Special tariffs have been increasingly adopted to protect domestic industries from potential injury caused by unfair international trade. In this study, a multinomial logit model is employed to examine the patterns and determinants of antidumping duty investigations in the global forest products industry. From 1995 to 2015, a total of 372 relevant cases are identified. The number of firms and the inclusion

Size-density trajectories and self-thinning boundary lines were modeled for two diverse provenances of Pinus taeda L. and five open-pollinated families within each provenance. The data used come from a single site with replicated 64-tree block plots measured through age 25 years. The effects of provenance and family were tested using linear and nonlinear mixed-effects self-thinning models. The drought-hardy

Previous studies indicate that wooden environments could produce more positive emotions, more delightful sense of color, odor, light and less fatigue for occupants. The purpose of this study was to examine the gender differences in human psychological responses to three different types of wooden indoor environments. 10 female and 10 male participants were enrolled randomly in the experiment. The Profile

The development and physiological status of pest insects are important factors that affect the effectiveness of biological control. Current knowledge reveals that heavy metals can be transferred to phytophagous insects through food chains and cause various chronic toxicological effects on the growth and physiology of phytophagous insects. These findings potentially attribute heavy metal contamination

• Water oak (Quercus nigra L.) is a tardily deciduous species commonly planted in afforestation projects in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley, USA. Field performance is often marked by low survival rates and top dieback, which may be associated with poor physiological quality of planting stock. • We investigated physiological status of cold stored (2–4 °C; CS) and freshly lifted (FL) seedlings

• Five temperate broad-leaved tree species were compared with respect to their water consumption strategies under ample and restricted water supply. We measured synchronously leaf conductance (g L) in the sun canopy, xylem sap flux (J s) and leaf water potential (predawn, ψpd and noon, ψnoon) in adult trees in a mixed stand and related them to the fluctuations in vapor pressure deficit (D) and soil

• The density and identity of tree neighbourhood is a key factor to explain tree mortality in forests, especially during the stem exclusion phase. • To understand this process, we built a logistic model for mortality in a spatially explicit context, including tree and neighbourhood predictors. Additionally, we used this model to build mortality risk frequency distributions. Finally, we tested this

• We investigated the effects of flooding for three weeks on physiological responses and uptake of NH +4 and NO −3 by black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP.) and tamarack (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) seedlings fertilized with labeled (15NH4)2SO4 or K15NO3 in a growth chamber experiment. • Flooding reduced photosynthesis (A), transpiration (E), water use efficiency (WUE), and current uptake of

• Development of clonal propagation method, such as somatic embryogenesis, has numerous applications such as mass-production of genetically improved plants and the amenability of embryogenic cultures to cryogenic storage. Since the 90’s, researchers at INRA have engaged in research on somatic embryogenesis in Larix species (Larix × eurolepis, Larix × marschlinsii). • The aim of this work was to improve

• Studies dealing with the estimation of biomass, site productivity and the contribution of forests to the global carbon balance require the use of allometric equations. There have been a great number of equations developed to estimate biomass components of trees and shrubs in various ecosystems. However, there are less literature compilations that address the calculations of biomass components. •

• Boundary line release criteria are increasingly applied to evaluate forest disturbance histories from tree-ring data. However, a number of important properties central to the technique have not been evaluated, including: (i) the ability of boundary line release criteria to standardize releases across various sites, species, and tree life stages (ii) the minimum sample sizes necessary for developing

• Since the 1960s biologists have been trying to assess factors affecting cambial activity and latewood formation. A comparison of the phenology of the apical and lateral meristems could add new clues in order to understand mechanisms of the growth dynamic in conifers. • This study compared needle and shoot growth with xylogenesis in Larix decidua, Pinus cembra and Picea abies during 2001 to verify

• Mature, unmanaged forests in western North America provide important reference conditions for managers, yet little is known about fuel composition and the factors that influence fuel accumulation in such stands. Our objectives were to characterize fuels in a passively managed landscape of dry forests in central Oregon and identify environmental factors influencing fuel accumulation. • Ordination

• This review summarizes early stand-scale studies of pristine forest structures, disturbance regimes and successional patterns carried out in boreal Eurasia. We attempt to reveal, characterize and classify stand dynamic types that can be used as templates for nature-based forest management. • The studies reviewed demonstrate multiple successional pathways in stand development in all types of pristine

• Leaching of biocide treated wood leads to reduced effectiveness and potential threat to the environment. • Therefore the effectiveness of organosilicons as protective systems of biocides was evaluated. Scots pine sapwood specimens were impregnated with solely organosilicons and biocides as well as with combinations of both. • The biocides 3-iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate, propiconazole and 3-(tri

• Today’s forest managers face a number of important challenges involving an increasing need for precise estimates of forest structure and biomass, potential productivity or forest growth. The objective is to develop a model for potential productivity in a mountainous region of Spain. The model combines climatic, topographic and lithological data using a variant of a traditional biophysical model:

• The structure, proportion and mode of assembly of lignin, celluloses and hemicelluloses have marked effects on the reaction mechanisms during thermal treatment and therefore have a strong influence on the quality of the final product. The effect of treatment conditions, including severe conditions (up to 553 K) and treatment duration (up to 8 h) on the structure of native spruce and beech lignins

• At present, the production of wood composites mainly relies on the petrochemical-based and formaldehyde-based adhesives such as phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins and urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins, which are non-renewable and therefore ultimately limited in supply. • This paper concerns the decay resistance of wood products bonded with a new, environment-friendly adhesive derived from abundant and renewable

• Mycorrhizal fungi and hydrogels (water-absorbing polymers) can improve water availability for trees. The combination of both factors for plant performance under water limitation has not yet been studied. • To investigate the influence of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus, hydrogel and the combination of both factors, a drought-sensitive poplar, Populus euphratica, was examined in this

• Primary forests in the seasonally dry tropical regions of Mexico are disappearing under land-use pressure, creating a mosaic of secondary forests of different ages. • In this study we measured the aboveground litterfall phosphorus (P) fluxes, litter-layer and soil P pools to compare the P cycles in primary and secondary seasonally dry tropical forests. Our hypothesis was that the previous agricultural

• Although comparisons between methods of selecting trees for site index estimates are well documented in the literature, little is known on mortality rates of different canopy tree cohorts used for that purpose. • This study was initiated to test the hypothesis that the mortality rates of top height trees are lower than those of codominants only or a combination of codominant and dominant trees. To

• Microsatellite markers were used to describe the genetic structure and variability of early, intermediate and late phenological forms of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Two hundred and seventy individuals from three populations located in southern Poland were divided into three forms according to the phenological criterion — bud burst, and analyzed for allelic variation at five highly polymorphic

• Density dependence is a major mechanism for shaping plant communities. However, its role in regulating diverse, mixed natural tree communities is less certain. • In this study we investigated density-dependent effects in a large-scale (25 ha) old-growth temperate forest in northeastern China. Spatial patterns of neighborhood distribution in the plot were analyzed using various methods for inferring

• The quality of monitoring is defined by its ability to provide data that (i) allow estimates of the status of the target resource with defined precision level, (ii) permit change detection with defined power, and (iii) are comparable through space and time. To achieve these requirements a Quality Assurance (QA) perspective is essential. • To what extent QA was considered and data quality achieved

• Soil resources are heterogeneously distributed in terrestrial plant communities. This heterogeneity is important because it determines the availability of local soil resources. A forest fire may change the spatial distribution of soil nutrients, affecting nutrition and survival of colonizing plants. However, specific information on the effects of ecosystem disturbance on the spatial distribution

• Understorey plays a major role in forest fluxes and stocks balances, however this compartment is generally poorly quantified. Our objectives were to establish models to estimate understorey biomass using vegetation cover measurements and to investigate upscaling methodologies from stand to regional level. • Understorey aboveground biomass measurements were undertaken in Maritime pine stands of mesohygric

• In the Pinus genus, information on the effectiveness of oxidative defence mechanisms during exposure to salt is lacking. The effect of salt stress imposition on ROS homeostasis was investigated using maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) suspension cells as a model system. • Cells were maintained in MS-based medium, exposed to salt (50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl) and analysed for biomass production, evidencing

• Environmental determinants of wood properties variation were examined in Eucalyptus globulus, a globally important hardwood plantation species, in southern Tasmania, Australia. • Radial variation in wood properties, measured with the SilviScan system, were re-scaled from distance to time abscissa using stem radial growth data measured with dendrometers. With this re-scaled data it was possible to

• In forests, the substitution of broadleaf species by conifers can reduce biodiversity because coniferous forests generally provide less diverse vascular understories than broadleaf forests. However, in some cases, former pine plantations might be useful for restoring native forests. We compared plant species composition on the plot scale in natural beech and mixed oak forests with that in plantations

• As the French national forest inventory does not currently monitor the lying compartment of the forest deadwood, the figures obtained on this topic are therefore partial. This study provides cost estimates and guidelines for assessing stumps, and standing and lying deadwood. • Comparisons were made between a fixed-area sampling method and a line-intersect one. LIS was judged more time-efficient,

• Each annual ring in pines consists of earlywood and latewood with considerable difference in density and width. To get a better determination of the genetic regulation of total wood density in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), density and width of those ring sections were measured in annual ring numbers 12 to 21 of Scots pines in a full-sib progeny test. Tree height and stem diameter were also measured

• Assessment of forest sustainability requires reliable soil quality indicators. The present study evaluated the use of several potential such indicators in forests in the Basque Country under different types of management, involving: (i) species change and (ii) heavily mechanised forest operations. • Five adjacent forest stands were selected for study: (i) two unmanaged forests (Quercus robur, Fagus

• This work aims at developing new tools for rapid assessment of forest health indicators in poplar plantations. • Crown transparency and discoloration were visually evaluated in all trees of four 15 m-radius sub-plots in 32 poplar clonal plantations, which were chosen according to a factorial scheme with three factors: tree age, site quality and understorey vegetation management. A subset of trees

• The sensitivity of dormant seeds of mazzard cherry (Prunus avium L.) of Polish provenances to extreme desiccation and/or the ultra-low temperature of liquid nitrogen, LN (−196 °C), was investigated to identify the optimum seed water content (w.c.) at this temperature. • Germination and seedling emergence tests in this study showed that there is no critical seed w.c. for deeply desiccated seeds (stone

• The use of landscape indices in the analysis of forest landscapes offers great potential for integration of spatial pattern information in management processes, but requires understanding of the limitations and correct interpretation of results. In this sense, awareness of scale effects on landscape indices is essential, especially when the data available is restricted to low-resolution maps. • In

• To assess the sustainability of plantation forest management we compare two types of biodiversity indicators. We used the species richness of saproxylic beetles as a case study to test the “species” and “environmental” indicator approaches. We compared single species abundance or occurrence and deadwood volume or diversity as predictor variables. • Beetles were sampled with flight interception traps

• Carabid beetles were investigated at five different forest types in the Ibaizabal basin (northern Spain). The landscape is characterized by the presence of remnants of native forest surrounded by conifer plantations. • Carabids were trapped in 52 stands of mixed forest, beech forest, holm oak forest, mixed pine and Monterey pine plantations in 2005 and 2006. The main objectives of the study were:

• Risk assessment of ozone effects on forests is gradually moving from concentration-based exposure metrics to a more complicated approach that requires modelling of ozone fluxes to trees. • This study reviews the status of the DO3SE stomatal flux model employed within the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, describing a range of applications and identifying major research needs,

• This review considers potential effects of atmospheric change and climate warming within the timberline ecotone of the Central European Alps. After focusing on the impacts of ozone (O3) and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, effects of climate warming on the carbon and water balance of timberline trees and forests will be outlined towards conclusions about changes in tree growth and treeline dynamics

• Using cytological methods and SSR DNA marker analysis, this study revealed the formation mechanisms and the genetic constitutions of the 2n pollen in Populus × euramericana (Dode) Guinier and P. × popularis. • In P. × euramericana (Dode) Guinier, four abnormalities in microsporogenesis were observed: parallel spindle, fused spindle, tripolar spindle and premature cytokinesis. The first three can

• Young coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don.) Endl.) trees were pruned to various heights to examine the effect of pruning severity on epicormic sprouting. Seven separate stands were used with as many as six treatments per stand in coastal Humboldt County, California, USA. • Epicormic sprout development was affected by pruning severity but primarily at the most severe pruning treatments that

• Fire management activities can greatly benefit from the description of wildland fuel to assess fire hazard. • A forest typology developed from the Portuguese National Forest Inventory that combines cover type (the dominant overstorey species) and forest structure defined as a combination of generic stand density (closed or open) and height (low or tall) is translated into fuel models. Fire behaviour

• Previously, a large intra-specific diversity and a tight genetic control have been shown for Δ13C (carbon isotope discrimination) in a pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) family, which is an estimator for intrinsic water use efficiency (W i), a complex trait defined as the ratio of net CO2 assimilation rate (A) to stomatal conductance for water vapour (g s ). • In the present study, twelve genotypes

• Knowledge of whole tree seedling water fluxes is important in ecological and forestry research, especially under conditions with low transpiration, but no standard method has yet been established that provides reliable in situ measurements. • The aims were: (1) to assess the performance of two methods for estimating sap-flows in oak seedlings following planting by correlating the data they provided

• Transplant shock, implicated by depressed seedling physiological status associated with moisture stress immediately following planting, limits early plantation establishment. Large root volume (Rv) has potential to alleviate transplant shock because of higher root growth potential and greater access to soil water. • We investigated impacts of drought and transplant Rv on photosynthetic assimilation

• Among the traits of breeding interest for the common walnut tree Juglans regia L., characteristics such as timing of budbreak and leaf fall, water-use efficiency and growth performance are regarded as being of utmost relevance in Mediterranean conditions. • The authors evaluated intraspecific variation in δ13C (carbon isotope composition, surrogate of intrinsic water-use efficiency, WUEi) for 22

• In Mediterranean forestry, it is important to improve knowledge about mixed stands dynamics, including their productivity. Previous studies have focused on the interactions between different species (competition, reduction of competition and facilitation) depending on site, species composition and structure. • At the centre of this research are the possible differences between pure and mixed stands

• We studied mortality rates of birch, small-leaved linden, pedunculate oak, Norway maple, black alder, common ash and Norway spruce, assessed through two inventories of 12 664 trees in the unmanaged mixed deciduous forests of Oranienbaum Park, northwestern Russia, in 1981 and 2003. • Our objectives were to evaluate if (a) long-term mortality rates vary among species, and if (b) crown condition, age

• Pine seedlings show a marked ontogenetic difference between primary and secondary needles, the latter prevailing with a different timing among species. • Using the electrolyte leakage method following an artificial freezing test, we aimed at (1) determining the differences in freezing tolerance between primary and secondary needles in eight pines of contrasting thermal habitats: P. canariensis, P

• Two decades after the launching of the monitoring program of forest ecosystems in Europe (ICP forests), a unique data set is now available regarding the foliar nutritional status of the main broad-leaved species growing in much-diversified sites (soil, climate). • This study focuses on the foliar concentration time series (1993 to 2005) of the French (RENECOFOR), Walloon and Luxemburg broad-leaved

• Direct assessment of modulus of elasticity (MOE) on standing trees is attractive for breeders to evaluate genotypes prior to selection: this can be done using the Rigidimeter, a bending-based measurement device. • In this study, we tested its reliability to properly rank genotypes by relating trunk MOE with MOEs estimated with a vibrating analysis system (Bing) on different types of conditioned wood

• Because all microclimatic variables change with elevation, it is difficult to compare plant performance and especially photosynthetic capacity at different elevations. Indeed, most previous studies investigated photosynthetic capacity of low- and high-elevation plants using constant temperature, humidity and light but varying CO2 partial pressures (P CO 2). • Using gas exchange measurements, we compared

• The alluvial forests of the Ticino valley have been greatly reduced in size and are now represented by only a small number of fragmented remnants. To study the natural development of the black locust, an invasive species, on relatively undisturbed lowland forests, two permanent plots were established in 2005 in the “Siro Negri” Forest Reserve. • The black locust became established almost exclusively

• Within the alpine treeline ecotone tree growth is increasingly restricted by extreme climate conditions. Although intra-annual stem growth recorded by dendrometers can be linked to climate, stem diameter increments in slow-growing subalpine trees are masked by changes in tree water status. • We tested the hypothesis that intra-annual radial stem growth in Pinus cembra is influenced by different climate

• This article reviews the theoretical basis for indirect selection — where early selection is an example — and how correlated response is calculated. • The review is followed by a description of issues as to the choice of selection criteria that could explain the lack of substantial progress on breeding for wood quality. These include: the autoregressive nature of selection criteria, overemphasizing

• Tree recruitment in Mediterranean savannas is generally hampered, in contrast with the original oak forests where these savannas are derived from. We asked whether this difference in recruitment success can be explained by differential post-dispersal survival. For one year we monitored experimentally cached holm oak acorns in a savanna — forest ecosystem in Central Spain, and recorded cache pilferage

• Castanopsis sieboldii var. sieboldii is an evergreen broadleaved canopy tree that grows on Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu Islands in Japan. A closely-related, hybridizing, congener species, C. cuspidata var. cuspidata, has different leaf epidermis structure and different seed nuts morphology compared to C. sieboldii var. sieboldii. Furthermore, the habitats in which the two species grow often indicate

• The board distortion that occurs during the sawing and the drying process causes major problems in the utilisation of sawn timber. The distortion is highly influenced by parameters such as spiral grain angle, modulus of elasticity, shrinkage, growth stresses and sawing pattern. • In this study a finite element simulation of log sawing and timber drying was performed to study how these parameters

• Wood identification, anatomical examination and retrieval of quantitative information are important aspects of many research disciplines. Conventional light microscopy with a camera and (semi)-automatic image analysis software is an often used methodology for these purposes. More advanced techniques such as fluorescence, scanning electron, transmission electron, confocal laser scanning and atomic