be identified by stereographic projection graphs of block theory. However, classic key block theory does not

A singular precipitation event on the summit glacial slopes of Mexico’s highest volcanic peak, Citlatépetl (also known as Pico de Orizaba), associated with the passage of Hurricane Ernesto across the southern Mexico mainland in August 2012, resulted in a debris flow at altitudes above 4400 m asl, culminating in a hyperconcentrated flow downstream that had major impacts to a river valley’s channel morphology

This study aimed to explore the feasibility of applying hydrological attributes to characterize surface runoff pathways in the process of hillslope soil erosion due to rainfall. Combined with sub-millimeter high-resolution laser scanning and computer digital image processing method, three hydrological indicators (i.e., sinuosity, gradient, and orientation) were used to investigate the changes of the

For the issue of collapse susceptibility prediction (CSP), minimal attention has been paid to explore the uncertainty characteristics of different machine learning models predicting collapse susceptibility. In this study, six kinds of typical machine learning methods, namely, logistic regression (LR), radial basis function (RBF), multilayer perceptron (MLP), support vector machine (SVM), chi-square

In recent years, landslide lake disasters occur frequently in southwest mountainous areas of China. Considering the influence of dam size and discharge channel location, three large-scale field tests were carried out in a natural river to study the failure process and mechanism of non-cohesive soil landslide dam, and the process and mechanism of non-cohesive landslide dam breach were analyzed. The

Coastal regions of the northern South China Sea (SCS) strongly interact with the Asian monsoon circulation (AMC). Thus, variations of sea surface temperature (SST) here are newly suggested to document AMC changes in an effective manner, but additional physical parameters of oceanic conditions, probably also in relation to the AMC system, remain poorly understood. In this study, we analysed glycerol

Lobate deposits in deep-water settings are diverse in their depositional architecture but this diversity is under-represented in the literature. Diverse architectures result from multiple factors including source material, basin margin physiography, transport pathway, and depositional setting. In this contribution, we emphasize the impact of differing source materials related to differing delivery

Lithofacies is the fundamental geological basis for shale oil and gas exploration and development, and soluble organic matter (SOM) is most similar to crude oil in composition. Both aspects attract our attention in the interpretation of SOM in different lithofacies, which can provide direct evidence to predict the shale oil “sweet spots”. Here, twenty-five shale samples were collected from the Eocene

Satellite microwave brightness temperature (Tb) observations over the Greenland Ice Sheet permit determination of melted/frozen snow conditions at spatial and temporal scales that are uniquely suited for climate model validation and metrics of ice sheet change. Strong microwave sensitivity to the presence of liquid water in the snowpack is clear. Yet, a host of unique microwave-derived melt products

Ice-rich permafrost has been subject to abrupt thaw and thermokarst formation in the past and is vulnerable to current global warming. The ice-rich permafrost domain includes Yedoma sediments that have never thawed since deposition during the late Pleistocene and Alas sediments that were formed by previous thermokarst processes during the Lateglacial and Holocene warming. Permafrost thaw unlocks organic

In this paper we present and analyze spreading-parallel seismic transects that image the oceanic crust in the eastern Gulf of Aden, from the Oman to the Socotra margins, across the active Sheba mid-oceanic ridge and between the Socotra-Hadbeen and Eastern Gulf of Aden Fracture Zones. The correlation of potential field data sets and gravity modelling allow us to document the spreading history of this

Typhoon-induced intense rainfall and urban flooding have endangered the city of Zhoushan every year, urging efficient and accurate flooding prediction. Here, two models (the classical shallow water model that approximates complex buildings by locally refined meshes, and the porous shallow water model that adopts the concept of porosity) are developed and compared for the city of Zhoushan. Specifically

Nitrate pollution in aquatic ecosystems is still a major problem in Germany. Although the dynamics of various nitrate-related processes in floodplains remain partially unclear, there is a great potential to permanently remove nitrate from aquatic systems through denitrification as a relevant ecosystem function. However, the controlling factors and the dimension of the denitrification potential are

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important pathway for water and materials within the land-ocean transition zone that can impact coastal environments and marine life. Although research from sandy shorelines has rapidly advanced in recent years, there is very little understanding of coastal areas characterized by a low hydraulic conductivity, such as carbon-rich coastal peatlands. The objective

As a man-made engineering hazard, it is widely accepted that rockburst is the result of energy release. Previous studies regarded the unloading of in-situ stress resulted from deep tunnel excavation as a quasi-static process, whereas the transient stress variation during excavation is received much less attention. In this research, rockbursts happened during conduction of diversion tunnels at Jinping

Globally, a wide range of pockmarks have been identified onshore and offshore. These features can be used as indicators of fluid expulsion through unconsolidated sediments within sedimentary basin-fill. The Great South Basin, New Zealand is one such basin where paleo-pockmarks are observed at around 1,500 m below the seabed. This study aims to describe the characteristics of the paleo-pockmarks in

Integration of different model may improve the performance of landslide susceptibility assessment, but few studies have test it. The present study aims at exploring the way to integrating different models and comparing the results among integrated and individual models. Our objective is to answer this question: Will the integrated model have higher accuracy compared with individual model? The Lvliang

When and how was the Tibetan Plateau (TP), one of the least habitable regions on Earth, occupied by humans are important questions in the research of human evolution. Among tens of Paleolithic archaeological sites discovered over the past decades, only 5 are considered coeval with or older than the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~27–19 ka). As one of them, Siling Co site in central TP was announced to

Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWSs) represent a technical-scientific challenge aimed at improving the chance of the population exposed to the earthquake shaking of surviving or being less affected. The ability of an EEWS to affect the risk and, in particular, vulnerability and exposure, may determine serious legal responsibilities for people involved in the system, as scientists and experts. The

Compound flood raised from the concurrent heavy precipitation and storm surge receives increasing attention because of its potential threat to coastal areas. Analyzing the past changes in the characteristics of compound flood events is critical to understand the changing flood risks associated with the combination of multiple drivers/hazards. Here, we examined the evolution of the compound flood days

Natural fractured rocks usually contain background granular media and multi-scale fractures. The coordination number is a crucial factor to characterize the connection of microstructural elements. On the determination of coordination numbers for modeling fractured rocks is important to interpret micromechanical properties. We have built a consistent workflow of discrete element models (DEMs) coupled

Landslides are widely distributed worldwide and often result in tremendous casualties and economic losses, especially in the Loess Plateau of China. Taking Wuqi County in the hinterland of the Loess Plateau as the research area, using Bayesian hyperparameters to optimize random forest and extreme gradient boosting decision trees model for landslide susceptibility mapping, and the two optimized models

Warning and evacuation are among the most effective ways for saving human lives and properties from landslide dam hazards. A new warning decision model for landslide dam break is developed by using Influence Diagrams to minimize the total losses. An Influence Diagram is a simple visual representation of a decision problem. It analyzes the qualitative (causal) relationships between the variables via

Late Carboniferous to early Permian organic-rich sedimentary successions of late-orogenic continental basins from the northeastern Massif Central (France) coincide with both the Variscan mountain dismantling and the acme of the long-lasting Late Paleozoic Ice Age. Here, we investigate the carbon and nitrogen cycles in the newly dated sedimentary successions of the Decize–La Machine and Autun basins

The performance of an EEWS for southern Iberia during the period of 2016-2019 is analyzed. The software PRESTo (PRobabilistic and Evolutionary early warning SysTem; University of Naples Federico II, Italy) operating at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid has detected 728 events with good epicentral location and origin time estimations. The main differences between PRESTo’s estimates and those obtained

Understanding the relationships between environmental variables and erosion rates in badlands is important for forecasting sediment yields. Whilst the controlling role of rainfall on badland erosion rates has long been recognized, here we assess the relative influences of temperature and precipitation on slope erosion rates in the Nanxiong Basin, Southeast China. The volume of weathered and transported

Understanding the dynamics and fate of methane (CH4) release from oceanic seepages from margins and shelves into the water column, and quantifying the budget of its total discharge at different spatial and temporal scales, currently represents a major scientific undertaking. The assessment of methane’s sensitivity to global warming, its injection into the atmosphere and its role in the oceanic carbon

Recent developments in optical fiber cable technology allows the use of existing and future submarine telecommunication cables to provide seismic and sea level information. In this work we study the impact of three different technologies, i) SMART, Science Monitoring and Reliable Telecommunications; ii) DAS, Distributed Acoustic Sensing, and; iii) LI, Laser Interferometry, for effective earthquake

Surface sediment samples were collected from different streams of Awetu Watershed in southwestern Ethiopia. Sediment samples were analyzed for As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg levels using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The heavy metal concentration ranged from 183.60 to 1102.80 mg/kg for As (mean 623.32 ± 291.65 mg/kg), 4.40 to 303.20 mg/kg for Cd (151.09 ± 111.5 mg/kg), 149.20 to

Peatlands help regulate climate by sequestering (net removal) carbon from the atmosphere and storing it in plants and soils. However, as mean annual air temperature (MAAT) increases, peat carbon stocks may decrease. We conducted an in-depth synthesis of current knowledge about ecosystem controls on peatland carbon storage and fluxes to constrain the most influential parameters in probabilistic modelling

The 1714 Bhutan earthquake was one of the largest in the Himalaya in the last millennium. Nevertheless, until few years ago, Bhutan Himalaya were regarded as a seismic gap with a large potential for slip. We show that the surface rupture caused by this earthquake was at least 175 km long, with slip exceeding 11 m at our study site. The age of the surface rupture was constrained by combination of radiocarbon

Shale oil and gas fields usually contain many horizontal wells. The key of 3D structural modeling for shale reservoirs is to effectively utilize all structure-associated data (e.g., formation tops) in these horizontal wells. The inclination angle of horizontal wells is usually large, especially in the lateral section. As a result, formation tops in a horizontal well are located at the distinct lateral

Based on the hourly precipitation observed from ~1800 automatic rain gauges during 2013-2017, characteristics of precipitation diurnal variation and underlying mechanisms over Jiangsu Province, Eastern China during the warm season (May to September) have been revealed in this study. Results show that the precipitation amount (PA), frequency (PF) and intensity (PI) are zonally distributed over Jiangsu

An Earthquake Early Warning System (EEWS) is a monitoring infrastructure that allows to alert strategic points (targets) before the arrival of strong shaking waves during an earthquake. In a region like Central Italy, struck by recent and historical destructive earthquakes, the assessment of the implementation of an EEWS is a significant challenge due to the proximity of the seismic sources to many

We analyzed strong-motion records at the ground and borehole in and around the Kanto Basin and the seafloor in the Japan Trench area from three nearby offshore earthquakes of similar magnitudes (Mw 5.8-5.9). The seafloor strong-motion records were obtained from S-net, which was established to enhance tsunami and earthquake early warnings after the 2011 great Tohoku-oki earthquake disaster. The borehole

The West Qinling orogen has played an important role in accommodating the deformation in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau induced by the India-Eurasia convergence. Here we construct a vertical land motion (VLM) model based on the latest leveling observations adjacent to the West Qinling orogen. Combined with the horizontal deformation field, the crustal deformation pattern in this area is analyzed

The Finite-Fault Rupture Detector (FinDer) algorithm computes rapid line-source models from high-frequency seismic acceleration amplitudes and magnitudes from empirical rupture length-magnitude relations as are needed for earthquake early warning. In this paper, we add several algorithms to the FinDer suite. First, we calculate slip profiles in real time (FinDerS) by employing a simple empirical relation

Underground exploitation of georesources can be highly correlated with induced seismic activity. In order to reduce the risk and improve the mining operations safety, the mining activity is monitored by a dedicated seismic network. Moment tensor inversion is a powerful method to investigate the rupture process of earthquakes in mines, providing information on the geometry of the earthquake source and

We report the results of the geochemical monitoring of the fumarolic discharges at the Pico do Fogo volcano in Cape Verde from 2007 to 2016. During this period Pico do Fogo experienced a volcanic eruption (November 23, 2014) that lasted 77 days, from a new vent ~2.5 km from the fumaroles. Two fumaroles were sampled, a low (F1~100ºC) and a medium (F2~300ºC) temperature. The variations observed in the

Plastics originating from land are mainly transported to the oceans by rivers. The total plastic transport from land to seas remains uncertain because of difficulties in measuring and the lack of standard observation techniques. A large focus in observations is on plastics floating on the water surface. However, an increasing number of observations suggest that large quantities of plastics are transported

Dissolved gases in the deep water of lakes can be hazardous when extreme concentrations are reached. A sudden release of large amounts of gas can cost the lives of humans living in the neighbourhood, as it has happened at Lake Nyos in 1986. Since 2001, Lake Nyos gas risk has been mitigated by induced degassing, but the connection to the gas source is still in place and a regular survey needs to be

Earthquake ground motion often triggers landslides in mountainous areas. A simple, robust method to quickly evaluate the terrain's susceptibility of specific locations to earthquake-triggered landslides is important for planning field reconnaissance and rescues after earthquakes. Different approaches have been used to estimate coseismic landslide susceptibility using Newmark’s sliding block model.

Supraglacial debris does not remain fixed atop ablating ice, but can move across the ice surface as supraglacial topography evolves. This active debris movement (distinct from passive movement due to underlying ice motion) affects landform genesis as well as the rate and spatial distribution of ablation. While observations of debris transport across evolving supraglacial topography are abundant, models

The capability to reproduce tropical cyclones (TCs) realistically is important for climate models. A recent study proposed a method for quantitative evaluation of climate model simulations of TC track characteristics in a specific basin, which can be used to rank multiple climate models based on their performance. As an extension of this method, we propose a more comprehensive method here to evaluate

The main goal of this study is to analyze the seismicity of Lipari island (Southern Tyrrhenian sea) in the framework of the dynamic processes affecting the Aeolian islands, including the interaction between pre-existing structures and hydrothermal processes. We deployed a dense seismic array of 48 autonomous 3-component nodes. For the first time, Lipari’s hydrothermal field is investigated by a seismic

Ice at depth in ice-stream shear margins is thought to commonly be temperate, with interstitial meltwater that softens ice. Models that include this softening extrapolate results of a single experimental study in which ice effective viscosity decreased by a factor of ~3 over water contents of ~0.01 to 0.8%. Modeling indicates this softening by water localizes strain in shear margins and through shear

Abstract: Water is a manageable asset for drinking, food creation and industry and its need increment as the populace increments. Water for irrigated agriculture, industry and domestic needs in India will go up to 1072, 130 and 102 billion m3 (BCM) in the year 2050. In the state of Tamil Nadu, the water needs during 2025 for irrigation, domestic, livestock and industrial sectors are 52.7, 1.5, 1 and

The Oligocene-Recent Red Sea rift is one of the preeminent examples of lithospheric rupture in the recent geological past, forming the basis for many models of how continental breakup occurs and progresses to the formation of new oceanic crust. Utilization of low-temperature thermochronology in the Red Sea Rift since the 1980’s has been key to constraining its spatio-temporal evolution, providing constraints

The mass balance-altitude relation for a given glacier is required for many numerical models of ice flow. Direct measurements of this relation using remotely-sensed methods are complicated by ice dynamics, so observations are currently limited to glaciers where surface mass-balance measurements are routinely made. We test the viability of using the continuity equation to estimate annual surface mass

GLORYS12 is a global eddy-resolving physical ocean and sea ice reanalysis at 1/12° horizontal resolution covering the 1993-present altimetry period, designed and implemented in the framework of the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS). The model component is the NEMO platform driven at the surface by atmospheric conditions from the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis. Ocean observations

Earthquake early warning (EEW) not only improves resilience against the risk of earthquake disasters, but also provides new insights into seismological processes. The Finite-Fault Rupture Detector (FinDer) is an efficient algorithm to retrieve line-source models of an ongoing earthquake from seismic real-time data. In this study, we test the performance of FinDer in the Sichuan-Yunnan region (98.5oE-106

The rupture mechanisms of deep-focus (> 300 km) earthquakes in subducting slabs of oceanic lithosphere are not well understood and different from brittle failure associated with shallow (< 70 km) earthquakes. Here, we argue that dehydration embrittlement, often invoked as a mechanism for intermediate-depth earthquakes, is a plausible alternative model for this deep earthquake. Our argument is based

A vug porosity system, in addition to matrix, is also the target rocks for the acidizing. In this work, the acidizing process in two typical core-scale separate-vug porosity systems are studied in detail. Numerous cases are conducted to discuss a parametric study on the acidizing process and hydraulic behavior. Results indicate that the presence of vug reduces the pore volume of acid solution consumed

The climatic conditions during the beginning of the last 5000 years have been discussed, debated and documented from various parts of the Indian subcontinent, due to the human-climate interrelationship. In present study, we report a multiproxy dataset encompassing the widely used ~ geochemical and mineral magnetic proxies supported by radiocarbon and optical chronologies from the Banni Plains of the

With the continued global warming, quantifying the risks of human and social-economic exposure to extremely high temperatures is very essential. The simulated extreme high-temperature days (EHTDs) with a maximum temperature higher than 35C (38C, 40C) in Southern China during 1980-1999 and 2080-2099 are analyzed using the NEX-GDDP dataset. By comparing the climatology of the two scenario periods, the

Many of the existing reservoir dams are constructed in alpine and gorge regions, where the topography and geological conditions are complicated, bank slopes are steep, and landslides have a high potential to occur. Surges triggered by landslides in the reservoir are one of the major causes of dam overtopping failures. Many factors affect the slope stability of reservoir banks and the height of surges

Starting from late seventies, many observations have been reported about observations in space of signals reconciled with earthquakes and claimed as possible preseismic measurements. The detected parameters range from electromagnetic field components (in a large band of frequencies) to plasmas parameters; from particles detection to thermal anomalies; etc. Up to the DEMETER mission, the analyses have

Non-carbonaceous abyssal fine-grained sediments cover vast parts of the North Pacific’s deep oceanic basins and gain increasing interests as glacial carbon traps. They are, however, difficult to date at an orbital-scale temporal resolution and still rarely used for paleoceanographic reconstructions. Here, we show that sedimentary records of past geomagnetic field intensity have high potential to improve