A Lambert Conformal Conic (LCC) projection with two true-scale parallels of latitudes ϕl and ϕu can be recast in a LCC projection with one standard parallel of latitude ϕ0 and scale k0 , having the practical advantage that the same type of definition can be used for the two conformal projections universally used: LCC and Transverse Mercator (TM). While equations giving ϕ0 and k0 in terms ϕl and ϕu

This paper adapts and discusses the information criterion (IC) approach for the validation of baseline GNSS observation models in the context of outliers. Three IC methods are compared with the conventional procedure of iterative data snooping (IDS). To verify the reliability of the two considered approaches, several scenarios differing in: the magnitude and number of outliers, and the interval between

The paper describes the model for coordinate transformation between ETRS89 and old reference system in the Republic of Srpska. The Helmert’s parameters were estimated, based on a set of 1741 points. The average magnitude of residuals was 0.3 m per coordinate and they were homogeneous at the local level. The basic model was complemented by a corrections grid that uses bilinear interpolation. The accuracy

Land consolidation project has many stages. Land reallocation is the most considerable stage in which many factors play a role and forms the basis of this project. In this study, a new optimisation-based reallocation model has been developed to realise block reallocation by evaluating the requests of landowners. The reallocation according to the developed method also reset the block spaces automatically

The main purpose of this study is to propose an interoperable land valuation data model for residential properties as an extension of the national geographic data infrastructure (GDI) and to make mass valuation process applicable with the use of machine learning approach. As an example, random forest (RF) ensemble algorithm was implemented in Pendik district of Istanbul to evaluate the prediction performance

To develop a high-accuracy method for predicting SCB based on the analysis of the shortcomings of the wavelet neural network (WNN) model, an improved WNN model to predict SCB is proposed herein. The activation function of the WNN is constructed by combining the advantages of Shannon and Gauss ‘window’ functions to improve the WNN. Finally, the improved WNN model is used to predict SCB. The results

The concepts of three-dimensional cadastre (3D) and property ownership led to increased interest in land use management and research towards the end of the 90s. Within the scope of these studies, international standards and definitions have been realised. In Turkey, there are some academic studies available. However, there are not many studies conducted on an institutional basis. Turkey cadastre carried

Turkey has produced cadastral data using different methods until today. Therefore, not all the data are the same standard in quality. Three different methods (correction, digitisation and updating) have been applying for update. Choosing the right method will save significant time and cost. Also, surveying the fixed boundaries will give the most accurate results. However, this is not always possible

How to accurately estimate the probability integral parameters based on the measured data has always been a difficult point in the application of the probability integral method. This paper introduced FWA into the solution of the probability integral method for the first time. Based on the analysis of strengths and weaknesses of FWA, IFWA (improved fireworks algorithm) was proposed. Then, the IFWA-based

The cycle slip detection and repair are crucial steps in the preprocessing of GNSS carrier phase observation. Currently, however, there are few cycle slip detection and repair methods that can meet the data processing needs for diverse situations. To solve this problem, a highly adaptable cycle slip detection and repair method is proposed. First, a cycle slip detection equation is established using

The existing filtering methods for airborne LiDAR point cloud have low accuracy. An adaptive filtering algorithm is proposed which is improved based on multilevel resolution algorithm. First double index structure of Octree and KDtree is established. Then the initial reference surface is constructed by ground seed points. According to the slope fluctuation situation, the grid resolution of the ground

In different Geodetic networks the observations are measured repetitively. These observations, called original observations, are independent. At the design stage of the deformation monitoring network, either the mean value of the original observations or the original observations may be considered. Conventional Deformation Analysis (CDA) is based on the ordinary Least Square Estimation (LSE) that uses

Over the 50 years of its existence, Baarda’s concept of reliability has been used as a standard practice for the quality control in geodesy and surveying. In this study, we analysed the pioneering work of Baarda (Publ Geod New Ser 2(4) 1967; Publ Geod New Ser 2(5) 1968) and recent studies on the subject. We highlighted that the advent of personal computers with powerful processors has rendered Monte

A robust Kalman filter algorithm is proposed to solve nonlinear errors-in-variables dynamic problems in the presence of outliers. This algorithm is robust constrained integrated total Kalman filter (RCITKF). The method iteratively reweights the predicted solution when the observable quantities are contaminated by gross errors (outliers). It can impose the quadratic constrains which may appear in some

The aim of this paper is to show that natural watercourses surveying gives the best results using integrated measurement methods (classical surveying and LiDAR). The paper contains comparison of the riverbed DTM results obtained using LiDAR data in relation to data derived from direct measurements. The paper involved the performance of appropriate tests on selected structures using integrated measurement

In Ghana, the constitution recognises stool land revenues as a principal source of funding local economic development. However, there has been a lacuna on the collection and disbursement of family land revenues. The study examines ground rent collection and disbursement on family land, revenue losses and the capacity of family landowners to assess and collect ground rents. The analyses show ground

The article describes a detailed analysis of the modernisation procedure for cadastral data in Poland in both theoretical and practical aspects. Modernisation of the cadastral system is an essential tool to ensure both the continuity in time and the timeliness of cadastral data. In Poland, the function of the Cadastre is served by a public register known as the Land and Building Cadastre which records

Multi-temporal high-density terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) datasets are processed to delineating possible movements from terrain surfaces and trees. Terrain surface movements are estimated with the help of segmentation and random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm. Tree movements are interpreted by iterative closest point (ICP) solved translations and rotations of tree point clouds. The capabilities

The knowledge innovation value chain (KIVC) model and land administration domain model (LADM) are applied for Mozambique. The study focus moving forward along the value chain using the conceptual components of LADM as the starting point to meet the societal and market demands by relevant ministry and Municipality of Maputo. The Municipality is developing an Integrated Municipal Management System (SIGEM)

If the usability of orthophotos of aerial images and high-resolution satellite images in cadastre renewal works is ensured, the state cadastre can be maintained and constantly updated. For this purpose, three pilot fields in Konya, Adana and Şanlıurfa were selected. In these fields, land surveys were made with a CORS method by using GPS. The coordinates were obtained by using orthophotos in Konya (1/2000

While in the times of feudalism the land was a source of wealth, having only a financial value, today it has become valuable as a limited resource. It should not be forgotten land is becoming scarce, so it must be very well planned and managed. In order for cemeteries to be sustainable and effectively manageable, it is essential to collect, store and examine information related to these sites like

(2020). Embedding the sustainability development goals in Survey Review’s remit. Survey Review: Vol. 52, No. 373, pp. 287-288.

An unscented total Kalman filter (UTKF) estimator with nonlinear dynamic errors-in-variables (DEIV) model is derived based on correlational inference. The proposed UTKF considers all random errors in both system and observation equations and is a Jacobian matrix free alternative to the existing TKF estimators. In particular, this estimator is applied to the inertial navigation system (INS)/ultra-wideband

This paper proposes methods for the determination of covariance matrices of Msplit(q) estimators. The solutions presented here allow Msplit(q) estimation to be supplemented by the operations from the domain of accuracy analysis (especially that concerning estimators of parameters). Theoretical forms of covariance matrices of Msplit(q) estimators were established using the empirical influence functions

Land readjustment is a property formation process which rearranges the geometries of cadastral parcels and immovable property rights thereof in accordance with land use plans. The literature presents several studies which analyze the effectiveness of land readjustment in various countries. This article aims to contribute to the existing work by presenting an analysis for the Turkish case study based

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems are known to capture high density and accuracy data much more efficiently than other surveying methods. Therefore they are used for many applications, e.g. mobile mapping and surveying, 3D modelling, hazard detection, etc. However, while the accuracy of the laser measurements is very high, the accuracy of the resulting 3D point cloud is greatly affected by

To overcome the problem that a fixed estimator is contaminated by a system error for the ambiguity be misjudged in the GNSS precise positioning, a reliable integer float estimator is recommended. Accordingly, the method for determining a finite number of integer vectors based on a given reliability probability is proposed, the formula for calculating the variance matrix of the recommended estimator

If the eyepiece of a total station is replaced with a CCD sensor, the most important task is to calibrate the instrument. Calibration establishes a connection between the readings on the horizontal and vertical circles of the total station and the readings in the coordinate system of the CCD sensor. Our calibration method uses a collimator in a few meters distance, which serves as a target at infinity

To evaluate the benefit of a measurement procedure onto the estimated parameters, the dispersion of the parameters is usually used. To draw objective conclusions, unbiased or at least almost unbiased estimates are required. In geodesy, most of the functional relations are nonlinear but the statistical properties of the estimates are usually obtained by a linearised substitute-problem. Since the statistical

This research aims to analyze variation in a time series of Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV time series) using data at 11 widely-distributed Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) in Thailand. In this paper, the PWV time series is estimated based on data from 2007 to 2015, used to monitor trends and seasonal variations. Significant annual variations of PWV are found at all GNSS stations, with

Existing approaches that describe the quality of inequality constrained estimates are not sufficient to meet the demands of inequality constrained least-square problems. We reconstruct the existing Monte Carlo method by converting the sampling space from observation space to parameter space, and propose a workflow to improve the computational efficiency. The proposed method is verified by a straight-line

The main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of observation sampling rate on the PPP performance, in terms of positioning accuracy and convergence time, under different multi-GNSS combinations. For this purpose, daily observation datasets collected at ten IGS-MGEX (International GNSS Service-Multi-GNSS Experiment) stations during the 1-week period of January 6-12, 2019 with 1-s, 5-s

Seven-parameter conformal coordinate transformations, also known as Helmert transformations, can be constructed in more than one way. Two possible orderings of the rotations are in common use, giving rise to Helmert versions 1 and 2. It is demonstrated how the rotation parameters of either version can be converted into the rotation parameters of the other. This is useful when software is designed for

The paper analyses the possibility of increasing efficiency of the Iterative Weighted Similarity Transformation (IWST) method, which is a prototype of classic robust methods, using global optimisation approach instead of classical one, available in the literature. For the purpose of solving the optimisation problem of the IWST method, in addition to the Iterative Reweighted Least Squares (IRLS) method

The Universal Hydrographic Data Model is a new generation of marine geographic information data model, referred to as S-100 standard. In addition to supporting Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC) production, S-100 can be used as a Geographic Information System standard to model all maritime objects. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive study on S-100. In this review, we begin with

To attenuate positional errors of LiDAR-derived datasets for constructing digital elevation models (DEMs), a feature-preserving point denoising algorithm (F-PDA) is developed in this paper. F-PDA includes three main steps: surface normal estimation, normal filtering and point position update. Numerical tests with two simulated surfaces indicate that F-PDA is always more accurate than kriging and natural

Solar activity and geomagnetic storm cause ionospheric disturbance and affect the GNSS positioning accuracy, which this effect cannot be ignored. The reliability depends mainly on differential code bias (DCB), when estimating the total electron content (TEC) with GNSS pseudorange observations. This study analyzes the variation characteristics of receiver DCB (RDCB) during a strong geomagnetic storm

The multi-GNSS fusion makes positioning more reliable and accurate. Considering the signal difference of different systems, GPS + Galileo + QZSS + BDS tightly combined double-difference model (TCDDM), including function and stochastic model, is proposed. The proposed model fully utilizes the overlapping frequency signals of various systems, and thus to enhance positioning model when DISBs are known

The current deals with the determination of the ‘true’ geometrical shape of the Great theatre of Ephesus, which is the largest theatre in Asia Minor. To detect the geometrical form of the theatre a precise point dataset was created using terrestrial measurements performed directly on the theatre site. The well-known ellipse and circle fitting algorithms were presented for detecting the precise geometrical

This paper proposes a baseline constrained PPP method to enhance the performance. The approach is based on constrained Kalman filter, and applied to BeiDou PPP in static, pseudo-kinematic, real kinematic modes. Both zero baseline and short baseline constrained PPP are verified in static mode, while a marine geodesy environment is designed to evaluate the performance in kinematic mode. The experiment

Land Readjustment plans (LR) provide tools for taking control of land development and construction, while organising social, cultural and technical infrastructure. In Turkey, LR applications, Pursuant to Law No. 3194, enable the creation of regular planned urban developments. The success of LR applications involves a comprehensive knowledge about the rules and relationships of the legal and community

This paper analyzes errors in satellite gravity and GPS/trigonometric benchmarks (BMs) in relation to defining the Ghanaian Vertical Datum (GhVD). Results indicate that synthesized gravity introduce approximately 5 mm of error to corrected heights. However, large errors in BMs render them unsuitable for applications, including properly defining the GhVD. Overall, normal-orthometric corrections were

When surveying through a water surface, a distortion of several centimetres caused by the refraction and the change in the velocity of the electromagnetic waves can be observed. Therefore, neither the position nor the height of an underwater point (object), which can be seen from above the water surface, is correctly measured. The authors want to point out the magnitude of geometric errors when measuring

In conventional global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers, full pseudorange measurements are usually required to complete a single point position fix, which takes longer time than obtaining fractional pseudorange measurements. In order to shorten the time to first fix and improve the position accuracy during cold or warm start of a dual-constellation GNSS receiver, we propose a positioning

The modernisation of the Land and Property Register (Poland Cadastre), going on for many years, yields no intended results, and cadastral data are occasionally of a poor quality. The cadastral model being developed in Poland should make use of information from the existing land surveying, legal, and planning databases. This model should be consistent with the current technical norms and standards applied

Detecting metro gauge is very important for the safe operation of the subway. In this study, we design a low-cost metro tunnel mobile scanning system (MDS-TJ-1), which integrates a laser profile scanner with an inertial measure unit and an odometer to provide positioning and attitude parameters of the trajectory. The Lagrange interpolation is used to accomplish the time unification of different sensors

This paper proposes a new method of deriving rigorously-conformal 7-parameter 3D coordinate transformations between geodetic datums. The problem of linearisation is reduced by distance analysis which provides an estimate of scale-change. The resulting 6-parameter transformation is linearised to enable an initial least-squares estimate of the rotation parameters. The 6-parameter transformation is then

This study investigates to use GPS/Levelling measurements of Kuwait and four heuristic regression methods including Least Square Support Vector Regression (LSSVR), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR), and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) for modelling local geoid undulation. The accuracy of the models was compared by geoid undulation of gravitational observations

This article is intended to examine the nature of urban expansion and development from a land speculation and urban sprawl perspective. Survey and case study approach were used to achieve this aim. As urban territory extends into adjacent periurban areas, speculators keep their land out of the current market so that developers of land and buildings must bypass it and home buyers should travel further

In the recent past, the information and analysis centre of Russia began providing GNSS static data processing operating in experimental mode. Since this service processes data in static mode only, the service is compared with the OPUS static service. OPUS produces better results for the points in the USA. OPUS produced slightly better results for the point with nearby ITRF reference stations than for

Rights to land situated in the continuum between socially based (or communal) and individualised (or formal or western) tenure are often weak, and right holders may derive security both from traditional ceremonies and from mimicking elements of individualised tenure. This research investigates the way that entries Zimbabwe’s development levy register – which was never intended as a title register –

Various factors cause GPS signals to be weakened in their path from satellites to receiver. This phenomenon leads to some problems in the normal stages of the positioning process, including acquisition stage. The wavelet transform is one of the tools that have been employed in several methods to improve receiver’s sensitivity in confronting weak GPS signals. Choosing an appropriate threshold plays

Three constrained extended Kalman filters (CEKF) are developed by making use of condition equations which equations allows one to predict directly the residuals of all variables. The first one is a general CEKF algorithm in which it is supposed that all of the observation equations, system equations and constraints of a dynamic problem are non-linear functions. Although the constrained Kalman filter

Dam is an important part of engineering structure, in the process of dam construction, the dam monitoring is crucial since water erosion and time-dependent motion may cause deformation. Traditional monitoring methods are time-consuming and labour-intensive. However, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) can provide precise and spatially dense information on slow deformations. This research

Cadastral systems provide important information for the public and private sectors. To understand the functions and impacts of a cadastral system one needs to understand its development. The Norwegian cadastral system has its origins in the 1600s and is defined as a German-style cadastral system. In the early 1800s, an economic survey was initiated in the kingdom of Denmark-Norway to modernise the

Reflectorless distance measurements to synthetic materials are subjected to errors result from their partial transparency. The final reflection of the beam is from the background behind the synthetic. This paper examines the influence of the background setback on the accuracy of the measured distances for synthetics of various properties. The tests demonstrated a variable dependence of the measured

Time-dependent global gravity field models are available nowadays. The paper introduces an approach to generate geopotential earth models similar to GRACE models using such time-dependent global gravity field models. Such GRACE-similar models can then be used to estimate, for example, the Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS) for the months where GRACE data are not available. The paper gives the necessary

We assess the time-to-first-fix (TTFF) and the ambiguity fixing rate of two PPP wide-lane ambiguity resolution (WL-AR) methods, namely the geometry-based and ionospheric-free (GB-IF) method, and the geometry-free and ionospheric-free (GF-IF) method. First, an optimal GF-IF WL linear combination is selected based on the ratio between the code and carrier phase measurement noise ( RT). Then, the relation

Applications of low-cost single-frequency continuous GPS receivers for monitoring volcano and landslide activities as well as to complement dual-frequency receivers have been demonstrated to produce stable and accurate positioning. In studies of crustal deformation, the relative distance between monitoring stations may vary from several kilometers to tens of kilometers, hence the differential single-frequency

A modified TCAR method to improve the NL ambiguity resolution over medium-long baseline is presented. The estimated DD ionospheric delay derived from the Kalman-filter floating solution is adopted to modify the floating NL ambiguities. Modified by the smooth DD ionospheric delay, the NL ambiguity residuals are mostly within 0.5 cycles over medium-long baselines, showing a significant improvement in