At present, the mechanical properties of laterally loaded threaded fasteners with large diameters embedded in timber elements remain unknown. An experimental study of laterally loaded threaded rods with wood screw threads embedded perpendicular to grain in softwood elements (spruce and pine glulam and spruce LVL) is presented in this paper. Embedment tests with the load acting parallel and perpendicular

In this study, the variation of collapse and shrinkage both radially and along the height of trees was investigated and their relationships with warp in the sawn boards as well as the basic physical properties of wood (density, moisture content, permeability, extractives contents and heartwood/sapwood ratio) were determined. Seventy trees of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus grandis-urophylla were

In the veneer and plywood industry, the softening of a log, for better cutting (or unrolling), is generally done by immersing it in hot water (at a constant temperature). Accurate estimation of the heating time to reach a target temperature, at a given location in the log, is crucial, especially when the log is frozen. It is within this framework that this work is inscribed and it concerns four Canadian

The fire performance of glulam beams of high-quality structural materials was examined in this study. Beam specimens of different wood species were subjected to different fire durations and their tension-zone (bottom) fire performance and residual bearing capacity were measured. The charring rate of the Chinese fir glulam beam mixed Douglas fir and larch wood in the tension zone was lower and its residual

This study investigated the influence of growth rings (earlywood, earlywood and latewood interface, and latewood) on the mode I fracture toughness of solid wood of the two species southern yellow pine (Pinus taeda L.) and red oak (Quercus falcata) subjected to cracking loads in their radial-longitudinal crack propagation system. Experimental results indicated that southern yellow pine latewood had

Nailplates are widely used in domestic and low-rise residential housing markets and have begun forming part of mid-rise developments. There is however a concern about nailplates backing out which has been observed in a variety of conditions. In-service backouts in excess of 2 mm have been recorded and can result in up to a 50 % reduction in joint performance. The amount of backout varies significantly

Bamboo continues to be of interest in buildings and structures owing to its good mechanical properties and sustainability. In this study, a new method of bamboo use is proposed, which is to twine laminated bamboo lumber (LBL) slices to form a bamboo-fiber-reinforced composite tube (bamboo slices twining tube, BST). Considering the high tensile strength of bamboo fiber, BST is proposed to replace steel

Juvenile wood is associated with shrinkage and a high probability of warping and checks in end products, reducing their value and even causing them to be rejected for structural purposes. This work studies the variations in yearly shrinkage caused when wood passes from green to dry state. The methodology proposed is based on the juvenile wood (JW) location using annual shrinkage variations. Pinus nigra

Most neural networks recognize objects based on their contours, which means that their accuracy is effectively independent of the colour temperature of the light that illuminates the test object. Determining factors in the recognition of wood species are not its contours but rather the surface structure and texture. Hence, the accuracy of standard neural networks in the recognition of wood species

Bamboo is a biomass material, which is a great substitute for wood with the potential to reduce the demand for woody materials. However, there is still a huge challenge to obtain crack-free bamboo boards with an ideal width due to the hollow cylinder and large curvature of bamboo culms. Herein, a method is demonstrated that can flatten bamboo culms by high-pressure saturated steam (180 °C/6 min) under

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-021-01724-z

With the rapid development of the timber industry, illegal logging of timber and its trade have become an important issue for world sustainable development. Many governmental and private sectors have taken measures to ensure the legality of wood, and wood legality verification is becoming more and more common. Chinese wood processing industries are mainly centralized in the region of Jiangsu and Zhejiang

The shear modulus of timber and timber-based composite materials is a fundamental mechanical property, which is used in the design of timber and engineered wood products. The problem of experimentally determining appropriate values of shear modulus for timber-based composite is not as simple and straightforward as in isotropic materials. Although the torsion test is a recommended standard approach

Classification of wood species using computer-related technology is not only significant in the modernization of wood industrialization, but also makes it easier for nonwood professionals to identify different wood types accurately and avoid being deceived. Presently, most wood classification methods use a single feature to describe the wood, which is restrictive and provides incomplete information

Fabrics with various patterns and textures can be used to decorate the surface of wood and/or wood composites, enriching indoor environments and reflecting a consumer’s personal taste. To adhere fabric to wood, an environmentally friendly defatted soybean meal (DSF)-based adhesive was modified by adding seven different types of inorganic fillers. The effects of optimal filler composition and concentration

The bamboo-wood composite container floor (BWCCF) plays an increasingly important role in the transportation area in recent years. However, the conventional mechanical testing methods are conducted in a time-consuming and resource-wasting way. Therefore, this study is aimed to provide a frugal and high-efficiency method to predict the concentrated load of BWCCF, by comparing models with two sets of

The indigenous hardwoods in German forests have a substantial ability to store carbon, and forestry reconstruction measures are anticipated to result in an increase in availability of hardwood on the wood market. Despite this, its material usage is declining with over two thirds of the harvested quantity being used for energy production. This study aims to identify policy measures and promising strategies

In this work, nanocellulose (NC) was prepared by a new route consisting of dissolution of cellulose in phosphoric acid followed by regeneration in water. To facilitate the dissolution, the cellulose was pre-treated with aqueous solution of urea. Although the regenerated cellulose from water had been in nanoscale, its size could be further reduced through ball milling. The composition, structure, and

One hundred sixty-two parallel bamboo strand lumber (PBSL) beams were tested for the bending properties under three-point bending with variable span. Two typical failure types were classified, type I was tension failure of the bamboo fiber located below the neutral axis at mid-span, while type II was shear failure which was mainly found in specimens with large depth-span ratio. The shear modulus \

Laccase-treated wood fibres were tested for small-scale wet-process manufacture of hardboards. Two laccases of distinct redox potentials, one from Pycnoporus cinnabarinus and one from Myceliophthora thermophila, were compared in terms of their effect on the physical–chemical properties of the treated fibres and hardboards. Wood fibres were produced from Norway spruce (Picea abies) by thermomechanical

Ultra-lightweight foam-core fibreboard with 19 mm thickness was produced with a novel one-step process using resinated wood fibres for the faces and expandable polystyrene (EPS) as core layer material. The aim of the current study was to investigate the panel properties produced with different EPS bead diameter (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mm) and surface layer thickness (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm). The EPS bead

Agonandra brasiliensis, ivory wood, is a tree species from the Brazilian cerrado with a bark featuring a thick cork layer. The present study aimed to describe the cellular features and chemical composition of this cork. The cork was investigated regarding cellular structure and biometry, as well as summative chemical composition. The results were compared with those of corks from Quercus suber, as

With the rapid growth of China’s economy and people’s high-level pursuit of life, eco-friendly materials are gradually used in home decoration, furniture and construction industries. Compared to wood, bamboo has its own advantages such as large strength, good toughness, and great abrasion resistance when it is applied as a material to structural engineering or home decor. However, bamboo also has several

This work deals with the microencapsulation of di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAHP) in polyurethane using an interfacial polymerization method. The produced microcapsules were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fire resistance, flexural (bending) strength, and leaching properties of the impregnated wood

Urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin is the main commercial adhesive used for medium-density fiberboard (MDF) manufacturing. UF resin is used to produce MDF of high quality. However, this production process of MDF releases formaldehyde in the environment. In this scenario, a mix of crude glycerol, citric acid, and tannin was used as a binder to replace UF resin in MDF manufacturing. A bio-based adhesive content

Internal checking and shrinkage are drying defects that strongly degrade timber for structural and appearance uses in many hardwood species. Wood quality assessors and tree breeders often measure checks and shrinkage from disc-derived wood wedges using scale-based methods and callipers, but these methods are subjective and labour intensive. This study developed an R-based open-source system using image

Sanding is a key process for the manufacture and application of medium density fiberboard (MDF). In this paper, the wear characteristics of abrasive belt and the impact on material removal were studied. The topological features which included surface roughness and height distribution were statistically analyzed. Specifically, interference ratio \(\varphi\) was introduced to evaluate the proportion

Densification is a modification technique usually applied to low-density wood species to improve the mechanical properties of the wood. However, densification impairs the wettability abilities of the wood surface and has a negative effect on some properties of the coated substrate. In this study, various physical properties of non-densified and densified common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood were

As wood and furniture industries have little knowledge of the implementation of lean manufacturing particularly in emerging economies, the purpose of this study is to analytically and systematically review the literature in this context. To this end, a multi-method approach was implemented in two ways. Firstly, a bibliometric method was performed to analyse the scientific literature and examine all

Heat-treated (HT) wood is now a popular building material, which has been welcome by consumers due to its dark brown color, dimensional stability and bioresistance. This wood has many advantages. However, its color is susceptible to changes due to weathering. Therefore, for any outdoor application, protection of the wood with proper coatings is obligatory. In the current research work, olive leaf extract

Resistance-type wood moisture meters are not reliable at moisture contents above the fibre saturation point. The aim of this study was to develop an alternative polarization-type wood moisture meter and to analyse the different calibration methods of this moisture meter in comparison with the traditional resistance-type wood moisture meter calibration method. A significant decrease (up to 3.5% of moisture

Long-span timber floor elements increase the flexibility of a building and exhibit a significant market potential. Timber floor elements are endeavouring to fulfil this potential, but building projects employing long-span timber floors have encountered drawbacks. High costs and vibration performance are challenging, and the timber industry is under substantial pressure to find attractive solutions

Attempts are underway to speed up timber production using genetic improvement and enhanced management practices. However, the impacts of possible morphological and chemical changes on the properties of secondary wood products are less studied. This research thus studied the relationship of tree-ring widths of eastern poplar trees (Populus deltoides Bartr.) and the morphological and chemical characteristics

Panels from laminated phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) impregnated and compressed wood (Compreg) with top veneers from European species of beech, maple and white birch were prepared, each without or coated with resin pre-impregnated overlay papers. To clarify the outdoor resistance of Compreg surfaces, long-term artificial weathering experiments were performed. Weather-related color changes, gloss retention

Due to the high efficiency, flexible moving trajectory and good controllability, laser surface treatment is a modification method used for wood materials, which could be applied to change the wood properties of color, wettability, surface roughness, etc. These surface properties directly affect the wood products coating performance, such as coating adhesion and surface gloss. To reveal the width of

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and silica sol were used to improve the dimension stability and hydrophobicity of wood with different moisture contents (MC after oven drying, air drying: 10–12% and steam conditioning: 38–40%) via 24 h immersion treatment. The water in wood served as a medium for helping PEG diffusion into cell wall, resulting in a better dimensional stability for 38–40% MC wood. PEG impregnation

In the original publication of the article, fourth author name was incorrectly published as “Juan Antonio Gomez”.

The relation between lignin-related structure and antifungal activities was assessed against the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor and two brown-rot fungi, Coniophora puteana and Rhodonia placenta. Various aromatic compounds were used to study the effect of lignin-related products. Guaiacyl and p-hydroxyphenyl units have hold greater antifungal properties than syringyl units. The presence of carbonyl

Laser engraving of photographs on wood surfaces is a challenging task. To optimize the outcome and production quality it is necessary to control every aspect of the laser engraving process. Most of the production machines and technologies overall are mainly focused on laser power control. However, with other systems and deeper knowledge of the wood characteristics it is possible to achieve even better

Root cause and vibration analysis is applied to a veneer peeling lathe to increase its efficiency and reduce wood waste. Excessive veneer thickness variations, repetitive damage of machine component and high vibration levels of the lathe are identified as interrelated issues. A root cause analysis is conducted to finally select both design and operating factors, which were then investigated to quantify

The hygroscopic and electrical properties of the wood surface of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) were altered by the application of differently concentrated NaCl aqueous solutions. The presence of Na+ and Cl– ions increased the equilibrium moisture content in both woods in environments with a relative humidity of 75% to a nearly saturated state. The electrical

Non-destructive testing was used to predict the static modulus of elasticity (MOES) of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) timber from the northeast of Spain. Three vibration tests were performed, longitudinal, flatwise and edgewise, to obtain the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEdyn) based on the fundamental resonant frequencies. The MOEdyn was additionally obtained from ultrasound tests. Measurements

The high-cycle fatigue behaviour of a timber-to-timber connection with self-tapping screws is examined with the fasteners under bending due to their alignment lateral to the load direction. The cyclic tests were carried out with a sinusoidal non-reversed load (\(R=0.1\)) with a loading frequency of 5 Hz. The examined connection is designed for the quasistatic failure mechanism with two plastic hinges

Pine bark is a byproduct of wood processing which is usually burnt for energy. This article analyzes the liquid–solid extraction of Pinus taeda bark to obtain phenolic compounds by using response surface methodology to determine extraction conditions. The independent variables studied were temperature, ethanol concentration and solid–liquid ratio, and the variables to be optimized were total extractives

The poplar wood industry chain from planted forests takes a strategic position for the creation of a competitive, profitable, and highly technological bioeconomy in the world. Niche sectors such as buildings can find in poplar wood an effective ally to reduce its carbon footprint and ecological backpack. For the poplar wood, it is important to understand the huge significance of the proper silvicultural

Various fire-retardants (FR) for the pre-treatment of wood flour, for example, ammonium polyphosphate and different formulations based on phosphorus- and nitrogen-compounds, as well as for application during compounding were tested for their effectiveness in injection-molded and extruded composites based on high-density polyethylene and polypropylene. Small-scale tests for flammability of polymeric

The formaldehyde-free tannin adhesive (AcBTanGlu) was synthesized by bark extractives of Acacia confusa and hexamethylenetetramine, and was further used for production of the oriented bamboo scrimber board (OBSB) in this study. When Acacia bark extract tannins are mixed with 2% hexamethylenetetramine, the OBSB pressed at a hot pressing temperature of 150 °C for 15 min can obtain the maximum mechanical

Wood fibre insulation boards (WFIB) are typically made from softwood fibres. However, due to the rapid decrease in softwood stands in Germany, the industry will be forced to adapt to the wood market. Therefore, alternative approaches for the substitution of softwood with hardwood will be needed in the fibre industry. The objective of this paper is to address the characterisation of hardwood fibres

Due to a variety of applications and complex requirements in specific fields of use, the number of different materials is increasing. Thereof, the majority fails at the stage of market introduction, because the focus of material development is mostly on technical aspects, while market aspects are often neglected. One possible way of market introduction is material substitution. Thereby, requirements

This research aims to investigate, with the aid of the Brazilian standard NBR 7190, analysis of variance (ANOVA—5% significance) and the regrouping bootstrap technique, the influence of the provenance regions Bonfim, Mucajaí and Claudia on the physical and mechanical properties (twenty properties and 720 determinations) of Angelim-pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke.) and to assess the possibility of

Wood is a renewable resource that has been used as a material in appearance products for years. Despite its acceptable mechanical resistance, different modification processes were developed to enhance wood’s hardness and make it an even more durable material. Impregnating wood pores with monomers under vacuum-pressure cycle is a common method for that purpose. However, most implemented processes are

In accordance with sustainable economic and social development, Europe supports the use of energy from renewable sources to decrease the use of fossil fuels. Among renewable energy sources, wood, especially production wood waste from the supply chain, represents an exploitable source in line with a circular economy development. In this context, processing of residues produced by wood companies becomes

The color parameters of untreated wood powder and wood powder after warm-press forming were measured according to standard colorimetric systems. The composition of the sample was tested by wet chemistry technique. The chemical compositions of the sample after warm-press forming were analyzed by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV–Vis. The results showed that as the forming temperature

Lipophilic extractives of wood cause pitch deposition during pulp and paper production, leading to serious economic losses and environmental pollution. Natural seasoning of wood material before pulping can reduce wood extractives, but there is no control of the pulp yield and quality. Pretreatment of the wood chips with selected fungi is regarded as better controlled seasoning with effective removal

The anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) of heat-treated wood was investigated by meta-analysis. The effects of material- and technology-related factors were quantified. The results showed that ASE after heat treatment was strongly dependent on the growth information of wood (e.g., its climate location, cultivation method, hardwood or softwood, and heartwood or sapwood) and on the technology-related factors

The effects of nano-sepiolite (NS) on fire properties of unheated and heat-treated fir wood were studied using a newly developed apparatus. Separate sets of specimens were prepared to be painted with plain acrylic-latex paint and NS-treated paint as well. Heat treatment of specimens was carried out in a laboratory oven at 185 ºC and under atmospheric air pressure. Six fire properties were measured

The integration of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) with machine learning techniques can be an adequate method for discrimination of wood species with commercial value. The aim of this study was to discriminate wood samples marketed as “Louros” from the Brazilian Amazon based on near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning techniques. Samples of louro vermelho, louro branco, louro pimenta, louro

The moisture content (MC) of felled trees has a direct impact on transportation costs and efficiency. Transpirational (or field) drying of fallen trees, to reduce MC and subsequently improve the economics of transport can be employed; however, an understanding of seasonal drying rates is required. Typically load cells have been used to track moisture changes in bundles of logs but where access is limited

The swelling kinetics of native and thermally modified wood was studied. Norway spruce, Scots pine, European beech, and English oak specimens of dimensions 20 × 20 × 10 mm were modified at 180, 200, and 220 °C. The swelling kinetics of the specimens was monitored during 24 h of water immersion. The results are presented as relative swelling rate, and values for maximal radial and tangential swelling

Plasma treatment combined with air spray atomization (ASA) can improve the resin spread rate while manufacturing plywood and reduce the manufacturing cost and consumption of chemicals. To provide a mechanistic understanding of the interfacial adhesion of plywood with reduced resin spread rate, plywood prepared by ASA and roller coating (RC) was compared. The obtained results suggest that atomized resin