The partial errors-in-variables (PEIV) model is a structured form of errors-in-variables (EIV) model reformulated by collecting all the independent random elements of the coefficient matrix. When some reliable inequality constraints are taken into account, the adjustment results of inequality constrained PEIV (ICPEIV) model are probably improved. In this contribution, we first present the optimality

In Turkey, calculation of the factors affecting the value of the condominium units of a building via 2D architectural project data leads to problems. One of the biggest problem is the land share calculation. The aim of this study was to establish a mechanism by which the properties of the factors affecting the value can be determined mathematically and to arrive at a value-based land share. For this

The goal of this paper is to compare academic and online GNSS processing services for CORS-TR. To determine whether differences in the coordinate components were statistically significant, statistical significance test and 3D coordinate transformation were applied. Furthermore, local coordinates analysed to show jumps that occurred to seismic events. While there are significant differences only in

In the absence of enough gauging stations for monitoring lake water level, three (3) methods are presented in this research: (1) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) backscatter from discrete object; (2) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) levelling; and (3) satellite altimetry. The results showed that the Laguna Lake water level is not homogeneous but instead varies at different locations. The GNSS

The major objective of this research is to investigate the progress of citizen participation in cadastral surveying and to consider ways on how to introduce gamification tools for further improvement. A brief literature review is presented in the areas of the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 related to land administration and citizen engagement, e-government and citizen participation and gamification

Imperial hegemony established by the Habsburg Monarchy relied upon proper mapping during its conquests. The need for the development of geodesy and establishing reference frames was important. Until the end of the First World War, Vojvodina belonged to the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, so all of its surveys were carried out as part of many organized land surveys in the Monarchy. Today, more than 100 years

The search procedure, as a part of the Modified Ambiguity Function Approach (MAFA), is conducted in the coordinate space. The main advantage of searching for a fixed solution in the coordinate domain, instead of in the ambiguity domain, is the constant search space dimension, which amounts to three. In contrast, an ambiguity space dimension can presently achieve over twenty when the positioning is

The advent of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Exploration (GOCE) has changed the global contribution in the determination of high-accuracy global geopotential models (GGMs). In this paper, a spectral expansion method is used to determine the combined GGMs, using the high-resolution EGM2008 model and residual terrain model (RTM)

This paper aims to design a method of multi-source data fusion in multi-target collaborative navigation. First, the respective features of GPS/INS/RS/MO data in the navigation process are clarified. Then a multi-source data fusion method is designed including GPS/INS data fusion with adaptive Kalman filter, RS/MO data fusion with ranging table matching of observation targets, and joint adjustment with

Fit-for-purpose land administration (FFPLA) concept is widely applied in the emerging land administration systems (LASs). This paper aims to contribute to the development of evaluation of the spatial aspect of FFPLA. A review of evaluation models for LASs is made in relation with rationale of FFPLA to identify gaps related to evaluation of a FFPLA and to build up milestones and measurement criteria

The goal of this paper is to evaluate the outlier identification performance of iterative Data Snooping (IDS) and L1-norm in levelling networks by considering the redundancy of the network, number and size of the outliers. For this purpose, several Monte-Carlo experiments were conducted into three different levelling networks configurations. In addition, a new way to compare the results of IDS based

Since 2006, several different groups have computed geoid and/or quasigeoid (quasi/geoid) models for the Auvergne test area in central France using various approaches. In this contribution, we compute and compare quasigeoid models for Auvergne using Curtin University of Technology’s and the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology’s approaches. These approaches differ in many ways, such as their treatment

The integration of survey-grade Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) with photogrammetric measurement studies conducted with an aircraft has the potential to meet the need for the use of ground control points (GCP). In photogrammetric studies, there are different GNSS techniques to provide the precise positioning of the aircraft. The precise point positioning (PPP) technique has become an alternative

The performance of precise point positioning (PPP) mainly depends on satellite orbit and clock accuracy. Ultra-rapid and rapid orbit/clock products have been creating by analysis centres (ACs) for time-critical applications. In this paper, GPS-, GLONASS-, Galileo-, and BeiDou (BDS-2)-only PPP with ultra-rapid and rapid products from seven ACs (i.e. CODE, ESA, IGS, GFZ, JPL, NRCan, and WUHAN) are investigated

The importance of geospatial data has rendered it to be used in decision-making in both public and private sectors. The purpose of this study was to employ Semantic Web Technology (SWT) for the problems of Web Service Composition (WSC) in the context of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI). Some of these problems are identifying the workflow sequence and the user goal, discovering services according

Cadastre in Turkey is executed as two-dimensional (2D) and parcel-based. The third dimension (3D) on land and real estate is shown in 2D on the map with permanent rights. The use of underground spaces cannot be registered. There are various problems in the registration and mapping of real estates that are under or above these excluded places. The research was motivated by some problems that have taken

In this study, a comprehensive assessment of four-satellite Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) constellation is conducted, including the quality of navigation signals, the accuracy of broadcast ephemeris, the availability of satellite constellation, the performance of single point positioning (SPP), the interoperability with GPS, and the inter-system bias (ISB) against GPS. Regarding the signal quality

This paper presents a 3D cadastral data model for buildings. A review of the relevant research shows that a common concept in the 3D cadastre domain is using the legal building unit, i.e. real property unit, as the core modelling unit. Alternatively, this study proposes using indoor space as a core modelling unit. The main reason is to enable the efficient integration of cadastral data with the data

Multi-constellation GNSS precise point positioning (PPP) typically uses the extended Kalman filter (EKF) for kinematic applications. Unfortunately, the obtained positioning accuracy in this approach is prone to errors caused by measurement outliers and the system’s dynamic model. An adaptive robust Kalman filter (RKF) was recently developed to mitigate these errors. However, RKF uses empirical values

Navigation in harsh environments mostly encounters many problems such as signal blocking due to a variety of obstacles around the receiver. Vectorised receiver has an architecture in which the channels can share the information. As a result, the strong channels aid the blocked one to reacquire the signal immediately after returning. However, if the output of a channel is undesirable, it may disrupt

A detailed discussion of the adjustment problems used to combine GNSS/levelling/gravity network data is provided in this paper. The two primary problems inherent to heterogeneous data networks, namely, parametric models that describe the datums and systematic distortions among the available data sets and stochastic models that describe the observational residuals, are described. For parametric models

If both the coefficient matrix and the observation vector are affected by noise, a total least-squares algorithm should be applied to obtain the solution. However, if they are also contaminated by outliers, the solution of the algorithm will seriously deviate from the true values. Therefore, the effect of outliers needs to be eliminated. For this purpose, the robust estimation is introduced into the

Determination of Cartesian coordinates of building can be performed using various surveying methods. One of these methods is real-time measurement in RTN GNSS mode. Therefore, tests were carried out that led to surveying contractors being presented with an alternative of using RTN GNSS surveys to determine the location of a building with high reliability and accuracy. This solution involves the harmonisation

Regular as-built surveys have become a necessary input for building information modelling. Such large-scale 3D data capturing can be conducted effectively by combining structure-from-motion and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Using a RTK-GNSS equipped UAV, 22 repeated weekly campaigns were conducted at two altitudes in various conditions. The photogrammetric approach yielded 3D models, which were compared

The first production-oriented strapdown airborne gravimetry in Turkey was carried out during fall 2019 over the Turkish Lake District. Comparisons at the large amounts of crossover points yield RMSE values below 1 mGal level, and the external comparison with the latest high-resolution global geopotential model (GGM) shows a mean bias of around 1.1 mGal where the largest deviations are observed on the

Forecasting future sea levels is of great importance in terms of the conservation of coastal areas, monitoring and forecasting coastal ecosystems, and the maintenance and planning of coastal structures. In addition, highly accurate sea level forecasts allow adequate water management policies and coastal infrastructures to be developed. Today, many methods, such as harmonic analyses, artificial neural

A constrained extended Kalman filter (CEKF) based on least-squares variance component estimation (LS-VCE) is generally developed by condition equations since the proper prediction of dispersion matrices is one of the main bottlenecks in the KF algorithms. Here we investigate four problems which have not been simultaneously considered yet. These problems are examination of non-linearty of dynamic model

Before now, the various studies that have been undertaken to investigate the positioning performance of GNSS Online Services have been limited with regard to both time and number of sessions. Within the scope of this study, the accuracy of the velocity models estimated by APPS and AUSPOS are analysed using a wider period. Local ISKI CORS Network stations are used as the subject. To generate true values

A Lambert Conformal Conic (LCC) projection with two true-scale parallels of latitudes ϕl and ϕu can be recast in a LCC projection with one standard parallel of latitude ϕ0 and scale k0 , having the practical advantage that the same type of definition can be used for the two conformal projections universally used: LCC and Transverse Mercator (TM). While equations giving ϕ0 and k0 in terms ϕl and ϕu

This paper adapts and discusses the information criterion (IC) approach for the validation of baseline GNSS observation models in the context of outliers. Three IC methods are compared with the conventional procedure of iterative data snooping (IDS). To verify the reliability of the two considered approaches, several scenarios differing in: the magnitude and number of outliers, and the interval between

The paper describes the model for coordinate transformation between ETRS89 and old reference system in the Republic of Srpska. The Helmert’s parameters were estimated, based on a set of 1741 points. The average magnitude of residuals was 0.3 m per coordinate and they were homogeneous at the local level. The basic model was complemented by a corrections grid that uses bilinear interpolation. The accuracy

Land consolidation project has many stages. Land reallocation is the most considerable stage in which many factors play a role and forms the basis of this project. In this study, a new optimisation-based reallocation model has been developed to realise block reallocation by evaluating the requests of landowners. The reallocation according to the developed method also reset the block spaces automatically

The main purpose of this study is to propose an interoperable land valuation data model for residential properties as an extension of the national geographic data infrastructure (GDI) and to make mass valuation process applicable with the use of machine learning approach. As an example, random forest (RF) ensemble algorithm was implemented in Pendik district of Istanbul to evaluate the prediction performance

To develop a high-accuracy method for predicting SCB based on the analysis of the shortcomings of the wavelet neural network (WNN) model, an improved WNN model to predict SCB is proposed herein. The activation function of the WNN is constructed by combining the advantages of Shannon and Gauss ‘window’ functions to improve the WNN. Finally, the improved WNN model is used to predict SCB. The results

The concepts of three-dimensional cadastre (3D) and property ownership led to increased interest in land use management and research towards the end of the 90s. Within the scope of these studies, international standards and definitions have been realised. In Turkey, there are some academic studies available. However, there are not many studies conducted on an institutional basis. Turkey cadastre carried

Turkey has produced cadastral data using different methods until today. Therefore, not all the data are the same standard in quality. Three different methods (correction, digitisation and updating) have been applying for update. Choosing the right method will save significant time and cost. Also, surveying the fixed boundaries will give the most accurate results. However, this is not always possible

How to accurately estimate the probability integral parameters based on the measured data has always been a difficult point in the application of the probability integral method. This paper introduced FWA into the solution of the probability integral method for the first time. Based on the analysis of strengths and weaknesses of FWA, IFWA (improved fireworks algorithm) was proposed. Then, the IFWA-based

The cycle slip detection and repair are crucial steps in the preprocessing of GNSS carrier phase observation. Currently, however, there are few cycle slip detection and repair methods that can meet the data processing needs for diverse situations. To solve this problem, a highly adaptable cycle slip detection and repair method is proposed. First, a cycle slip detection equation is established using

The existing filtering methods for airborne LiDAR point cloud have low accuracy. An adaptive filtering algorithm is proposed which is improved based on multilevel resolution algorithm. First double index structure of Octree and KDtree is established. Then the initial reference surface is constructed by ground seed points. According to the slope fluctuation situation, the grid resolution of the ground

In different Geodetic networks the observations are measured repetitively. These observations, called original observations, are independent. At the design stage of the deformation monitoring network, either the mean value of the original observations or the original observations may be considered. Conventional Deformation Analysis (CDA) is based on the ordinary Least Square Estimation (LSE) that uses

Over the 50 years of its existence, Baarda’s concept of reliability has been used as a standard practice for the quality control in geodesy and surveying. In this study, we analysed the pioneering work of Baarda (Publ Geod New Ser 2(4) 1967; Publ Geod New Ser 2(5) 1968) and recent studies on the subject. We highlighted that the advent of personal computers with powerful processors has rendered Monte

A robust Kalman filter algorithm is proposed to solve nonlinear errors-in-variables dynamic problems in the presence of outliers. This algorithm is robust constrained integrated total Kalman filter (RCITKF). The method iteratively reweights the predicted solution when the observable quantities are contaminated by gross errors (outliers). It can impose the quadratic constrains which may appear in some

The aim of this paper is to show that natural watercourses surveying gives the best results using integrated measurement methods (classical surveying and LiDAR). The paper contains comparison of the riverbed DTM results obtained using LiDAR data in relation to data derived from direct measurements. The paper involved the performance of appropriate tests on selected structures using integrated measurement

In Ghana, the constitution recognises stool land revenues as a principal source of funding local economic development. However, there has been a lacuna on the collection and disbursement of family land revenues. The study examines ground rent collection and disbursement on family land, revenue losses and the capacity of family landowners to assess and collect ground rents. The analyses show ground

The article describes a detailed analysis of the modernisation procedure for cadastral data in Poland in both theoretical and practical aspects. Modernisation of the cadastral system is an essential tool to ensure both the continuity in time and the timeliness of cadastral data. In Poland, the function of the Cadastre is served by a public register known as the Land and Building Cadastre which records

Multi-temporal high-density terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) datasets are processed to delineating possible movements from terrain surfaces and trees. Terrain surface movements are estimated with the help of segmentation and random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm. Tree movements are interpreted by iterative closest point (ICP) solved translations and rotations of tree point clouds. The capabilities

The knowledge innovation value chain (KIVC) model and land administration domain model (LADM) are applied for Mozambique. The study focus moving forward along the value chain using the conceptual components of LADM as the starting point to meet the societal and market demands by relevant ministry and Municipality of Maputo. The Municipality is developing an Integrated Municipal Management System (SIGEM)

If the usability of orthophotos of aerial images and high-resolution satellite images in cadastre renewal works is ensured, the state cadastre can be maintained and constantly updated. For this purpose, three pilot fields in Konya, Adana and Şanlıurfa were selected. In these fields, land surveys were made with a CORS method by using GPS. The coordinates were obtained by using orthophotos in Konya (1/2000

While in the times of feudalism the land was a source of wealth, having only a financial value, today it has become valuable as a limited resource. It should not be forgotten land is becoming scarce, so it must be very well planned and managed. In order for cemeteries to be sustainable and effectively manageable, it is essential to collect, store and examine information related to these sites like

(2020). Embedding the sustainability development goals in Survey Review’s remit. Survey Review: Vol. 52, No. 373, pp. 287-288.

An unscented total Kalman filter (UTKF) estimator with nonlinear dynamic errors-in-variables (DEIV) model is derived based on correlational inference. The proposed UTKF considers all random errors in both system and observation equations and is a Jacobian matrix free alternative to the existing TKF estimators. In particular, this estimator is applied to the inertial navigation system (INS)/ultra-wideband

This paper proposes methods for the determination of covariance matrices of Msplit(q) estimators. The solutions presented here allow Msplit(q) estimation to be supplemented by the operations from the domain of accuracy analysis (especially that concerning estimators of parameters). Theoretical forms of covariance matrices of Msplit(q) estimators were established using the empirical influence functions

Land readjustment is a property formation process which rearranges the geometries of cadastral parcels and immovable property rights thereof in accordance with land use plans. The literature presents several studies which analyze the effectiveness of land readjustment in various countries. This article aims to contribute to the existing work by presenting an analysis for the Turkish case study based

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems are known to capture high density and accuracy data much more efficiently than other surveying methods. Therefore they are used for many applications, e.g. mobile mapping and surveying, 3D modelling, hazard detection, etc. However, while the accuracy of the laser measurements is very high, the accuracy of the resulting 3D point cloud is greatly affected by

To overcome the problem that a fixed estimator is contaminated by a system error for the ambiguity be misjudged in the GNSS precise positioning, a reliable integer float estimator is recommended. Accordingly, the method for determining a finite number of integer vectors based on a given reliability probability is proposed, the formula for calculating the variance matrix of the recommended estimator

If the eyepiece of a total station is replaced with a CCD sensor, the most important task is to calibrate the instrument. Calibration establishes a connection between the readings on the horizontal and vertical circles of the total station and the readings in the coordinate system of the CCD sensor. Our calibration method uses a collimator in a few meters distance, which serves as a target at infinity

To evaluate the benefit of a measurement procedure onto the estimated parameters, the dispersion of the parameters is usually used. To draw objective conclusions, unbiased or at least almost unbiased estimates are required. In geodesy, most of the functional relations are nonlinear but the statistical properties of the estimates are usually obtained by a linearised substitute-problem. Since the statistical

This research aims to analyze variation in a time series of Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV time series) using data at 11 widely-distributed Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) in Thailand. In this paper, the PWV time series is estimated based on data from 2007 to 2015, used to monitor trends and seasonal variations. Significant annual variations of PWV are found at all GNSS stations, with

Existing approaches that describe the quality of inequality constrained estimates are not sufficient to meet the demands of inequality constrained least-square problems. We reconstruct the existing Monte Carlo method by converting the sampling space from observation space to parameter space, and propose a workflow to improve the computational efficiency. The proposed method is verified by a straight-line

The main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of observation sampling rate on the PPP performance, in terms of positioning accuracy and convergence time, under different multi-GNSS combinations. For this purpose, daily observation datasets collected at ten IGS-MGEX (International GNSS Service-Multi-GNSS Experiment) stations during the 1-week period of January 6-12, 2019 with 1-s, 5-s