A recent calculation study predicted acceptable toxicity in pelvic organs at risk for a new definitive‐intent, moderately hypofractionated radiation therapy (RT) protocol (12 x 3.8 Gy), when used with image‐guided intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IG‐IMRT). We hypothesized this protocol to result in clinically acceptable radiation toxicities. Dogs diagnosed with and irradiated for anal sac adenocarcinoma

Canine mammary carcinoma (CMC) is one of the major health threats in dogs. The oncolytic virotherapy is a promising strategy to treat canine as well as human cancer patients with non‐pathogenic replicating viruses. Here, we evaluated the antitumor activity of one lentogenic, non‐lytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota strain expressing GFP (NDV‐GFP) on five different CMCs and one non‐tumorigenic

Tumour stage is a prognostic indicator for canine malignant head and neck tumours (MHNT). However, consensus is lacking on nodal staging in the absence of clinically apparent nodal disease (cN0 neck). This prospective observational study aims to determine the diagnostic accuracy of radiopharmaceutical and blue dye for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), to assess the correspondence between sentinel

The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to determine prevalence of sternal lymphadenopathy in a population of dogs undergoing splenectomy, and to evaluate if the prevalence was associated with splenic malignancy. In addition, the study investigated if survival in dogs diagnosed with hemangiosarcoma (HSA) differed between those with or without sternal lymphadenopathy at the time of surgery

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) evaluation is important for accurate cancer staging. Computed tomography (CT) lymphangiography with aqueous contrast is a feasible technique for SLN identification in dogs. Although most studies report success rates around 90%, success rates as low as 60% have been reported. One reason for low success rates may be the difference in viscosity of the various agents used in comparison

Post‐treatment outcome in canine glial tumors is described with a broad range of survival times between 2‐28 months. After surgery or radiation therapy, the tumors may progress locally or spread within the central nervous system. It is unknown if tumor‐ or patient‐specific factors influence prognosis. In humans, glioblastoma involving the subventricular zone has been found to recur distantly, with

We established a canine natural killer (NK)‐type cell line called CNK‐89 derived from a dog with NK cell neoplasia. Immunophenotyping analysis showed positive staining for CD5, CD8, CD45, CD56, CD79a and NKp46, while negative for CD3, CD4, CD14, CD20, CD21, CD34, Thy1, IgG, IgM and MHCII. Polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the presence of CD56, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46 and perforin, but

Whole lung irradiation (WLI) has been used successfully in humans as an adjuvant treatment for osteosarcoma. The aim of this study is to describe the feasibility and safety of WLI in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma. Twelve client‐owned dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma that had successfully completed amputation and four doses of carboplatin without evidence of gross metastasis were enrolled in

Canine gastrointestinal sarcomas, a group of tumours that includes leiomyosarcomas (LMSAs), gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) and other rarer sarcomas, comprise about 10–30% of all gastrointestinal tumours. This study aims to characterize the histologic characteristics and clinical behaviour in order to identify prognostic factors predictive of outcome. A single institution database search for

Recent literature suggests a combination of flow cytometric determination of Ki‐67 and immunophenotype as a reliable tool to classify canine lymphomas. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) on histological samples is the gold standard technique assessing Ki‐67 index. Agreement between IHC and FCM derived Ki‐67 indices has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the agreement between

Histological grading systems remain cornerstones in the prognosis of canine cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs), but the distinct biological behaviour of each tumour often necessitates the use of complementary markers. Although a plethora of immunohistochemical markers have been proposed as prognostic factors, few are presently applied in routine diagnosis. This systematic review and meta‐analysis was

Despite high initial response rates, a subset of dogs with B‐cell lymphoma responds less robustly to CHOP‐based chemotherapy and experiences shorter survival. One hundred and four dogs with nodal B‐cell lymphoma were treated with a response‐based CHOP (RBCHOP) protocol modified based on response to individual drugs during the first chemotherapy cycle. Dogs achieving complete (CR) or partial response

Mast cell tumours (MCT) have been documented in numerous species and mutations within the KIT proto‐oncogene are implicated in the neoplastic biology of mast cells in humans, dogs and cats. This study determined high KIT gene nucleotide and Kit amino acid sequence homology between several species known to suffer mast cell neoplasia and especially high sequence conservation between the cheetah (Acinonyx

Histone demethylases are overexpressed or display altered activity in numerous human cancers leading to alterations in cell cycle dynamics, DNA repair kinetics, and therapeutic resistance. Consequently, therapeutic targeting of histone demethylases has become an active and promising area of research in human oncology. However, the role of histone demethylases and the potential efficacy of demethylase

Mammary tumours are the first and third most incident neoplasm in women and cats, respectively. Approximately 85% of feline mammary gland tumours are malignant and aggressive, especially the triple‐negative and HER‐2+ molecular subtypes. Triple‐negative basal‐like feline mammary carcinomas (FMCs) are considered suitable models due to the clinical and morphological similarities with human basal‐like

Canine oral malignant melanoma is locally invasive and highly metastatic. At present, the best option for local control is en bloc excision followed by radiation if excision margins are incomplete. Adjuvantly, the role of chemotherapy is dubious while immunotherapy appears encouraging. This retrospective study evaluated 155 dogs with oral malignant melanomas (24 stage I, 54 stage II, 66 stage III and

Blood leukocyte counts and respective derived ratios have been described as potential prognostic markers in several tumours in veterinary oncology. This study aimed to evaluate peripheral blood leukocyte subpopulations and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as prognostic factors for feline mammary carcinomas (FMC). Medical records from cats diagnosed with FMC between 2017 to 2019 were reviewed. Cats

Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) is a frequent and progressively invasive tumour. Early lesions are difficult to recognize based on the sole clinical examination and may be misinterpreted as non‐neoplastic. Mutations of TP53 and epigenetic alterations of specific genes are present in FOSCC and may be early detected. Aim of this prospective study was to investigate the DNA methylation pattern

It is difficult to retain tumoricidal doses of ethanol in large or unencapsulated tumours without causing intoxication or damaging surrounding tissue. Ethyl cellulose‐ethanol ablation (ECEA) overcomes this limitation by trapping ethanol intratumorally. To evaluate the safety of ECEA and to develop a clinically feasible workflow, a single‐arm pilot study was performed in cats with lingual/sublingual

Canine mammary gland tumour (CMTs) are one of the most commonly found tumours in intact female dogs. A previous study on canine mammary glands demonstrated the presence of the transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) ion channels in healthy canine mammary tissues. However, the significance of TRPM7 in CMT is not yet known. TRPM7 is a Ca2+ and Mg2+ permeable cation channel that contains a protein

The updated VCOG‐CTCAE v2 guidelines contain several important updates and additions since the last update (v1.1) was released in 2011 and published within Veterinary and Comparative Oncology in 2016. As the Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group (VCOG) is no longer an active entity, the original authors and contributors to the VCOG‐CTCAE v1.0 and v1.1 were consulted for input, and additional co‐authors

The role of systemic inflammation in cancer's progression has been widely investigated, especially in melanoma in humans. Pre‐treatment leukocyte counts and ratios play a recognized prognostic role in several types of malignancies, but no information is available regarding canine oral malignant melanoma (COMM). The purpose of this explorative retrospective study was to investigate the prognostic impact

Urothelial carcinoma, also known as transitional cell carcinoma, is the most common primary bladder tumour in dogs, and can also involve the prostate gland. Cytology is a common diagnostic tool utilized for dogs with bladder or prostate gland lesions. The objectives of this retrospective study were to compare the sensitivity and specificity of cytologic evaluation for urothelial or prostatic carcinoma

The objective of this report is to describe the surgical technique for total laryngectomy and outcome in six dogs. Laryngeal cancer is an uncommon and challenging clinical problem. Total laryngectomy can provide local disease control but is uncommonly performed. Detailed procedural descriptions are limited and similarly limited information is available regarding patient outcome. Institutional medical

Verdinexor (KPT‐335) is a novel orally bioavailable selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) compound that inhibits the function of the nuclear export protein Exportin 1 (XPO1/CRM1). In the present study, we sought to characterize the expression of XPO1 in primary canine osteosarcoma (OS) tumour samples, OS cell lines and normal osteoblasts and evaluate the in vitro activity of verdinexor alone

Studies regarding the neoplastic infiltration of the skin overlying canine subcutaneous soft tissue sarcoma (sSTS) are lacking. In case of the absence of tumor infiltration, there would be the possibility of leaving this unaffected skin in place, thus simplifying surgery. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the skin overlying sSTSs is infiltrated by neoplastic cells. Dogs with sSTSs treated

Lymphatic drainage from the head and neck is variable with significant crossover, therefore sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping can help ensure the appropriate lymph node(s) are sampled. To improve sensitivity, SLN mapping utilizing multiple modalities and a combination of preoperative computed tomography lymphography (CTL) and intraoperative near infrared fluorescence imaging (NIRF) with indocyanine

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is in humans and cats a malignant cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, whereas in dogs it possibly has a more benign behaviour. It may be cytologically confused with round cell tumours such as lymphoma because of its striking cytomorphologic similarity. Although MCC is considered to arise from Merkel cells, recent findings indicated that primitive (epi‐)dermal stem cells

Low tetrahydrocannabinol Cannabis sativa products, also known as hemp products, have become widely available and their use in veterinary patients has become increasingly popular. Despite prevalence of use, the veterinary literature is lacking and evidence‐based resource for cannabinoid efficacy. The most prevailing cannabinoid found in hemp is cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and becomes cannabidiol (CBD)

Decreased circulating 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and increased inflammatory marker concentrations have been reported separately in canine cancer. Correlations between the two exist in humans, but little work has examined links in dogs. This study aimed to determine plasma 25(OH)D and inflammatory marker concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with cancer and to assess correlations in each group

Canine appendicular osteosarcoma is commonly treated with limb amputation; however, limb‐sparing options are frequently desired or necessary for a subset of patients. We evaluated 123 patients and 130 sites treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Eighty‐two out of 98 dogs (84%) had maximum lameness improvement at a median of 3 weeks for a median of 6 months duration. Histopathologic

Identification of prognostic factors for perivascular wall tumours (PWTs) is desirable to accurately predict prognosis and guide treatment. 100 and two dogs with surgically excised PWTs without distant metastasis were retrospectively enrolled in this multi‐institutional study, and the impact of pre‐treatment leukocyte parameters, clinical and histopathological variables on local recurrence (LR) and

Image‐guided, intensity modulated radiation therapy (IG‐IMRT) reduces dose to pelvic organs at risk without losing dose coverage to the planning target volume (PTV) and might permit margin reductions potentially resulting in lower toxicity. Appropriate PTV margins have not been established for IG‐IMRT in abdominopelvic tumours in dogs, and herein we explore if our usual PTV 5 mm margin can be reduced

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common haematopoietic tumour in dogs and recognized as clinical model for its human counterpart. Recently, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte (NLR) and lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte (LMR) ratios have been shown to predict time‐to‐progression (TTP) and lymphoma‐specific survival (LSS) in dogs with DLBCL treated with CHOP‐based chemotherapy. We retrospectively evaluated

Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is a telomerase‐independent telomere maintenance mechanism (TMM) with high prevalence in human osteosarcomas but remains unknown in canine osteosarcomas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of ALT by detection of extra‐chromosomal circles of telomeric DNA and to assess clinical outcome in canine patients with spontaneous occurring appendicular

Feline injection site sarcomas (FISS) are aggressive, with high recurrence and rarely metastasising. The objective of this study was to evaluate, by immunohistochemistry, the expression of oestrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors in FISS and correlate them with clinical and histopathological aspects. This was a retrospective study with 51 cases of FISS. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect

Benign mammary tumours are among the most common tumours of companion rats (Rattus norvegicus domestica), as well as a major animal welfare concern and euthanasia. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of oestrogen, progesterone, androgen, and prolactin receptors in neoplastic and normal mammary gland tissues and compare the expression of these receptors between groups. The

Most male dogs are castrated at young ages, making them easy to rear following androgen deprivation. Although the incidence of canine prostate cancer is low, several patients have resistance to androgen therapy and poor clinical prognosis. These outcomes are similar to those of end‐stage human androgen‐independent prostate cancer. The androgen receptor (AR) of canines has two polyglutamine (polyQ)

This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of low dose cyclophosphamide chemotherapy plus meloxicam as an adjuvant treatment, compared with high dose doxorubicin or surgery alone in cats with mammary carcinoma. Medical records of 228 female cats treated for mammary carcinoma between 2008 and 2018, were reviewed in eight veterinary institutions. Only cats with complete tumour staging

Published radiotherapy results for suspected heart‐based tumours in dogs are limited. In this retrospective longitudinal study (3/2014‐2019), eight dogs with either clinical signs attributable to a heart‐base mass (6), or asymptomatic with a progressively larger mass on echocardiogram (2), received conventional fractionated radiotherapy (CFRT) or stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Clinical findings

In humans B‐symptoms refer to systemic symptoms of lymphoma such as fever, weight loss, and night sweats and influence the prognosis of patients. In canine lymphoma, substage B is used to describe any clinical sign observed. Aim of the retrospective study was to compare the prognostic value of substage B with B‐symptoms to predict treatment response and survival in canine nodal diffuse large B‐cell

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a possible association between mammary tumour size and increasing degree of malignancy. Data of 625 dogs with a total of 1459 mammary tumours were analysed retrospectively. 80.3% dogs were intact, mean age at diagnosis was 9.7 ± 2.5 years, 75.8% were pure breed dogs. Median body weight was 20.0 kg. Malignant tumours (n = 580) were significantly larger than

Papillomaviruses are oncogenic DNA viruses and induce hyperplastic benign lesions of both cutaneous and mucosal tissues in their various hosts, including many domestic and wild animals as well as humans. There are some Papillomavirus genotypes that can infect hosts different from their own, such as BPV 1 and BPV 2 originated from cattle, which can also infect horses and are responsible for fibroblastic

Lymphoma is the most common haematological malignancy in dogs and its aetiology is largely unknown. The presence of canine vector‐borne agents (CVBD) in lymphoma tissues has been described and its causative effects questioned. We intended to evaluate the presence and extent of Leishmania infantum, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Bartonella henselae infection in dogs with lymphoma. Sixty‐one

Canine mammary tumours (CMTs) are the most prevalent neoplasms in female dogs. Despite the high incidence of such tumours, a lack of easily accessible biomarkers still impedes early diagnosis of malignant CMTs. Herein we identify thymidylate synthetase (TYMS), hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (HAPLN1) and insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) as CMT antigens eliciting corresponding

We report a precision medicine platform that evaluates the probability of chemotherapy drug efficacy for canine lymphoma by combining ex vivo chemosensitivity and immunophenotyping assays with computational modelling. We isolated live cancer cells from fresh fine needle aspirates of affected lymph nodes and collected post‐treatment clinical responses in 261 canine lymphoma patients scheduled to receive

Histopathologic surgical margin assessment in veterinary patients is an imprecise science with assessment limited to a small proportion of the surgical margin due to time and finances. Incomplete excision of canine mast cell tumours (MCTs) alters treatment recommendations and prognosis. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a novel imaging modality that has been reported in a single veterinary study

Canine oral papillary squamous cell carcinoma (COPSCC) is a rare neoplasm and although locally invasive it carries a favourable prognosis following wide surgical excision. Radiotherapy has been reported to be effective as an adjunct treatment to surgery. However, limited information is available on the role of radiotherapy as single treatment. This single‐institution retrospective study describes a

Osteosarcoma (OSA) arising from the digits, metatarsal and metacarpal bones is rare and may carry a better prognosis compared with other locations. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the biological behaviour, the progression free interval (PFI), the survival time (ST) and evaluate the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy for OSA affecting these bones. Medical records from two academic

Numerous studies have described the prognostic factors of canine and feline mammary carcinomas (MCs), that is, variables that predict patient survival after diagnosis. But how does survival estimation evolve in patients that escaped early death from their cancer? In human oncology, conditional survival (CS), the probability of surviving X further years when cancer patients have already survived Y years

Tumour stage has been demonstrated to have prognostic significance in canine oral malignant melanoma (OMM). Various evaluation techniques of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) have been reported for staging of head‐and‐neck tumours in people, but canine‐specific data are limited, and reports for CT accuracy have been variable. In this prospective study, the head/neck of client‐owned

Cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs) are the most frequent malignant skin tumours in dogs. Mutations in the c‐KIT proto‐oncogene are correlated with the pathogenesis and aggressiveness of MCTs. To date, studies have focused on c‐KIT mutations and KIT protein localization, with a general lack of mRNA‐level analyses. In this study, c‐KIT mRNA expression was investigated in canine MCTs by RNA in situ hybridization

This study aimed to determine a reliable therapeutic biomarker for localized small intestinal lymphoma (SIL) in dogs based on clinical and histopathological features. We retrospectively investigated 84 dogs with localized SIL, including 36 dogs receiving surgery and 48 dogs receiving chemotherapy. The dogs receiving surgery were divided into two subgroups: 18 dogs (group 1) with overall survival (OS)

Canine mast cell tumours (MCTs) typically spread to lymph nodes (LNs) before reaching distant sites, and LN assessment is an important part of MCT staging. Sentinel LN (SLN) mapping techniques to identify draining LNs are being developed and could improve the accuracy of MCT staging. The primary objective of this feasibility study was to determine the safety and effectiveness of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound

Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) is one of the most widely used diagnostic immunohistochemical markers for human meningioma. To date, no published study on EMA expression in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissue samples of canine meningioma is available. Here, we describe the results of an immunohistochemical study on 25 FFPE canine meningiomas using a monoclonal anti‐human EMA antibody.

Little evidence is available regarding the prognosis of dogs with malignant ovarian tumours. The objective of this retrospective study was to describe the outcomes and determine the prognostic factors for dogs with malignant ovarian tumours following treatment, including surgery with or without adjuvant therapy. Eighteen dogs were studied, their median age was 12 years (range: 7‐15 years), and their

Maxillectomy is poorly described for the management of oral tumours in cats and is occasionally not recommended because of the high complication rate and sub‐optimal outcome reported in cats treated with mandibulectomy. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the complications and oncologic outcome in cats treated with maxillectomy. Sixty cats were included in the study. Maxillectomy

Exocrine pancreatic carcinoma is uncommon in the dog and the veterinary literature surrounding the disease is minimal. Twenty‐three cases of canine exocrine pancreatic carcinoma were reviewed in a retrospective manner to obtain information on clinical presentation, behaviour and survival associated with the disease. Presenting clinical signs were nonspecific and included anorexia, lethargy, vomiting

Perioperative administration of desmopressin has shown to significantly decrease rates of local recurrence and metastasis, and increase survival times in dogs with grade II and III mammary carcinomas. The objective of this study was to compare the oncologic outcome of cats with mammary carcinoma treated with bilateral mastectomy with or without perioperative administration of desmopressin. Medical

Statins are inhibitors of the mevalonate cascade that is responsible for cholesterol biosynthesis and the formation of intermediate metabolites, farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) used in the prenylation of proteins. Although statins are widely used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, recent studies suggest that they also inhibit proliferation of tumour cells