The formaldehyde-free tannin adhesive (AcBTanGlu) was synthesized by bark extractives of Acacia confusa and hexamethylenetetramine, and was further used for production of the oriented bamboo scrimber board (OBSB) in this study. When Acacia bark extract tannins are mixed with 2% hexamethylenetetramine, the OBSB pressed at a hot pressing temperature of 150 °C for 15 min can obtain the maximum mechanical

Wood fibre insulation boards (WFIB) are typically made from softwood fibres. However, due to the rapid decrease in softwood stands in Germany, the industry will be forced to adapt to the wood market. Therefore, alternative approaches for the substitution of softwood with hardwood will be needed in the fibre industry. The objective of this paper is to address the characterisation of hardwood fibres

Due to a variety of applications and complex requirements in specific fields of use, the number of different materials is increasing. Thereof, the majority fails at the stage of market introduction, because the focus of material development is mostly on technical aspects, while market aspects are often neglected. One possible way of market introduction is material substitution. Thereby, requirements

This research aims to investigate, with the aid of the Brazilian standard NBR 7190, analysis of variance (ANOVA—5% significance) and the regrouping bootstrap technique, the influence of the provenance regions Bonfim, Mucajaí and Claudia on the physical and mechanical properties (twenty properties and 720 determinations) of Angelim-pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke.) and to assess the possibility of

Wood is a renewable resource that has been used as a material in appearance products for years. Despite its acceptable mechanical resistance, different modification processes were developed to enhance wood’s hardness and make it an even more durable material. Impregnating wood pores with monomers under vacuum-pressure cycle is a common method for that purpose. However, most implemented processes are

In accordance with sustainable economic and social development, Europe supports the use of energy from renewable sources to decrease the use of fossil fuels. Among renewable energy sources, wood, especially production wood waste from the supply chain, represents an exploitable source in line with a circular economy development. In this context, processing of residues produced by wood companies becomes

The color parameters of untreated wood powder and wood powder after warm-press forming were measured according to standard colorimetric systems. The composition of the sample was tested by wet chemistry technique. The chemical compositions of the sample after warm-press forming were analyzed by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV–Vis. The results showed that as the forming temperature

Lipophilic extractives of wood cause pitch deposition during pulp and paper production, leading to serious economic losses and environmental pollution. Natural seasoning of wood material before pulping can reduce wood extractives, but there is no control of the pulp yield and quality. Pretreatment of the wood chips with selected fungi is regarded as better controlled seasoning with effective removal

The anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) of heat-treated wood was investigated by meta-analysis. The effects of material- and technology-related factors were quantified. The results showed that ASE after heat treatment was strongly dependent on the growth information of wood (e.g., its climate location, cultivation method, hardwood or softwood, and heartwood or sapwood) and on the technology-related factors

The effects of nano-sepiolite (NS) on fire properties of unheated and heat-treated fir wood were studied using a newly developed apparatus. Separate sets of specimens were prepared to be painted with plain acrylic-latex paint and NS-treated paint as well. Heat treatment of specimens was carried out in a laboratory oven at 185 ºC and under atmospheric air pressure. Six fire properties were measured

The integration of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) with machine learning techniques can be an adequate method for discrimination of wood species with commercial value. The aim of this study was to discriminate wood samples marketed as “Louros” from the Brazilian Amazon based on near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning techniques. Samples of louro vermelho, louro branco, louro pimenta, louro

The moisture content (MC) of felled trees has a direct impact on transportation costs and efficiency. Transpirational (or field) drying of fallen trees, to reduce MC and subsequently improve the economics of transport can be employed; however, an understanding of seasonal drying rates is required. Typically load cells have been used to track moisture changes in bundles of logs but where access is limited

The swelling kinetics of native and thermally modified wood was studied. Norway spruce, Scots pine, European beech, and English oak specimens of dimensions 20 × 20 × 10 mm were modified at 180, 200, and 220 °C. The swelling kinetics of the specimens was monitored during 24 h of water immersion. The results are presented as relative swelling rate, and values for maximal radial and tangential swelling

Plasma treatment combined with air spray atomization (ASA) can improve the resin spread rate while manufacturing plywood and reduce the manufacturing cost and consumption of chemicals. To provide a mechanistic understanding of the interfacial adhesion of plywood with reduced resin spread rate, plywood prepared by ASA and roller coating (RC) was compared. The obtained results suggest that atomized resin

The bark of the Astronium lecointei Ducke tree, a species native to the Brazilian Amazon, was characterized in relation to anatomical and chemical features. The chemical composition was studied for the first time. The bark of A. lecointei has a periderm with thick phellem layer and the phloem has abundant sieve tube members and a conspicuous presence of sclerified nodules of sclereids. The mean chemical

As charcoal is used in the silicon metal process, reactivity towards SiO is one of the most important properties that has strong effects on silicon recovery. The purpose of this study was to analyze anatomical properties of wood and charcoal, define a procedure to express the SiO reactivity in a simpler and more cost-efficient manner and indicate one or more clones of Eucalyptus with the greatest potential

Wood pulp-based wetlaid/spunlace (wetlace) materials have become increasingly popular in the field of disposable personal hygiene moist wipes. To achieve excellent products, materials with different short-cut fibers and proportions were fabricated, and the effects of moisture contents on the wet strength and handle properties of the materials were firstly investigated. The results suggest that the

Surface tension of solid wood surfaces affects the wettability and thus the adhesion of various adhesives and wood coatings. By measuring the contact angle of the wood, the surface tension can be calculated based on the Young-Dupré equation. Several publications have reported on contact angle measured with different test liquids, under different conditions. Results can only be compared if the test

Bamboo scrimber is a unidirectional natural fibrous composite material. It has a broad prospect to be used as a construction material due to its outstanding physical and mechanical properties, especially the mechanical properties along the fibre direction. This study performed the uniaxial longitudinal tensile and compressive tests on bamboo scrimber and presented two stress–strain constitutive models

The research determined the resistance to compression and low velocity impact of wood-based sandwich panels, the face sheet made of high-density fiber board, and high pressure laminate, while its auxetic lattice core was made by 3D printing using LayWood bio-composite filament. The core's auxetic property (i.e. exhibiting negative Poisson's ratio) was observed within the planes parallel to the facings

In search for greener building materials, geopolymer wood composites (GWC) were produced through alkali activation of fly ash, using pine and eucalypt wood particles. The study examined the influence of grinding fly ash, wood species and hot water treatment of wood particles on the physical properties and specific compressive strength of GWC before and after 200 cycles of soaking and drying. Ash-grinding

In this paper, a new method of measuring slicing checks for flat-sliced veneers was evaluated. The method is based on image analysis of veneer cross-sections, having highlighted the slicing checks using surface staining. The segmentation of the checks consists of global thresholding followed by some morphological operations. The outputs of the algorithm are check depth ratio and check frequency. The

The purpose of this study was to use furfurylation to enhance the resistance of wood to subterranean termite attack. Wood samples were obtained from four fast-growing tropical wood species, namely sengon (Falcataria moluccana), jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba), mangium (Acacia mangium), and pine (Pinus merkusii), felled at a short cutting rotation. Specimens were impregnated with furfuryl alcohol (FA)

After thermal modification at 210 °C using the Thermowood method, changes in Pinus radiata D. Don wood cell wall components and hygroscopicity were studied for subsequent comparison with recently felled wood of the same species in samples from the same region of provenance (Basque Country, Spain). To this end, samples were characterised by sorption isotherms at 15, 35 and 50 °C fitted to the Guggenheim–Anderson–de

To prevent defects caused by drying collapse, transverse pre-mechanical compression with lateral restraint of green oil palm wood (OPW) before kiln-drying was performed. OPW specimens were divided according to specific gravity into low density (LD 0.22 ± 0.05) and medium-density (MD 0.33 ± 0.02) groups. Effects of compressive strain (0–0.65) and strain rate (0.01–1.0/min) on moisture removal and wood

The majority of the Mozambican population use charcoal from natural forests to satisfy their domestic energy needs. Nevertheless, few studies have been done aiming at assessing the quality of wood used for charcoal production and its relationship with the sustainable use of natural forests. Most of the studies on charcoal production and marketing in Mozambique are aimed at understanding its contribution

The influence of the grain angle on the cutting force when milling wood is not yet detailed, apart from particular cases (end-grain, parallel to the grain, or in some rare cases 45°-cut). Thus, setting-up wood machining operations with complex paths still relies mainly on the experience of the operators because of the lack of scientific knowledge easily transferable to the industry. The aim of the

The composition of tall oil fatty acids includes rosin acids and unsaponifiable substances as impurities. The latter include stilbenes. The total content of stilbenes in tall oil and fatty acids can reach 1%. The presence of stilbenes contributes to the deterioration of fatty acids color during storage and production of some derivatives. The existing methods for removing stilbenes are based on the

Raw pine wood processing and especially its mechanical processing constitute a significant share among technological operations leading to obtaining a finished product. Stable implementation of machining operations, ensuring long-term repeatable processing results depends on many factors, such as quality and invariability of raw material, technical condition of technological equipment, adopted parameters

The bamboo scrimber has been widely used in building materials and interior decoration. However, the bamboo scrimber is very vulnerable to mold due to the rich nutrients in bamboo parenchyma cells. In this study, a thermal treatment with saturated vapor was employed to improve the mold-proof property of bamboo scrimber. Four kinds of mold (Botryodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium citrinum

Charcoal is a widely used barbecue product that comes into direct and indirect contact with the foods ingested. Thus, it must have adequate technical characteristics so that its consumption is not harmful to the environment and human beings. This study aimed to investigate the quality of charcoal for use in domestic barbecue, relating different brands and commercial categories. Products from different

In the original publication of the article

Formaldehyde scavenger agent can effectively control formaldehyde emissions from wood-based panels, but the existing formaldehyde scavenger agent can only work in the short term. For the purpose of long-term control of formaldehyde emissions from wood-based panels, microencapsulation of formaldehyde scavenger agent was synthesized in this paper. The effect of the emulsifying agent and the core to shell

To change the surface color of oak (Quercus alba L.) to dark and grey, the water-soluble iron ion compounded dopamine solution was applied and accelerated in temperature–humidity condition. The colorimetric parameters before and after treatment were measured and X-ray photoelectron spectra were carried out for a further understanding. The results showed that iron ions and the compounds can significantly

The objective of this study was to examine the potential of stress wave velocity (SWV) as a rapid and non-destructive method to estimate the mechanical properties of Melia azedarach wood. The SWV, dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR, bending strength) and density were determined on ninety 20 ⋅ 20 ⋅ 320 mm clear wood specimens, obtained from stems

Bark characteristics are not only used in the forest-wood supply chain, for example to calculate standing volumes, but also to transform wood volumes and masses. In this study, bark thickness, bark volume and bark mass were analyzed on the basis of 150 Scots pine discs, with a mean diameter of 13 cm. The mean double bark thickness was 3.02 mm, the mean bark volume proportion was 5.6% and mean bark

Despite the higher specific mechanical properties and the lower density of polymeric foams, these materials present cumulative damage behaviour that implies in the second and successive impacts, their mechanical properties decrease drastically. However, cork and cork agglomerates have the ability to absorb multiple impacts so they could be a more suitable material in some products, such as bumpers

In the manufacturing process of cross-laminated timber (CLT), lumber selection and grading are essential steps for the quality control of CLT. In this work, a density-based lumber grading method was preliminarily evaluated for hem-fir CLT manufacturing. Based on the univariate regression model of hem-fir lumber modulus of elasticity (MOE) and its density, a density-based grading model was developed

A novel process named ‘individual layer fabrication (ILF)’ is presented, in which objects are built up by laminating individually contoured wood-based panels. However, contrary to the well-known process of ‘laminated object manufacturing (LOM)’, in ILF, the individual panels are not shaped by a subtractive process but additively by selective binding of wooden particles. The particles are spread as

Three different woods (lignum vitae; black fiber palm; spruce) were investigated regarding their friction and wear properties under abrasion and sliding. For the abrasive wear against silicon carbide paper, the palm wood gave the lowest removal of material, especially under an orientation of the black fibers normal to the contact region (on R–T-plane in R-direction). At the same time, this material

In laterally loaded connections, inclined installation of self-tapping screws (STS) allows for axial load transfer and significantly higher connection capacity and stiffness. In such a configuration, both the withdrawal and embedment resistances of the screw contribute to the overall load-carrying capacity and stiffness. To account for the contribution of the embedment component, embedment strength

Recently, the demand for sustainable materials has given rise to new research interest in the intrinsic properties and applications of bamboo and its derivatives. Hygroscopicity plays an important role in the application of bamboo, and it is known that the size of the material particles affects the hygroscopicity of the material. To further understand the effect of the particle size, the bamboo fiber

In cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings, in order to reduce the disturbing transmission of sound over the flanking parts, special insulation layers are used between the CLT walls and slabs, together with insulated angle-bracket connections. However, the influence of such CLT connections and insulation layers on the seismic resistance of CLT structures has not yet been studied. In this paper, experimental

Chlorothalonil (CTL), an organic biocide, was successfully incorporated into polylactic acid-co-polyethylene glycol (PLA-PEG) nanoparticles via nanoprecipitation method. The hydrodynamic particle size and CTL loading efficiency of synthesized CTL-PLA-PEG nanoparticles were 12.8 ± 0.2 nm and 65.9 ± 0.4%, respectively. Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) samples were treated with 0.025% w/v aqueous suspension

Based on the idea of first producing small-size CLT panels and afterward connecting them using finger joints to make larger CLT panels, finger-jointed CLT test specimens were fabricated by setting experimental parameters such as the kind of finger joint (large or normal), the combination of finger joint strength (strong–strong, or weak–weak) and the number of layers, and ply (3L3P, 5L5P, and 5L7P)

The effects of the radial force applied by a ring tip debarker and the rake angle on debarking quality of frozen and unfrozen black spruce logs were studied. A one-arm ring debarker prototype was built, which controlled the radial force, the rake angle, and the cutting and feed speeds. The experiment consisted of debarking logs using three radial forces for each temperature (− 20 °C and + 20 °C) with

The prevailing approach of total clearing to contain the spread of invasive plants (IP) in South Africa is generating enormous lignocellulosic wastes. This study examined the possibility of utilizing these wastes in the production of geopolymer composites for use in outdoor environments. Untreated wood particles from Acacia mearnsii and A. longifolia, as well as sugarcane bagasse residues, were incorporated

It is important to know the changes in the mechanical properties of wood during freezing for engineering calculations of the wood material to be used in cold environments. Although this is important, the mechanical properties of wood at temperatures below − 100 °C have rarely been studied. In this study, the effects of cryogenic temperature (− 196 °C) on the bending strength, modulus of elasticity

Wood has the ability to absorb and desorb moisture, which can affect its dimensional size when in use. Limiting this can provide products with greater shape stability and less stresses on external coatings. One method that has been investigated for achieving this has been through chemical modification. In this work, the dimensional stabilisation imparted to Scots pine sapwood by chemical modification

The mass loss kinetics of thermally modified wood species was analyzed as a time–temperature function. European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), English oak (Quercus robur L.), Norwegian spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood specimens of dimensions 20 × 20 × 10 mm3 were thermally modified at 140 °C, 160 °C, 180 °C, 200 °C and 220 °C for 1–6 h using atmospheric pressure

Composite lattice sandwich structures have the characteristics of light weight and high strength. In this study, a wood-based XX-type lattice sandwich structure was fabricated by a type of insertion-glue method, using wood-plastic composites (WPC) and oriented strand boards (OSB) as panels, and birch and glass-fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) as cores. The mechanical properties and failure modes of

This work analyses the influence of intermediate strain rates, between 25 and 75 s−1, on compressive behaviour of agglomerated cork. Quasi-static and dynamic compressive tests on an agglomerated cork with two different densities were carried out. This work complements previous research focused on higher strain rates. The influence of strain rate on less studied properties as densification strain or

This research examined beech bark from a plywood manufacturer to determine its effectiveness in reducing wastes, protecting the ecological environment, and producing more eco-friendly wood-based materials. Beech bark was characterized and evaluated as an adhesive filler in plywood manufacturing, and the effects on the bonding quality and the formaldehyde emission of the plywood panels were examined

A series of single-grit cutting tests were performed with spherical cone tools on sugar maple (Acer saccharum) wood to investigate its surface creation and cutting behavior. The tools with apex angles 2\(\alpha\) = 84\(^\circ\) and 2\(\alpha\)= 108\(^\circ\) were selected to clarify the effect of negative rake angles. It was found that there was no discernable pile-up on both sides of the scratches

Rosewood species are used around the world in musical instrument component manufacture, most commonly for the use as the guitar fretboard. Due to the overuse of these species, rosewood has been declared an endangered wood necessitating alternatives to be sourced with similar desirable characteristics. Dynamic testing was performed on Australian high-density hardwood species with a density range of

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a new generation of engineered wood product developed initially in Europe and has been used in North America for various applications. CLT is composed of at least three layers of lumber boards stacked crosswise in orthogonally alternating orientation to the adjacent layers. CLT has been gaining popularity and increasing application areas in the construction industry

In this paper, the dynamic properties of a point-supported cross-laminated timber slab are studied in order to determine the elastic material parameters on this basis. A detailed experimental modal analysis of the slab with dimensions 16.0 m x 11.0 m is performed, and seven modes including the natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shape components at 651 sensor positions are identified. The

The lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses in wood are polymers that behave similarly to the artificial polymers and are bonded together in wood. Lignin differs from the other two substances by its highly branched, amorphous, three-dimensional structure. Under appropriate conditions, the moist lignin incorporated in the wood softens at about 100 °C and allows the molecules of it to deform in the cell

Thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) processing can improve the intrinsic properties of wood, produce new materials, and give desired form and function to new applications. THM treatments change the mechanical properties of wood and may change its viscoelastic properties as well. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the viscoelastic properties of THM-treated wood at several humidity and load

The assessment of a company’s financial condition is an effective tool, which supports the management system. Nowadays a number of models are available, most often multi-branch ones, which are able to predict the financial situation of an enterprise. Models solely intended for just one line of business are a rarity. As far as the wood sector is concerned, no homogenous model suited to the sector has