Continuous observation data from a period of 26 years show that water radon concentrations in the Panjin observation well document pre-seismic anomalies prior to earthquakes of 4.8 ≤ M ≤ 7 within a radius of 300 km. Among these earthquakes, two distinct groups with different water radon concentration anomalies and anomaly mechanisms are apparent. The abnormal characteristics of water radon concentrations

Data of continuous records of low-frequency (periods from 2 to 1,000 min) seismic noise on a global network of 229 broadband stations located around the world for 23 years, 1997–2019, are analyzed. The daily values of the entropy of the distribution of the squares of the orthogonal wavelet coefficients are considered as an informative characteristic of noise. An auxiliary network of 50 reference points

Tropical peatlands are one of the largest reservoirs of terrestrial organic carbon. However, present-day tropical peat swamp forests are under threat by anthropogenic disturbances and have already been widely degraded. Anthropogenic pressures on peatland ecosystems have resulted in ecological and biogeochemical changes and the release of carbon to the atmosphere. In Southeast Asia, the conversion of

During shearing in geological environments, frictional processes, including the wear of sliding rock surfaces, control the nature of the slip events. Multiple studies focusing on natural samples have investigated the frictional behaviour of a large suite of geological materials. However, due to the varied and heterogeneous nature of geomaterials, the individual controls of material properties on friction

The 2019 M7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake was the strongest one in the last 20 years in California (United States). In a multiparametric fashion, we collected data from the lithosphere (seismicity), atmosphere (temperature, water vapor, aerosol, and methane), and ionosphere (ionospheric parameters from ionosonde, electron density, and magnetic field data from satellites). We analyzed the data in order to

This study deals with the earthquakes which occurred in southeastern Sicily in 1693 (January 9 and 11, Mw ≈ 6.1 and 7.3, respectively). Although they have been largely studied, robust and commonly accepted seismic sources are still missing. We performed a revision of the 1693 macroseismic data and, for the fore and main-shocks, modeled new NNE-SSW trending seismic sources. In the Hyblean Plateau area

Sea surface temperature (SST) over the western North Pacific (WNP) exhibits strong decadal to multidecadal variability and in this region, warm waters fuel the tropical cyclones (TCs). Observational records show pronounced decadal variations in WNP TC metrics during 1950–2018. Statistical analysis of the various TC metrics suggests that the annual average intensity of WNP TCs is closely linked to the

Diagenetically formed magnetic minerals at marine methane seep sites are potential archive of past fluid flow and could provide important constraints on the evolution of past methane seepage dynamics and gas hydrate formation over geologic time. In this study, we carried out integrated rock magnetic, and mineralogical analyses, supported by electron microscope observations, on a seep impacted sediment

Using the observational data and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models this study examined the influence of the North Pacific Victoria mode (VM) on the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO). The results show that the February–April VM had a significant influence on the development and propagation of the MJO over the equatorial central-western Pacific (ECWP) during spring (March-May)

Global Navigation Satellite System–Acoustic ranging combined seafloor geodetic technique (GNSS-A) has extended the geodetic observation network into the ocean. The key issue for analyzing the GNSS-A data is how to correct the effect of sound speed variation in the seawater. We constructed a generalized observation equation and developed a method to directly extract the gradient sound speed structure

The dynamic of magmatic systems seeks to model the time dependent behavior of storage and ascent processes. We do this through a combination of the Crystal System Approach and Fe-Mg interdiffusion in orthopyroxene. This offers an opportunity to trace the pre-eruptive dynamics of magma plumbing systems, both in space and time. We demonstrate this novel approach on two large silicic eruption (about 3-5

Three-dimensional (3D) visualization has opened up a Universe of possible scientific data representations. 3D printing has the potential to make seemingly abstract and esoteric data sets accessible, particularly through the lens of translating data into forms that can be explored in the tactile modality for people who are blind or visually impaired. This article will briefly review 3D modeling in astrophysics

Spectral nudging is an important method of improving the effectiveness of dynamical downscaling in the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). However, spectral nudging is sensitive to nudging parameters, and most related research has typically adopted the default nudging schemes. Summer is the rainy season in China. Both typhoons and heavy rains occur in summer. It is therefore significant to

We measured sedimentation fluxes around JA06 Seamount (Xufu Guyot; 19°30′N, 158°00′E) as part of an environmental baseline survey in Japan’s exploration area for cobalt-rich crusts in the subtropical northwest Pacific. Sinking particles were collected at the flat top (sediment trap depths: 900 and 1,000 m) and northeastern base (sediment trap depths: 1,000 and 4,720 m) of the seamount from June 2016

Surface-water divides can be delineated by analyzing digital elevation models. They might, however, significantly differ from groundwater divides because the groundwater surface does not necessarily follow the surface topography. Thus, in order to delineate a groundwater divide, hydraulic-head measurements are needed. Because installing piezometers is cost- and labor-intensive, it is vital to optimize

The Tibetan plateau plays an essential role in the water supply to Asia’s large river systems and, as the largest and highest mountain plateau in the world, it drives the Asian monsoon and influences global atmospheric circulation patterns. The increase in the Tibetan plateau lake volume since the mid-1990s is well documented, however the drivers of lake growth remain largely unexplained. In this study

Snow avalanches are critical events due to the sudden instability of snow in mountain regions. Seismically induced snow avalanches, due to a particular type of trigger perturbing snow-covered slopes, are occasional events in geodynamically active mountain regions around the world, which can lead to large anomalous avalanches. The seismic trigger of an avalanche is either simultaneous or delayed. In

Chemical ions and dust particles deposited in snow can be used as indicators of climatic and environmental processes. Understanding their sources, energy transfer, and evolutionary mechanisms is extremely important in tracking regional climate and environmental changes. We collected snow samples from three pits at different altitudes and from the surface of Yushugou Glacier No. 6, Tian Shan Mountains

Leucosome sizes in migmatites has been shown to follow power-law distribution, which is indicative of self-organized criticality governing accumulation and transport of partial melts in anatexis. In our measurements of leucosome widths in the Olkiluoto migmatite in western Finland, we found double power-law distributions in addition to single power-law distributions. We divided the double power-law

Constraining the seismotectonic faulting that occurred as a result of the 2016 Mw 6.0 Hutubi earthquake provides valuable information about the deformation in the northern Tien Shan region. However, due to the lack of surface rupturing and high quality near-field teleseismic data, the exact nature of the faulting remains controversial. In our study, we analyze the coseismic strain time series of the

The paleowind direction in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) was studied using anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data. Magnetic fabrics were examined for the last glacial loess (L1) and last inter-glacial paleosol (S1) in the southern and central CLP along a present day precipitation zone of 600 mm per year. Statistical analyses of AMS ellipsoid orientations indicate that strong rainwater events

Spatial downscaling is an effective way to obtain precipitation with sufficient spatial details. The performance of downscaling is typically determined by the empirical statistical relationships between precipitation and the used auxiliary variables. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive comparison of five empirical statistical methods for spatial downscaling of GPM IMERG V06B monthly and annual

Thermodynamic coupling between atmosphere and ground yields increasing aquifer temperatures as a consequence of global warming. While this is expected to manifest as a gradual warming in groundwater temperature time series, such continuous long-term recordings are scarce. As an alternative, the present work examines the use of repeated temperature-depth profiles of 32 wells in southern Germany, that

Open fractures can affect petrophysical properties of their host rock masses, as well as fluid transport and storage, so characterization of them is important to both industrial and research scientists. X-ray Computed Tomography (CT), a non-destructive technique for 3D imaging of various materials, shows such fractures well in rock samples. However, separation and characterization of fractures in CT

In this paper, the features and possible causes of extreme precipitation in the winter of 2019/2020 in China are investigated based on the observational station daily dataset provided by the China Meteorological Administration and the ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis dataset. Record-breaking precipitations are found in most areas of China in the winter of 2019/2020, particularly for the north of China. The magnitude

Ningaloo Niño is a well-known ocean-atmosphere coupled climate event in the southeastern Indian Ocean that interacts with large-scale atmospheric circulations at the interannual time scale. When a Ningaloo Niño develops, remarkably enhanced precipitation anomalies occur primarily off the coast of northwestern Australia (NWA) rather than over the offshore area of western Australia (WA), where the most

The spatial geological heterogeneity of an aquifer significantly affects groundwater storage, flow and the transport of solutes. In the particular case of coastal aquifers, spatial geological heterogeneity is also a major determining factor of the spatio-temporal patterns of water quality (salinity) due to seawater intrusion. While the hydraulics of coastal hydrogeology can be modeled effectively by

The Upper Rhine Graben (URG), as a part of the wider European Cenozoic Rift System, is a tectonically active area that has been extensively investigated for its geothermal energy potential. In this study, we carry out a first investigation of the present-day thermo-mechanical stability of the area as based on a detailed 3D geological and thermal model. The overall goal is, therefore, to assess how

Sub-seasonal variability in meridional activity of Western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) exerts important influences on anomalous weather and climate in East Asian monsoon region. By using a sub-seasonal meridional index of the WPSH, the characteristics and atmospheric evolutions in association with the sub-seasonal meridional activity of the WPSH during boreal late summer are investigated. The meridional

This study detects the presence of seasonality, stationarity, and long-range memory structures in daily radon measurements from a permanent monitoring station in central Italy. The transient dynamics and the seasonality structure are identified by power spectral analysis based on the continuous wavelet transformation and a clear 1-year periodicity emerges. The stationarity in the data is assessed with

Based on the observational evidences that the tropical cyclones (TCs) number in the western North Pacific (WNP) in autumn is more than that in summer, this study mainly compares the disturbance of some conditions that associated with the formation of TCs between the two seasons. Results show that the most of the distributions of the disturbance field of atmospheric dynamic factor are similar, while

Volcanic tremor is a sustained seismic signal associated with volcanic unrest and is often linked to movement of magmatic fluids in the subsurface. However, signals with similar spectral content can be generated by other surface processes. Hence, one of the best ways of distinguishing between different possible mechanisms is by tracking the location of its source, which is also important for mitigating

Prolong heavy rainfall is increasingly inducing slope instabilities on the high-risk hills of weathered granitic basement in Penang. These slope instabilities are spatially controlled with changes in geotechnical properties of the slope soils. A reliable method to include density as part of geotechnical properties to calibrate electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) resistivity distribution in slope

The Gobi Desert in southern Mongolia has been identified as the strongest dust storm hot spot threatening public health and socio-economic activities in East Asian countries. Despite its significance, the complete mapping of the aeolian surface erosion in southern Mongolia remains unresolved because of extensive region of interest cannot be interpreted easily by conventional approaches. Therefore,

Central Apennines are one of the highest seismic risk regions in Italy. A number of energetic events (MW > 5) struck the region during the period 2004–2017, killing several hundreds of people (e.g., 294 casualties associated with the August 24th, 2016, MW 6.0 event of Amatrice). These earthquakes impacted piezometric levels, springs discharges, and groundwater chemistry across a large area, even at

Pervasive low-relief, high-elevation surfaces separated by incised canyons are common across the Southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and have been used to define the nature of crustal deformation that drove plateau growth. A common assumption is that these surfaces were once part of a continuous low-relief paleotopography that has undergone surface uplift and dissection. Recent research, however

Observing changes in Earth surface topography is crucial for many Earth science disciplines. Documenting these changes over several decades at regional to global scale remains a challenge due to the limited availability of suitable satellite data before the year 2000. Declassified analog satellite images from the American reconnaissance program Hexagon (KH-9), which surveyed nearly all land surfaces

Megathrust subduction earthquakes generate intense ground shaking and massive tsunami waves, posing major threat to coastal communities. The occurrence of such devastating seismic events is uncertain and depends on their recurrence characteristics (e.g., inter-arrival time distribution and parameters) as well as elapsed time since the last major event. Current standard probabilistic loss models for

Microtextural and chemical evidence from gabbros indicates that melts may react with the crystal framework as they migrate through crystal mushes beneath mid-ocean ridges; however, the importance of this process for the compositional evolution of minerals and melts remains a matter of debate. Here we provide new insights into the extent by which melt-rock reaction process can occur in oceanic gabbros

Eastern Australian hotspots produce the longest continental tracks on Earth (>2,000 km). These hotspots are generally assumed to be stationary with respect to one another, an observation reinforced by our analysis. If any motion between them occurred, it is within our 95% uncertainties of 370 km of accumulated motion between hotspots. In contrast, motion between eastern Australian hotspots and the

An approach for the systematic forecasting of earthquake magnitudes is considered. To solve this problem, we use the minimum area of alarm method. Testing the approach for Kamchatka and the Aegean Region shows a satisfactory quality of the forecast of earthquakes and their magnitudes.

Disaster risk research’s reliance on past events has proved inadequate when it comes to extreme events. This shortcoming stems from limited records (for example, due to the vast differences in timescales between geological processes and human records) and the dynamic nature of all three components of risk–drivers of change in hazard (e.g., climate change), exposure (e.g., urban growth), and vulnerability

Tropical regions cover approximately 36% of the Earth’s landmass. These regions are home to 40% of the world’s population, which is projected to increase to over 50% by 2030 under a remarkable climate variability scenario often exacerbated by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and other climate teleconnections. In the tropics, ecohydrological conditions are typically under the influence of complex

This study reveals the impacts of cumulus parameterization schemes (CPSs) on the simulation of interannual and interdecadal variations of Meiyu in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley (Yangtze Meiyu) by using a regional climate model. A multiple 55-year (1955-2009) simulation of Yangtze Meiyu is conducted using RegCM4.6 with different CPSs, including the Emanuel scheme, Kuo scheme

Identification and understanding of persistent regional heat wave are essential for adaption and alleviation of its severe effects on human health and ecological environment, particularly under the situation of rapid global warming. Based on Climate Prediction Center global daily maximum temperature from 1979 to 2019, considering extreme, persistence and regionality of heat wave, summer regional pentad

Pyrite, or iron disulfide, is the most common sulfide mineral on the Earth’s surface and is widespread through the geological record. Because sulfides are mainly produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in modern sedimentary environments, microorganisms are assumed to drive the formation of iron sulfides, in particular, pyrite. However, the exact role played by microorganisms in pyrite formation

Uncertain or indirect “soft” data, such as geologic interpretation, driller’s logs, geophysical logs or imaging, offer potential constraints or “soft conditioning” to stochastic models of discrete categorical subsurface variables in hydrogeology such as hydrofacies. Previous bivariate geostatistical simulation algorithms have not fully addressed the impact of data uncertainty in formulation of the

High-resolution terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) provides a unique opportunity to monitor short-term erosion and deposition processes in gully systems. This study quantified the pattern of erosion and deposition within an active gully in the sub-tropical environment of west Tennessee. Two TLS surveys were conducted on December 2014 and February 2015 to generate digital elevation models (DEMs) of different

High-resolution seismic imaging enables the reconstruction of ascending paths of magma and fluids, shallow molten accumulation and flank collapse areas, all crucial information for developing an efficient eruption forecasting strategy. Here, the Marching Cubes algorithm (MC - generally applied to medical visualization and three-dimensional (3D) modeling) is applied to 16 years of earthquake location

Global warming changes the characteristics of regional climate and crop growth environments and affects human production and life in the long term. In this study, historical snowfall observation data from 199 conventional meteorological stations in the Huaihe River Basin were analyzed with the climate trend method, the nonparametric Mann-Kendall (M-K) test and the sliding t test to determine the variability

Based on the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis dataset (ERA5), the sea surface temperature (SST) and the outgoing longwave radiation data and the daily precipitation data, the relationship between the Meiyu anomaly in the Yangtze-Huaihe river basin (YHB) and the collaborative evolution of wave trains in the upper and lower troposphere in the mid-July of 2020 is analyzed

Multidecadal variations in Hadley circulation (HC) strength have been observed during the historical period, which have significant implications for global and regional climate. However, the relationship between HC intensities in the two hemispheres remains unclear. In this study, we identify an interhemispheric seesaw in the annual HC strength at multidecadal timescales. This seesaw pattern physically

Global climate change is evidently manifest in disappearing mountain glaciers and receding and thinning ice sheet margins. Concern about contemporaneous proglacial lake development has spurred an emerging area of research seeking to quantitatively understand lake - glacier interactions. This perspectives article identifies spatio-temporal disparity between the coverage of field data, remote sensing

The activity of blind thrust faults drives fold deformation of overlying strata, leading the folds to be geometrically related to the underlying blind thrust faults. However, it is often challenging to select an appropriate kinematic model for a thrust fault-related fold. To construct the model of the Guman fold in front of the Western Kunlun Mountains in western China, we interpret deformed terrace

Large earthquakes occurring worldwide have long been recognized to be non Poisson distributed, so involving some large scale correlation mechanism, which could be internal or external to the Earth. We have recently demonstrated this observation can be explained by the correlation of global seismicity with solar activity. We inferred such a clear correlation, highly statistically significant, analyzing

Monitoring volcanic unrest and understanding seismic and acoustic signals associated with eruptive activity is key to mitigate its impacts on population and infrastructure. On June 3, 2018, Volcán de Fuego, Guatemala, produced a violent eruption with very little warning. The paroxysmal phase of this event generated pyroclastic density currents (PDC) that impacted nearby settlements resulting in 169

Precipitation teleconnections with large-scale ocean–atmosphere oscillation systems provide useful information for water management. Here, we present a 7-year lag response in South Australia (SA) precipitation to the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) in a positive Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) phase. This teleconnection between a positive SAM phase and increased SA precipitation, and vice versa

The variational model inversion (VAR) method for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) wind retrieval based on the Bayesian theory can overcome the limitations of the traditional wind streak algorithm by introducing background wind and considering all sources of error, but its optimal solution is unstable and the time latency is long. In this article, we propose a new wind retrieval method by applying the

Chile is well known as a narrow and long country (over 4,000 km) that encompasses many climate zones and that presents significant west–east gradients as altitudes change from sea level to several thousand meters. Although Chile is recognized as one of the most affected countries by climate change, it is also one of the least covered by hydrometeorological measuring instruments. This data scarcity

Asynchronous hydroclimatic modelling is proposed for the construction of physically based streamflow projections over regions characterized by meteorological observation scarcity. The novel approach circumvents the requirement for meteorological observations by 1) calibrating quantile mapping transfer functions simultaneously to the parameters of the hydrologic model, 2) forcing the hydrologic model