OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of 7.5% hypertonic saline solution (HSS) on whole blood coagulation in healthy dogs and to compare electrolyte and osmolality measurements between in vivo and in vitro dilution with HSS. DESIGN Experimental study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Twelve adult purpose-bred Beagles. INTERVENTIONS All 12 dogs received 5 mL/kg 7.5% HSS at 1 mL/kg/min. After

OBJECTIVE To describe the first documented case of oxidant-induced anemia in a dog associated with propofol and IV lipid emulsion (IVLE) treatment for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) toxicosis. CASE SUMMARY A 2-year-old male intact mixed breed dog was presented for evaluation after ingestion of 5% 5-FU cream. Refractory reactive seizures rapidly developed, and treatment with benzodiazepines, propofol, levetiracetam

OBJECTIVE To describe the successful management of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) using cardiopulmonary resuscitation, including defibrillation, followed by continuous rate infusion of IV amiodarone, in a cat with cardiac arrest secondary to tachyarrhythmia. CASE SUMMARY A 12-year-old previously healthy neutered male Scottish Fold cat presented following an acute episode

When this article1 was published in the journal, one source of funding was inadvertently omitted from the funding declaration. The authors acknowledge funding provided by the Australian Companion Animal Health Foundation.

OBJECTIVE To describe the use of a ketamine-dexmedetomidine combination and mild hypothermia for the treatment of status epilepticus in 3 dogs that did not respond to GABAergic medication. CASE SERIES SUMMARY Three dogs, each with a diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy, were presented to the emergency department in a state of status epilepticus. The dogs were treated unsuccessfully with benzodiazepine

Retrospective evaluation of outpatient canine parvovirus treatment in a shelter‐based low‐cost urban clinic. Kimberly Perley ScB Charlotte C. Burns BS Caroline Maguire VMD Virginia Shen VMD, MHS EmmaRose Joffe VMD Darko Stefanovski PhD, MS Laurel Redding VMD, PhD Lisa Germanis VMD Kenneth J. Drobatz DVM, MSCE, DACVIM, DACVECC Brittany Watson MS, VMD, PhD, DACVPM. In the article entitled “Retrospective

OBJECTIVE To determine if there is a difference in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) among 3 anatomic body positions (right lateral, left lateral, and sternal recumbence) in apparently healthy dogs. DESIGN Prospective, observational study. SETTING University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. ANIMALS Fourteen apparently healthy male dogs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS After mild sedation with dexmedetomidine

OBJECTIVE To compare the Element point-of-care (POC) portable blood gas analyzer with a laboratory-based bench-top reference analyzer using whole blood samples obtained from horses presenting to a referral center with various disorders in order to determine agreement between these analyzers. DESIGN Prospective clinical study. SETTING The study was conducted at a university teaching hospital at moderate

OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic investigations, and outcome of a dog with pregnancy-associated immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. CASE SUMMARY A 6-year-old, pregnant Bichon Frise was presented due to lethargy, inappetence, and progressive regenerative anemia with spherocytosis. The dog had been recently receiving ranitidine and amoxicillin/clavulanate. An in-house saline

OBJECTIVE To report the development of a tension pneumomediastinum during mechanical ventilation of a young Irish Wolfhound with aspiration pneumonia. CASE SUMMARY A 9-month-old intact female Irish Wolfhound was presented for clinical signs consistent with aspiration pneumonia. Evaluation of her pedigree and clinical signs prompted suspicion of Irish Wolfhound rhinitis bronchopneumonia syndrome as

OBJECTIVE To document a case of transient AB blood type indicated by immunochromatography in a type B cat following administration of an incompatible type A transfusion. CASE SUMMARY A 7-month-old neutered male domestic longhair cat was evaluted for anemia, pigmenturia, and intravascular hemolysis 1 day after receiving a feline whole blood transfusion. Neither blood donor nor patient had been blood-typed

OBJECTIVE To describe the efficacy of in-series hemoperfusion and hemodialysis in 2 dogs with carprofen overdose. CASE SUMMARY This report describes the treatment of 2 dogs following accidental carprofen overdoses who underwent a single in-series hemoperfusion and hemodialysis session. Serial serum carprofen concentrations were measured before, during, and after the session. The first patient's session

OBJECTIVE To examine the efficiency of hemoperfusion in removing South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) venom from rats compared with neutralization by antivenom. DESIGN An exploratory experimental investigation in rats involving the injection of snake venom with or without subsequent hemoperfusion or antivenom administration. SETTING Basic animal research laboratory in a private

OBJECTIVE To design and evaluate a method to purify canine albumin from fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or stored plasma (SP) in a manner that could be applied clinically. DESIGN In vitro experimental study. SETTING FDA licensed Blood Bank Laboratory and University biochemistry laboratory. ANIMALS None. INTERVENTIONS Using equipment that is typically found in veterinary blood banks, plasma bags were thawed

OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy and safety of the caudal epidural technique in cats with urethral obstruction (UO). DESIGN Prospective, double-blinded, randomized, sham-controlled study. ANIMALS Eighty-eight male cats with UO. INTERVENTIONS Thirty cats randomized to bupivacaine epidural (BUP), 28 cats to bupivacaine-morphine epidural (BUP/MOR), and 30 cats to sham epidural (SHAM). MEASUREMENTS

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performances of a manual Nageotte hemocytometer method and commercial fluorescent bead-based flow cytometric assay for quantifying [rWBC] in leukoreduced canine packed red blood cell (pRBC) units. DESIGN Prospective study. Five, commercially purchased, double leukoreduced canine pRBC units were spiked with canine leukocytes to create 6 pRBC standards with the following [rWBC]:

OBJECTIVE To review the veterinary literature regarding healing and complications associated with equine celiotomy including anatomy and physiology, risk factors for incisional infection and hernia, and treatment. ETIOLOGY Celiotomy is the most common approach to treat horses with surgical colic. Incision through the linea alba provides exposure to most of the abdomen for exploration, exteriorization

OBJECTIVE To determine whether a normal cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration and normal ECG on entry rule out the development of a clinically significant cardiac arrhythmia (CSCA, defined as an arrhythmia requiring anti-arrhythmic treatment) in dogs that have sustained blunt trauma. DESIGN Prospective, observational study. Client-owned dogs were enrolled between January 2015 and November 2016. SETTING

To evaluate survival and associated risk factors when utilizing an outpatient treatment protocol for treatment of canine parvovirus (CPV) performed in a shelter‐based low‐cost urban clinic.

To report the incidence of and risk factors for development of recurrent secondary septic peritonitis (RSSP) in dogs. To report the outcome of dogs treated surgically for RSSP.

OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical presentation and medical management of a cat with perinephric abscessation and urosepsis following urethral obstruction and catheterization. CASE SUMMARY A 2-year-old intact male domestic shorthaired cat presented to an emergency and referral center for lethargy, vomiting, and hematuria. Severe azotemia and hyperkalemia were observed on a serum biochemistry panel

OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of urinary catheter type on recurrence rate (rUO) in cats with urethral obstruction. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Two private referral hospitals. ANIMALS Ninety-one cats diagnosed with urethral obstruction treated with a 3.5-Fr Argyle (AR) or 3.5-Fr red rubber (RR) indwelling catheter presenting in 2014. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS One hundred sixty-six

OBJECTIVE To evaluate dogs treated with hemodialysis for severe metaldehyde intoxication and to compare them with conventionally-managed patients. DESIGN Retrospective study (2012-2017). SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Data from 18 dogs with severe metaldehyde intoxication were analyzed. Eleven dogs were treated with intermittent hemodialysis and 7 managed conventionally. INTERVENTIONS

OBJECTIVE To describe the diagnosis, management, and outcome of a ferret with spontaneous hemoperitoneum with surgical intervention and xenotransfusion of type A feline packed red blood cells (pRBCs). CASE SUMMARY A domestic ferret diagnosed with a spontaneous hemoperitoneum secondary to a hepatic mass received isotonic crystalloids, hypertonic saline, and an allogenic blood transfusion perioperatively

OBJECTIVE To describe the use of manual therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) to manage hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in a dog. CASE SUMMARY A 9-year-old neutered female Dachshund presented for HE secondary to a previously diagnosed portosystemic shunt. The hyperammonemia and severe clinical signs of HE persisted despite extensive medical management. Therapeutic plasma exchange was performed for stabilization

OBJECTIVE Determine whether an emergency medicine-focused clinical pathology training course improved the proficiency of house officers. DESIGN Prospective blinded study. SETTING Veterinary academic center. STUDY SUBJECT House officers enrolled in programs other than clinical pathology. INTERVENTIONS A 4-hour curriculum was provided by a board-certified specialist in veterinary clinical pathology.

OBJECTIVE To report on the spontaneous resolution of caval syndrome in 5 dogs selected for their response to medical stabilization prior to scheduled heartworm extraction. SERIES SUMMARY Five dogs with heartworm caval syndrome were treated with sildenafil, fluid, and supplemental oxygen therapy. Moreover, 4 of 5 dogs were also administered pimobendan to achieve hemodynamic stabilization in preparation

OBJECTIVE To assess the in vitro effects of crystalloid and colloid IV fluids on the thromboelastographic (TEG) variables of canine whole blood. DESIGN In vitro experimental study. SETTING Veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Twenty-two healthy dogs. INTERVENTION Citrated whole blood samples collected from healthy dogs were diluted with 3.4% hypertonic saline (HTS 3.4), 7% hypertonic saline (HTS 7)

OBJECTIVE To describe a case series of systemic lime sulfur toxicosis secondary to topical administration in 2 cats. CASE SUMMARY Two cats from the same household that were being previously treated for Microsporum canis were presented following topical administration of an incorrectly diluted lime sulfur dip. A 30% solution was used rather than the recommended 3% solution, resulting in a 10-fold concentration

OBJECTIVE To determine the success rate and complications associated with inducing emesis in dogs that have ingested foreign material. DESIGN Retrospective case series, 2010-2014. SETTING Private practice and referral center. ANIMALS Sixty-one client-owned dogs that had emesis induced for the treatment of ingestion of foreign material. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Emesis was successfully

INTRODUCTION The primary study objective was to characterize the pattern of in-hospital mortality in dogs with gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV), with a focus on preoperative nonsurvival. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review of medical records from a 10-year period was undertaken at a university teaching hospital. Data collected included signalment, physical examination parameters at hospital

OBJECTIVE To conduct a narrative review of the current literature in reference to the structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx (EG) and its contribution to the pathophysiology of conditions relevant to the veterinary emergency and critical care clinician. Novel therapies for restoring or preserving the EG will also be discussed. DATA SOURCES Online databases (PubMed, CAB abstracts, Scopus)

OBJECTIVE To determine whether focused cardiac ultrasound (FOCUS) performed by emergency and critical care (ECC) specialists or residents in training improves differentiation of cardiac (C) versus non-cardiac (NC) causes of respiratory distress in dogs compared to medical history and physical examination alone. DESIGN Prospective cohort study (May 2014 to February 2016). SETTING University hospital

OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of sampling methods on culture results and selection of antimicrobials for treating infected wounds in dogs. DESIGN Prospective study from January to July 2016. SETTING Three private multispecialty referral centers. ANIMALS Fifty-two client-owned dogs with infected wounds. INTERVENTIONS Each wound was sampled for culture by 3 methods: swabbing prior to preparation

OBJECTIVE To report the gross and histopathological postmortem findings of the urinary tract and compare them to clinical severity of disease in cats with urethral obstruction (UO). DESIGN Retrospective, observational, descriptive study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Fourteen cats from 2000 to 2014 with UO that had a complete postmortem examination. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS

OBJECTIVE To describe the use of hemodialysis in 2 dogs with severe clinical signs from phenobarbital intoxication. SERIES SUMMARY Two dogs ingested a toxic dose of phenobarbital, leading to severe neurological dysfunction and a comatose state. Both dogs received a 3-hour session of hemodialysis with complete resolution of clinical signs and returned to normal mentation by the end of the therapy. No

OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical presentation and outcome of a dog with primary hypoparathyroidism secondary to cervical bite wounds. CASE SUMMARY A 3-year-old male intact Chihuahua presented after being attacked by a large breed dog. The dog sustained severe cervical lacerations, exposing the trachea and jugular veins. A portion of the right thyroid gland was missing. The dog was stabilized before

OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI), clinical course, decontamination procedures, and outcome in dogs following grape or raisin ingestion. DESIGN Retrospective case series from 2005 to 2014. SETTING Three university veterinary teaching hospitals. ANIMALS One hundred thirty-nine client-owned dogs with known grape or raisin ingestion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Among

OBJECTIVE To identify physical exam findings, clinicopathological parameters, time to surgery, empirical antimicrobial use, and culture results that could be associated with outcome in cats with septic peritonitis (SP). DESIGN Retrospective cohort study of cats from 2002 to 2015. SETTING Four university teaching hospitals. ANIMALS Eighty-three cats diagnosed with SP by cytology or culture. INTERVENTIONS

OBJECTIVE To describe a case of successful management of epidural-subdural abscess and severe meningitis with secondary brain herniation in a dog. CASE SUMMARY A rhino-sinusotomy was performed in a 3-year-old mixed-breed dog for management of refractory sinonasal aspergillosis. Initial recovery was good, but the dog became acutely stuporous 36 hours after surgery. Evidence of increased intracranial

OBJECTIVE To describe the use of extracorporeal therapy (ECT) to treat severe cannabinoid intoxication in a dog with severe hyperlipidemia. CASE SUMMARY A 7-month-old female intact Labrador Retriever presented with seizures and severe hyperesthesia that were refractory to multiple anticonvulsant medications and required induction of general anesthesia with propofol and mechanical ventilation. The dog's

OBJECTIVE To identify the prevalence of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) concentrations in critically ill dogs and determine whether vitamin D concentration measured at admission correlates with illness severity and patient outcome. DESIGN Prospective observational study from December 2013 to July 2014. SETTING Private referral teaching hospital ICU. ANIMALS One hundred eleven critically ill

OBJECTIVE To evaluate bacterial isolates, antimicrobial drug susceptibility, and change in resistance among pre- and post-lavage culture samples in dogs with septic peritonitis. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING Private practice referral hospital. ANIMALS Forty client-owned dogs with confirmed septic peritonitis requiring surgical intervention. INTERVENTIONS All dogs had perioperative

OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical characteristics of acute chlorfenapyr toxicity in 3 dogs from a single household. CASE SUMMARY A 4-year-old neutered female Labrador Retriever was presented with severe hyperthermia (42.6°C [108.6°F]). Emergency management consisting of fluid resuscitation, active cooling, general anesthesia, gastric lavage, activated charcoal administration, and intravenous lipid

OBJECTIVE To describe a case of mannitol overdose associated with acute kidney injury (AKI), hypertonic hyponatremia, and neurologic abnormalities in a dog. CASE SUMMARY A 10-year-old intact male Shiba Inu dog was referred to the emergency service of a veterinary teaching hospital for inappetence and acute onset of seizures. The dog had received 2 IV boluses of 3 g/kg of mannitol in less than 24 hours

OBJECTIVE To quantify plasma cytokine concentrations in dogs with sepsis and noninfectious systemic inflammation and to evaluate the association between plasma cytokines and outcome in dogs with sepsis. DESIGN Prospective, observational cohort study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Forty-five dogs with sepsis, 10 dogs with noninfectious systemic inflammation (nSIRS), and 15 healthy controls

OBJECTIVE To describe acute mesenteric infarction due to suspected Spirocerca lupi aberrant migration in 5 dogs. CASE SERIES SUMMARY All dogs were large breed, none of which exhibited typical clinical signs associated with spirocercosis. All dogs were eventually diagnosed with septic peritonitis. On exploratory laparotomy, thickening of the jejunal arteries, surrounding mesojejunum, and segmental necrosis

OBJECTIVE Evaluate and quantify the effects of mucosal corn syrup and 50% dextrose application on blood glucose concentrations in healthy dogs, to assess the effectiveness of a widely used practice for treatment of hypoglycemia. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Twelve client-owned dogs that were healthy, >1 year of age, weighing >5 kg, and had normal

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ability of arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation measurement via pulse oximetry (SpO2 ) to serve as a surrogate for PaO2 in dogs. DESIGN Two-part study: prospective observational and retrospective components. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Ninety-two dogs breathing room air prospectively enrolled on a convenience basis. Retrospective evaluation of 1,033 paired

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of Yunnan Baiyao (YB) on hemostatic parameters measured by thromboelastography (TEG) in apparently healthy cats administered 1 capsule of YB orally twice daily for 1 week. DESIGN Prospective study of client-owned cats at a small animal specialty hospital. SETTING One private referral center. ANIMALS Twenty client-owned adult cats were prospectively enrolled. INTERVENTIONS

OBJECTIVE To describe the use of mechanical ventilation (MV) in the management of Eastern coral snake envenomation in 7 dogs and a cat. DESIGN Retrospective study (2011-2016). SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Seven dogs and 1 cat receiving MV for ventilatory failure secondary to Eastern coral snake envenomation. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS The medical records of 8

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the donation of 1 unit of blood results in a significant decrease in the caudal vena cava diameter (CVCd) and the caudal vena cava diameter to aortic diameter (CVCd:Aod) ratio measured at the iliac location. INTERVENTIONS Eight healthy client-owned Greyhounds underwent ultrasound of their caudal vena cava and aorta before and after blood donation. The principal investigator

OBJECTIVE To determine the severity, concurrent clinical signs, and disease processes associated with potassium abnormalities in dogs and cats presenting to a veterinary emergency department and associated mortality. DESIGN Retrospective and descriptive study over 20 months. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS 1916 dog and 525 cat visits. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

OBJECTIVE To compare the prognostic value of admission hematologic parameters serum/plasma iron, red blood cell distribution width (RDW), and nucleated red blood cells (nRBCs) in dogs presenting with acute traumatic injury. DESIGN Retrospective observational study (2009-2015). SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS One hundred and twenty-nine clinical dogs presenting within 24 hours of acute

OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical signs, clinicopathologic abnormalities, treatment, and outcome after IV administration of polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG3350) in a cat. CASE SUMMARY A cat was inadvertently administered 6 g/kg of PEG3350 in electrolyte solution, IV, resulting in severe hypernatremia (203 mmol/L), diffuse encephalopathy, hemolysis, and moderate azotemia. The hemolysis and acute kidney

OBJECTIVE To assess the administration of a commercially available activated charcoal suspension with sorbitol (ACS) on serum sodium concentrations and hydration status in healthy dogs. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Private referral hospital. ANIMALS Nine healthy adult dogs. INTERVENTIONS Dogs were administered 1 mg/kg maropitant (Cerenia; Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY) intravenously 1 hour

OBJECTIVES To examine the Animal Trauma Triage (ATT) and modified Glasgow Coma Scale (mGCS) scores as predictors of mortality in injured cats. DESIGN Observational cohort study conducted September 2013 to March 2015. SETTING Nine Level I and II veterinary trauma centers. ANIMALS Consecutive sample of 711 cats reported on the Veterinary Committee on Trauma (VetCOT) case registry. INTERVENTIONS None

OBJECTIVE To evaluate cardiovascular focused assessment with sonography for trauma and triage (CV-FAST) interobserver agreement for echocardiographic parameters and caudal vena cava (CVC) diameter measurement, between a cardiologist and 2 non-cardiologists after a 6-hour training course. SETTING University veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Fifteen healthy Beagle dogs. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS