In cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings, in order to reduce the disturbing transmission of sound over the flanking parts, special insulation layers are used between the CLT walls and slabs, together with insulated angle-bracket connections. However, the influence of such CLT connections and insulation layers on the seismic resistance of CLT structures has not yet been studied. In this paper, experimental

Chlorothalonil (CTL), an organic biocide, was successfully incorporated into polylactic acid-co-polyethylene glycol (PLA-PEG) nanoparticles via nanoprecipitation method. The hydrodynamic particle size and CTL loading efficiency of synthesized CTL-PLA-PEG nanoparticles were 12.8 ± 0.2 nm and 65.9 ± 0.4%, respectively. Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) samples were treated with 0.025% w/v aqueous suspension

Based on the idea of first producing small-size CLT panels and afterward connecting them using finger joints to make larger CLT panels, finger-jointed CLT test specimens were fabricated by setting experimental parameters such as the kind of finger joint (large or normal), the combination of finger joint strength (strong–strong, or weak–weak) and the number of layers, and ply (3L3P, 5L5P, and 5L7P)

The effects of the radial force applied by a ring tip debarker and the rake angle on debarking quality of frozen and unfrozen black spruce logs were studied. A one-arm ring debarker prototype was built, which controlled the radial force, the rake angle, and the cutting and feed speeds. The experiment consisted of debarking logs using three radial forces for each temperature (− 20 °C and + 20 °C) with

The prevailing approach of total clearing to contain the spread of invasive plants (IP) in South Africa is generating enormous lignocellulosic wastes. This study examined the possibility of utilizing these wastes in the production of geopolymer composites for use in outdoor environments. Untreated wood particles from Acacia mearnsii and A. longifolia, as well as sugarcane bagasse residues, were incorporated

It is important to know the changes in the mechanical properties of wood during freezing for engineering calculations of the wood material to be used in cold environments. Although this is important, the mechanical properties of wood at temperatures below − 100 °C have rarely been studied. In this study, the effects of cryogenic temperature (− 196 °C) on the bending strength, modulus of elasticity

Wood has the ability to absorb and desorb moisture, which can affect its dimensional size when in use. Limiting this can provide products with greater shape stability and less stresses on external coatings. One method that has been investigated for achieving this has been through chemical modification. In this work, the dimensional stabilisation imparted to Scots pine sapwood by chemical modification

The mass loss kinetics of thermally modified wood species was analyzed as a time–temperature function. European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), English oak (Quercus robur L.), Norwegian spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood specimens of dimensions 20 × 20 × 10 mm3 were thermally modified at 140 °C, 160 °C, 180 °C, 200 °C and 220 °C for 1–6 h using atmospheric pressure

Composite lattice sandwich structures have the characteristics of light weight and high strength. In this study, a wood-based XX-type lattice sandwich structure was fabricated by a type of insertion-glue method, using wood-plastic composites (WPC) and oriented strand boards (OSB) as panels, and birch and glass-fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) as cores. The mechanical properties and failure modes of

This work analyses the influence of intermediate strain rates, between 25 and 75 s−1, on compressive behaviour of agglomerated cork. Quasi-static and dynamic compressive tests on an agglomerated cork with two different densities were carried out. This work complements previous research focused on higher strain rates. The influence of strain rate on less studied properties as densification strain or

This research examined beech bark from a plywood manufacturer to determine its effectiveness in reducing wastes, protecting the ecological environment, and producing more eco-friendly wood-based materials. Beech bark was characterized and evaluated as an adhesive filler in plywood manufacturing, and the effects on the bonding quality and the formaldehyde emission of the plywood panels were examined

A series of single-grit cutting tests were performed with spherical cone tools on sugar maple (Acer saccharum) wood to investigate its surface creation and cutting behavior. The tools with apex angles 2\(\alpha\) = 84\(^\circ\) and 2\(\alpha\)= 108\(^\circ\) were selected to clarify the effect of negative rake angles. It was found that there was no discernable pile-up on both sides of the scratches

Rosewood species are used around the world in musical instrument component manufacture, most commonly for the use as the guitar fretboard. Due to the overuse of these species, rosewood has been declared an endangered wood necessitating alternatives to be sourced with similar desirable characteristics. Dynamic testing was performed on Australian high-density hardwood species with a density range of

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a new generation of engineered wood product developed initially in Europe and has been used in North America for various applications. CLT is composed of at least three layers of lumber boards stacked crosswise in orthogonally alternating orientation to the adjacent layers. CLT has been gaining popularity and increasing application areas in the construction industry

In this paper, the dynamic properties of a point-supported cross-laminated timber slab are studied in order to determine the elastic material parameters on this basis. A detailed experimental modal analysis of the slab with dimensions 16.0 m x 11.0 m is performed, and seven modes including the natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shape components at 651 sensor positions are identified. The

The lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses in wood are polymers that behave similarly to the artificial polymers and are bonded together in wood. Lignin differs from the other two substances by its highly branched, amorphous, three-dimensional structure. Under appropriate conditions, the moist lignin incorporated in the wood softens at about 100 °C and allows the molecules of it to deform in the cell

Thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) processing can improve the intrinsic properties of wood, produce new materials, and give desired form and function to new applications. THM treatments change the mechanical properties of wood and may change its viscoelastic properties as well. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the viscoelastic properties of THM-treated wood at several humidity and load

The assessment of a company’s financial condition is an effective tool, which supports the management system. Nowadays a number of models are available, most often multi-branch ones, which are able to predict the financial situation of an enterprise. Models solely intended for just one line of business are a rarity. As far as the wood sector is concerned, no homogenous model suited to the sector has

Geopolymer was used as a multifunctional mineral binder to produce laminated veneer lumber (LVL). The main aim of the study was to characterize the various geopolymer binder formulations based on natural kaolin, metakaolin and silica fume. The effect of different combinations of aluminosilicate powder in geopolymer binder was characterized via FTIR, XRD and TGA analysis. The mechanical (shear, bending

Beech laminated veneer lumber (LVL) circular hollow sections for use as nails in temporary geotechnical soil nailing systems were developed within this research. For the soil wall stability, beside a sufficient load carrying capacity of the nail cross section, a load carrying connection between the cement annulus and the nail is necessary. As cement grout ensures the bond between the nails and soil

Wood is an indispensable building material for modern structures. As a kind of biological material, it is more likely than other materials to be affected by the environment. It has been shown that the effect of long-term exposure to humidity will accelerate the decrease in mechanical properties and long-term strength of wood and wood-based products. The most commonly used methods for studying the deterioration

The basic properties of compression wood (CW), lateral wood (LW), and opposite wood (OW) in Sumatran pine and Agathis woods were evaluated according to the Korean Standard. CW showed the highest green and oven-dry density, longitudinal shrinkage, shear and compressive strengths but had the smallest green moisture content (GMC) and radial and tangential shrinkages. LW and OW showed a similarity in the

Alkali solution immersion is widely used as a pretreatment process during bamboo and wood product manufacturing. In this study, a surface analysis on bamboo chips pre-treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at room temperature was performed. The influence of this treatment on the bamboo surface color, microstructure, surface chemical composition, and biological resistance was evaluated. The surface color

Wood packaging materials (WPMs) are widely used for collecting, storing and trading a wide range of products, including fresh fruit, vegetables and grains. The occurrence of moulds on WPMs used in the food industry must be avoided at every stage of the supply chain. This study aimed at (1) characterising fungal mould populations developing on fresh boards of hardwoods (European beech and poplar) and

There are only few cases where the wear of elements of wooden check dams installed in a mountain stream has been investigated, and the actual state of the progress of wear has not been clarified. The purpose of this study was to clarify the progress of wear on the elements of the wooden check dam in flowing water. A wear survey was carried out on the elements of the wooden check dam in the Tsubokesawa

Cork and cork agglomerates could be suitable replacements for petroleum-based polymeric foams due to their similar internal structure of cells and grains. Additionally, cork products have a renewable origin and are recyclable. Despite these notable properties, few studies have analysed the mechanical properties, especially the specific properties, of these materials under compressive loads. Moreover

Bamboo scrimber, a bio-material which is made of bamboo, has been considered as a substitute material in place of wood in China under the situation of increasing contradiction between supply and demand of wood resources. In the last decades, the fabrication technology of bamboo scrimber has been improved, which promotes the applications of this material. Especially in China where the bamboo scrimber

To investigate the influence of the drying process on the bonding properties of laminated wood, a poplar veneer was impregnated with low molecular-weight phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin and laminated wood was created and studied. The effects of drying temperature, drying time and solid content of the PF resin on the moisture content (MC) of the impregnated veneer after drying and the shear strength

This paper presents a comprehensive experimental and numerical investigation to design novel engineered wood products (EWPs), namely adhesive-free laminated beams (AFLB) and adhesive-free cross-laminated timber (AFCLT) panels, for the first time. Thermo-mechanically compressed wood (CW) dowels were used as a joint element as an alternative to the traditional glue and metallic fasteners. The following

A fire retardant composite adhesive for bonding wood and wood-based elements has been developed and characterized. To obtain the enhanced fire-proof properties of the wood adhesive dispersion based on the poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), ceramic fillers (17.5 wt% total)—alumina, silica, kaolin and glass fibers were applied. Moreover, fire retardants such as melamine, melamine phosphate and melamine polyphosphate

Predicting the properties of structural timber using a rapid and reliable non-destructive method is a critical quality control task in production. This study investigates using infrared spectroscopy for predicting the density, moduli of elasticity (MOE) and rupture (MOR) of two structural softwoods. Because the produced timber is sometimes planed during manufacturing resulting in a smooth surface finish

Driven by the need for productivity and recovery, rotary veneer peeling for softwood plywood manufacturing has changed from the use of a small 5/8-inch (15.88 mm) diameter roller bar to a big roller bar with diameter ranging from 2.50 to 3.75 inches (63.50 to 95.25 mm). This study focused on the effects of conditioning temperature on veneer quality using a big roller bar. A 4-ft (1.22 m) pilot plant

Acidic aluminum sulfate hydrolysis solutions can be used to catalyze the thermal degradation of wood in a mild temperature environment, and thus reduce the temperature required for heat treatment process. To improve the dimensional and thermal stability of Chinese fir during heat treatment at 120 °C, 140 °C and 160 °C, this study investigated the effects of soaking pretreatment with 5%, 10% and 15%

This study presents an analysis of the structure and properties of different types of lignocellulosic fillers modified by isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) to provide insights into the possibility of their application to the manufacturing of wood polymer composites (WPCs). Moreover, it deals with the environmental aspects of modified fillers, by assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted

Merbau (Intsia spp.) heartwood is a highly valued commercial wood but has problems with extractive bleeding when used as a construction material outdoors. The metal complexation method is one solution to resolve this problem. However, properties of merbau heartwood extracts would be modified and the anti-weathering ability changed. This study investigates the wood photo-protection ability of the merbau

In the original publication, the second author name was incorrectly published as Hassan Babar.

Previous studies indicate that wooden environments could produce more positive emotions, more delightful sense of color, odor, light and less fatigue for occupants. The purpose of this study was to examine the gender differences in human psychological responses to three different types of wooden indoor environments. 10 female and 10 male participants were enrolled randomly in the experiment. The Profile

Australian hardwood species have potential in musical instrumentation replacing hardwood species such as Dalbergia latifolia (Indian rosewood- IRW) which is the main species used in guitar fretboard production. In this study, a detailed characterisation was conducted using dynamic and static testing to determine samples’ mechanical strength. Dynamic testing was conducted using non-destructive acoustic

Bamboo culms are unique building materials for various kinds of structures. A wider acceptance of bamboo for structural uses, however, is often hindered by its propensity to biological degradation. The preservation of bamboo structures against biological hazards is an important requirement for utilizing this valuable lignocellulose resource. In this research, first, the chemical composition of bamboo

Ring shake is a widespread phenomenon affecting a great number of species of both softwood and hardwood and is found in trees grown in temperate and tropical climates. Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) represents one of the most important hardwood timbers that is very often affected by ring shake. This defect seems to be the only real limit to the spread and use of chestnut wood worldwide on a scale

In this paper, a wood-based X-type lattice sandwich structure was manufactured via a type of insertion-glue method. Oriented strand board (OSB) was used as panel, birch was used as core and epoxy resin was used as adhesive. The compression behavior of the wood-based X-type lattice sandwich structure with different drilling depth (9 mm, 12 mm, and 15 mm), core spacing (12 mm, 30 mm and 48 mm) and core

Wood polymer composites (WPCs) were prepared via compression molding technique using wood flour and methacrylic anhydride modified epoxidized soybean oil (MAESO) copolymerized with triallyl maleopimarate (TMPA). Various percentages of TMPA were incorporated into the composite system to compare the properties of the final WPCs. TMPA was synthesized from rosin acid and the chemical structure was characterized

Timber sheet pile walls are widely used for the protection of stream banks in different parts of the world. However, there is a tendency to create more sustainable types of stream banks not only because exploitable wood is more difficult to obtain, but also because of disturbance to the natural habitat of plants and animals due to hard embankments. In the Netherlands alone, about 2500 km of engineered

In this study, two single wood treatments—copper impregnation (I) with thermo-hydro treatment (T) and vice versa—were combined to determine the effectiveness against wood decay fungi. Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood and birch (Betula spp.) boards were treated accordingly, then cut into small-size specimens and exposed to brown rot (Coniophora puteana) and white rot (Trametes versicolor) fungi to

The wood industries focus their efforts on improving the productivity and efficiency of their operations to increase their competitiveness. There is a notable interest in the model development to assist autonomous control systems within the operations of the wood industry. For this, it is very important to know the behavior of the different outputs in the production process, such as the power consumption

Cross laminated timber (CLT), as a structural plate-like timber product, has been established as a load bearing product for walls, floor and roof elements. In a bending situation due to the transverse shear flexibility of the crossing layers, the warping of the cross section follows a zigzag pattern which should be considered in the calculation model. The Refined Zigzag Theory (RZT) can fulfill this

Wooden or wood-plastic composite surfaces are often valued for their aesthetic appearance and the quality of the surface. Independent from the technology, the surface features may be assessed using typical roughness parameters. In this paper, a pneumatic non-contact method is proposed. Despite certain limitations in surface characteristics measurement, air gauges proved to be a good tool for wooden

The anisotropic material behavior of wood, considered as a cylindrically orthotropic material with annual rings, leads to several different failure mechanisms already under uniaxial stresses. Stress interaction becomes important in the engineering design of structural elements and is often predicted by failure criteria based on uniaxial properties. The prediction quality of failure criteria has been

Melamine-impregnated paper is an important component in the production of high pressure laminates and melamine faced boards. The two most vital quality control parameters assessed during the production of impregnated paper are resin content and volatile content. This work explored the creation of near-infrared (NIR) reflectance models to assess these parameters. A laboratory scale computer-controlled

The study assessed the peeling potential of rubber trees past the prime latex-producing age when the latex yields become non-economical. Fifteen 25-year-old plantation-grown trees were harvested and peeled using spindleless lathe technology. Following peeling, veneer sheets were measured and graded to determine volume and quality recoveries. Relationships between billet characteristics and recoveries

Finger joints with standard geometries and adhesives used for joining coniferous wood are not sufficient in terms of strength when gluing beech wood. A numerical model of finger joined beech lamellas was prepared and simulations of tension tests were made. Parametric studies with multiple variables referring to geometrical properties of finger joints and two different types of applied adhesives were

The aim of the experimental study presented here is to investigate the correlation between adhesive penetration and mechanical performances of wood-based composites. For this purpose, oriented strand boards were made with poplar uni-strands and PF resin. To make differences in resin penetration, strand moisture content (MC) and resin solid content (SC) were selected as variables of the experiment.

Antitermitic potential of heartwood extractives of five Malaysian wood species against the subterranean termite, Coptotermes gestroi was investigated in laboratory experiments. Heartwood extractives of the wood species, Cinnamomum sp., Canarium littorale Blume, Cynometra malaccensis Meeuwen, Eugenia griffithii Duthie and Scorodocarpus borneensis (Baill.) Becc. were removed from wood sawdust using the

The main parameter that influences the bending strength of timber from tropical hardwood is the slope of grain. Although, in the grading rules, a specific threshold value is given, in these hardwoods, the global slope of grain is very difficult to quantify by visual assessment. The slope of grain measured after testing gives a better indication, but still it can only poorly describe the Hankinson relations

Pressure is an important process parameter that greatly influences the density of biomass pellets. The positive number of Poisson’s ratio of biomasses makes pelletising possible in ring die and flat die types of pelletisers, because as a consequence of the longitudinal direction of load, the material strains into the radial direction. The radial strain is obstructed by the channel wall and therefore

Detection of local wood inhomogeneities is important for accurate strength and stiffness prediction. In hardwood specimens, visual characteristics (e.g. knots or fibre deviation) are difficult to detect, either with a visual surface inspection or by the machine. Transversal ultrasound scan (TUS) is a non-destructive evaluation method with high potential for hardwoods. The method relies on differences

Strength grading is an important step for the production of homogenous and high-quality solid wood material. In particular, for hardwoods, the use of non-visible characteristics is indispensable. Dynamic MOE (Edyn) is an important parameter widely used for grading of softwoods and applicable to hardwoods as well. There are two common ways to measure Edyn—ultrasound (US) wave propagation and longitudinal

The integration of buildings into vegetation has become a necessity in many metropolitan areas of the world today. It expands the potential of vertical and horizontal, exterior and interior, exposed and enclosed spaces in a building that can be used to accommodate plants. Green infrastructures have benefits both on urban and building scales. They can be categorized into green roofs and vertical greenery

Wood-based sandwich composite with a paper honeycomb core, especially for thick boards, has the advantage of high strength-to-weight ratio for the use in lightweight furniture products, interior walls etc. Employing both theoretical and experimental methods, this study investigated the influencing factors of various failure modes and its transition to obtain optimized structural parameters after a

Wood drying is the most time- and energy-consuming process in the wood industry. Without proper optimization of the drying process, an attempt to reduce drying time and energy by accelerating the drying rate might easily result in the creation of various defects within the kiln-dried lumber. To overcome this susceptibility, the drying and anatomical characteristics of Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica)