Pipe roof-culvert box method is an effective way for shallow buried tunnel passing beneath important facilities. In soft ground, the culvert can be jacked under the pre-reinforcement of pipe roof. This paper presents an investigation on the precision analysis and control of a large- scale pipe roof jacking (the scale of this structure is 21.648m*8.148m) of an underpass, which passes beneath the Mid-Ring

Various methods exist for calculating the subgrade settlements of foundations built on soil subgrade without defects and damages. The physical and mechanical characteristics of such soil subgrade are usually determined using the results of engineering and geological surveys and other methods that characterize their in-situ conditions before construction. It is usually assumed that these characteristics

Non-destructive geophysical crosshole sounding method can be used to control and monitoring the condition of natural and improved soils. This work studies the application of the crosshole sounding method to determine the condition of soils lying in the foundations of sewer collectors and tunnels. The investigation uses crosshole sounding apparatus APZ-1 developed by LLC “Geodiagnostika”. The study

The Phase 2 of the proposed Chennai Metro Rail Project contains underground stations of depths below ground varying from 20m for a 2 level station to 32m for a 4 level station. Diaphragm walls have been chosen for the purpose of earth retention during construction stage and also to be a part of the permanent structure. The centre part of the stations is constructed using top-down methodology and the

The term extended reality (XR) refers to a family of technologies that cover Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR). The main benefit of XR is that it can offer a new viewpoint on the surrounding environment by augmenting it with digital data and visualizations. Recent developments of XR enable its deployment for rock engineering applications, including underground tunnels

Underground spaces are characterized by special conditions and complexity, as well as by severe consequences in the event of an accident. Although the frequency of fire accidents in tunnels or metro stations is low, in worst cases they may lead to severe fatalities and damages. In order to have a more accurate prediction of fire impacts, most safety standards enforced worldwide suggest the development

Current regulations and operational safety requirements impose onerous constraints that make it difficult to be fulfilled by practical design of underground projects acceptable to all stakeholders. The ACUUS working group on fire safety of underground spaces intends to gather and share information on the ways how fire safety is taken into account and managed in different countries. This article presents

The ever-rising global population poses a great challenge for cities to accommodate additional citizens in limited land space. As such, many high-density cities were transforming the mind from “build higher” to “dip deeper”. However, most of the existing underground space were built with inadequate consideration of user’s health. Thus, this study aims to enhance underground users’ health using an integrated

Objective: To conduct a literature review and knowledge synthesis of medical support in cave rescue and confined space medicine (CSM), thereby, extrapolating the knowledge gained from cave rescue and CSM to consequence management in Urban Underground Space (UUS) development. Methodology: A review of current medical literature was conducted. Data sources: Search engines utilized include PubMed, Medline

Hong Kong’s steep hilly terrain limits the growth of surface urban areas. In response to the society’s needs for land to support social and economic developments, the Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is actively exploring the use of caverns as one of the innovative measures to supplement Hong Kong’s land resources. The development of cavern space is an attractive option to meet

Japan is one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world. The Great East Japan Earthquake that struck on March 11, 2011 devastated a vast area centered on three prefectures in the Tohoku region (Fukushima, Miyagi, and Iwate), and there is said to be a more than 70% probability of a magnitude 7 earthquake striking Tokyo—the nation’s capital—within the next 30 years. Under these circumstances

With the advancement of geo-structures (including tunnels and underground space projects), risk management strategy has been developing rapidly in China since the 1990s. Its current practice, however, mainly focuses on the assessment of structures with qualitative or quantitative method. Currently, less attention is paid to risk control, which results in the lagged response to risk events. In this

Subway rail system is considered the best choice for big cities to solve surface transportation problems in terms of congestion, efficiency, and speed. The increasing use of these facilities by more and more passengers has made vital the need to ensure high safety standards. The effective structure of the evacuation plan in an emergency event is essential. A critical factor for a successful evacuation

Global warming has caused and will continue to cause an increasing amount of extreme weather phenomena. Science has shown that the risks for irreversible and catastrophic changes will rise considerably if the climate warms up by more than 1.5 or even 2 degrees Celsius. The City of Helsinki bears its responsibility in mitigating climate change. The aim is to make Helsinki carbon neutral by 2035. The

Geothermal energy is a collective term referring to Earth heat extraction and use of the ground capacity to absorb and store thermal energy to supply heat or cold. Thermal ground exchange or shallow geothermal energy has been increasingly used in the housing sector to sustain comfortable room temperature. Increasing utilization of geothermal energy, particularly in urban areas, requires integration

St1 Deep Heat Project with its two deep wells extending to 6.2 - 6.4 km depth is the world’s deepest industrial geothermal energy project. The aim is to build an EGS (enhanced geothermal system) at the depth of about 5 - 6 km. The project is a pilot aiming at exploring the technical and economic feasibility of geothermal energy in the crystalline rock conditions of Finland for production of thermal

We have studied possibilities to utilize the 1.4 km deep Pyhsalmi mine as a source of geothermal energy. Measured thermal conductivities of the Precambrian (1.9 Ga) crystalline bedrock hosting the massive Cu-Zn sulphide deposit vary between 2.5 and 3.5 W/mK, depending on the rock type, and the bedrock temperature increases with depth by 12–14 K/km. The design concept for heat utilization studied in

Creating models, capable of making accurate predictions of the Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) after a blast, is always one of the researchers’ most important goals. The use of such prediction can assist in assessing the intensity of the blast vibrations and more importantly in designing the whole blasting phase so as to mitigate potential problems to nearby structures. Main aim of this paper is to demonstrate

Metro projects have become an essential infrastructure of modern large metropolitan areas worldwide, as they provide fast, reliable and efficient transportation services, promoting overall mobility, environmental stewardship and economic vitality. In order to assist the decision-making process of pursuing such high cost underground infrastructure, its assessment should not only be based in a purely

The paper describes a well considered subsea road tunnel in land, Finland which will hopefully start in the very near future. The paper describes partly the socio-economics and public benefits of such a project in land and partly some technical aspects of designing and constructing road tunnels under the sea to connect land masses. The tunnel is expected to be constructed along the lines of similar

The sulfur-bearing formations in the Sichuan Basin are widely distributed, whose harmful gases have caused serious threat to tunnel engineering. Based on the existing data collected, the research shows that the main sulfur-bearing formations in the Sichuan Basin include the Triassic Leikoupo Formation, Jialingjiang Formation, and Feixianguan Formation, the Permian Longtan Formation, the Carboniferous

In the midst of global climate change, a large typhoon has hit Japan and unprecedented heavy rainfall is occurring. In large cities in Japan, underground discharge channels and underground regulating reservoirs are being developed to improve the flood control safety. In this paper, we confirm the flood reduction effect of these underground facilities against the rainfall generated by Typhoon Hagibis

Buried decks are an increasingly common feature in the modern built environment. This increase may be partly attributed to growing awareness of the need for sustainability. Green roofs, sustainable urban drainage, water attenuation and even parks and farms are being located on top of ground floor roof structures and cut and cover tunnels. Waterproofing of these decks is vital in order to use the space

To develop three-dimensional (3D) models as examples of the infrastructure model concept which would be useful for the operation and maintenance or design and construction of underground facilities we integrated 3D models of the geological composition, the structure and the lifeline facilities (water supply and sewerage system, city gas line, electrical power and communication lines) for the underground

In recent years, underground pedestrian system (UPS) has been developed worldwide, especially within central megacity areas, but research on UPS characteristics is still in the qualitative description stage, and quantitative methods are lacking to assess the impact of UPS on resilience. Therefore, it is essential to quantitatively measure UPS resilience and thus be able to make decisions on how UPS

Once Tehran was an enchanting city garden with abundant green lands at Alborz mountain range. Now it has changed into a metropolis with many problems as a result of losing a lot of gardens, farms, and green spaces. Tehran is the capital of Iran with a population around 13 million people daytime and 8.5 million people night-time. Its area is about 730 square kilometres and in terms of population density

Due to the compact space and high utilization demands, the construction of large underground subway transfer station in urban area, like Pengcheng Square station in Xuzhou, China, was confronted with various obstacles, such as nearby surface and subsurface structures, heavy road traffic, and clay-rock mixed ground conditions. Based on careful investigations to all surrounding limitations, an innovative

The evolution in underground construction has led to the development of many large-scale underground projects in which essential infrastructure are placed, and though this facilitating the preservation or even the reclamation of valuable surface space. A part of these underground structures is the subsurface transformation of road networks, aiming either at the better traffic regulation, or at the

The Urban Underground Space Center of Japan (USJ), composed of public, private and academic sectors, aims at utilizing urban underground space through various activities like research, study etc. This paper is the second report of the Yaesu-Kyobashi-Nihonbashi Committee USJ’s Three - year project on planning of new underground railway station supposed to be constructed near Tokyo Station once the railway

In recent years, the number of cases where tunnels are constructed in sedimentary rock layers has increased. It is essential to investigate the deformation characteristics of sedimentary rocks for predicting tunnel deformation. The mechanical properties of sedimentary rocks are widely varied due to moisture content. The rocks are dried by tunnel excavation and wetted by groundwater gushing or backfilling

The role of the urban subsurface for cities has long been disregarded but is recently getting more attention. To capture it, the city’s geographical and geological setup, its history and the social context it is located within are of particular relevance. As a case study, this paper illustrates the context and governance of London’s subsurface through the lens of a ‘governance arrangement’ looking

During recent decades of overwhelming exploration of underground resources (groundwater, geothermal energy, minerals) and underground spaces (tunnels, caverns, buildings), there has been a lack of in-deep investigation on international agenda to look at the degree of political awareness of sustainable underground development. International organizations advocating and debating the use of underground

The underground pedestrian system within Jing’an Temple Station area in Shanghai provides convenience for local pedestrians and promotes the compact development of surrounding urban area by building connections between the metro station and surrounding underground public spaces. On the other hand, deserted spaces and congested spaces still exist in this system. In this paper, based on the space syntax

This research investigates how cities faced with the intensification of underground space usage to accommodate urban infrastructure are being required to change their traditional method of planning and management of underground space use. The shift is represented by the replacement of an uncoordinated approach to new forms of planning and management that respects the multiple interactions between stakeholders

Nowadays, the shortage of available urban land and the booming construction of urban subway are driving the rapid development of Underground Space in the Metro Area (USIMA) which is an important constituent in the compact development of cities. Spatial vitality, as one of the most important evaluation indicators for the layout of such metro-related underground space, is closely related to spatial efficiency

As a concentrated embodiment of urban historical sites, cultural relics and cultural heritage, the old city of Beijing has the most intensive historical and cultural resources and the most stringent requirements for historical protection. At the same time, it also faces a series of development problems to be solved, such as insufficient development space, lagging public service facilities, and urgent

Over the past decade, China’s megacities such as Shanghai and Beijing have witnessed great progress in their metro networks. With the rapid development of metro system, urban underground space (UUS) in China has been widely utilized in a systematic manner, following the principles of transit-oriented development. A comprehensive understanding of the impacts of the built environment on UUS is doubtlessly

Urban underground public space (UUPS) creates extra open space for local citizens, increases neighborhood vibrancy and improves the walkability of local blocks. Recently, huge amounts of UUPS have been built in Shanghai with the rapid development of metro systems. Among them, construction of UUPS in Wujiaochang Sub-center has achieved a great success in spatial performance with a systematic planning

Urban underground space (UUS) can be an effective means to meet the needs of the cities and simultaneously deal with societal and urban challenges. However, in Flanders the use of UUS remains to be one of the most forgotten urban assets and is characterised by a haphazard, uncoordinated ‘last resort’ practice detrimental to sustainable development. In a search for new possibilities for qualitative

The subsurface can be used for a variety of purposes in the urban environment and the subsurface should ultimately be seen as a multifunctional resource, offering a multitude of benefits to humans and the society. Underground construction is commonly planned according to the first come, first served principle and later claims on other resources in the subsurface will have to adapt, often at high costs

Hong Kong is a densely populated city. Development of New Town or more recently called New Development Area (“NDA”) has been adopted to create more space for housing, working places and community facilities in the last few decades. But till now the planning of NDA remains focusing on above ground intervention without consideration in making use of underground strata and the opportunities for underground

In order to better solve the new problems encountered in the national development, China is gradually establishing a new national territory spatial planning system. It can implement the requirements of whole-area and multi-element control of land and space. Underground space planning is a special planning in the new spatial planning system. We will explore how to scientifically and reasonably prepare

DEVELOPMENT CONTROL PLAN FOR THE SUB-CENTER OF BEIJING (2016-2035) says, a facility service ring with complex functions, balanced layout and integrated above ground and underground space will be constructed, which is efficient integrated underground infrastructure, with a total length of about 36.5 kilometers, coordinating the construction of circular underground systems such as subway, utility tunnel

With rapid development of e-commerce, new retail and other new Internet business models, the requirements of the higher package handling efficiency and lower delivery cost are put forward in logistics industry. However, due to the lack of logistics facilities, the limitation of ground roads and the land use, the service of express delivery cannot satisfy the logistics demand, which makes the express

The Ryazanskaya Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is a large intervention included in Moscow’s 2030 urban planning, realizing a transit hub, commercial / retail spaces, an office tower and two metro/rail terminal buildings, to be built around a public park where ground transportation is also located. Within this master plan, the Terminal 2 integrates an underground transit hall to provide access for

Moscow is the most dynamically developing metropolis in the Russian Federation. This is a city with almost a thousand-year history, where about 12.65 million people live on an area of 2.5 thousand km2. The economic efficiency of the underground space utilization is characterized by the ratio of the area of the underground part of the structure to its total area. Said ratio on average is less than 8%

In recent years, cities in Japan have faced a strong demand for improving urban environment and securing disaster prevention functions in response to changes in the socio-economic situation such as rapid development of information technologies, globalization, declining birthrate and aging population. In this context, underground pedestrian networks has not only the purpose of alleviating chronic congestion

Ventilation is the basis of controlling thermal comfort and air quality in underground spaces. Natural ventilation based on spatial designs can introduce wind, light, and scenery to improve environmental health and spatial experience, and reduce health risks and energy consumption of mechanical ventilation. This paper proposes a spatial prototype that combines courtyard with wind tower, two common

Research on the environmental factors in promoting longer walks has focussed on the outside environment. This research concerns factors in the willingness to walk (WTW) in underground space, in a tropical climate, that of Singapore. Participants were accompanied on a pre-determined itinerary and responded to a questionnaire at intervals on perceptions of their experience and their willingness to continue

This paper aims at exploring the future of architecture of hiding which is encountering the constant pressure of technological advance. The open society and its increasing surveillance are requiring human behaviour to adjust to new realities of hiding. One estimate puts the number of surveillance cameras around the world at 245 million and another reckons there will soon be over twice that number in

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. • Type of peer review: Double-blind in abstract phase and single-blind in Full Paper phase

Associated research Centers for the Urban Underground Space (ACUUS) is an international, non-governmental organisation, promoting the sustainable use of the underground space. The ACUUS 2020 Virtual Conference took place in Helsinki, Finland on 3-4 February 2021 and was organized by the International organisation ACUUS, Finnish Tunnelling Association (MTR-FTA), Finnish Association of Architects (SAFA)

Some petroleum wells that are no longer productive still have heat in their formation rocks. Those heat can be extracted and utilized by injecting working fluid into the wellbore. The current study’s objective was to create a 2D numerical calculation program for transient flow temperatures inside the well then it was used to calculate the temperature distribution in oil and gas fields in the Arun field

Long-distance migrants and residents may respond to large-scale climate change by advancing egg laying dates. It is expected that variation in changes in avian laying dates among similar species affects their interactions in an ecological community. By analyzing long-term trends of the mean laying dates (MLD) of pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca, collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis, and great

As the rapid development of institution-based care for the elderly people, the nursing home’s outdoor wind environment research has become an important topic including wind potential evaluation as well as wind comfort analysis. In this study, the wind environment of a nursing home located in Dezhou, northern China has been evaluated quantitatively according to CFD methods. The parameters related to

This article summarizes the current status of domestic and foreign standards for paper products and the standard system, compares and analyzes the domestic and international standards for facial tissue which is key product in the papermaking industry, combines the production technology, characteristics, and requirements of the product to establish key technologies index list for facial tissue, carries

This study provides vital analysis of environmental consequences of the steel industry in China on outdoor air quality, surface, and groundwater quality as well as global production of Chromite ore, its associated cost on health locally and internationally. The steel industry emissions currently amount to 50, 200, and 300 μg/m3 for PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 respectively exceeding WHO recommended emissions

The flue gas emission of the building ceramics industry accounts for 85% of the whole ceramic industry in China, and it is the critical sector of air pollution control in the ceramic industry. The advanced available techniques (AAT) of air pollution prevention and control are of considerable significance to promote the upgrade of pollution prevention measures and technological progress. The paper studied

This investigation was carried out with the purpose of reducing the sulphur content in diesel from the topping plant and avoiding air pollution, due to the presence of SOx in the emissions, at the same time reduced the corrosion rate in the equipment, machinery or mechanical components of the industry. An oxidative desulphurization (ODS) process was carried out with ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium

As the application of several energy saving technologies and the continuous tightening fuel consumption standards, the fuel consumption of China’s gasoline passenger cars is decreasing continuously. In this paper, the development of the standards related to fuel consumption was reviewed firstly, and the development of the fuel consumption for China’s gasoline passenger cars has been investigated based