Tungiasis is a neglected neotropical disease caused by penetration of Tunga spp. into the skin of the host.

One approach for a functional HIV cure is to prevent transcription from integrated proviral DNA. A critical step in HIV transcription is the Tat protein interaction with the TAR element viral RNA. We tested the strategy of blocking this Tat‐TAR interaction in the SIVmac model.

The classification of Saguinus ursulus as a new taxon and the vulnerability of this species highlighted the need for data on its specific morphophysiological attributes. This study used ultrasound to determine the typical characteristics of pelvic‐abdominal structures and organs.

Leptospirosis is an important anthropozoonosis. The study investigated the presence of anti‐Leptospira antibodies and detection of Leptospira spp DNA in the urine as well as the biochemical profile in Neotropical wild primates living in a forest reserve from Southeast São Paulo State, Brazil.

HIV‐1 evolved from SIV during cross‐species transmission events, though viral genetic changes are not well understood. Here, we studied the evolution of SIVcpzLB715 into HIV‐1 Group M using humanized mice. High viral loads, rapid CD4+ T‐cell decline, and non‐synonymous substitutions were identified throughout the viral genome suggesting viral adaptation.

This case reports the successful management of a traumatic diaphyseal femoral fracture in an infant Western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus ) from a rescue centre in Sierra Leone using a 2.4‐mm intramedullary pin and two 2.7‐mm String of Pearls™ locking plates. Locking plate use has not been previously described in chimpanzees.

Through the accumulation of adaptive mutations, HIV‐2 originated from SIVsm. To identify these evolutionary changes, a humanized mouse model recapitulated the process that likely enabled this cross‐species transmission event. Various adaptive mutations arose, as well as increased virulence and CD4+ T‐cell decline as the virus was passaged in humanized mice.

Spontaneous myeloid leukemia is rarely reported in non‐human primates. We report a case of myeloproliferative disorder suggestive of acute myeloid leukemia with intraoral lesions in an olive baboon (Papio anubis ). Clinical pathology, radiology, gross examination (pre‐mortem and post‐mortem), histopathology, and immunohistochemistry findings are provided.

Anaesthesia is often required in common marmosets undergoing various procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate anaesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of alfaxalone, alfaxalone‐ketamine and alfaxalone‐butorphanol‐medetomidine in common marmosets.

Toxoplasmosis is an important disease affecting captive non‐human primates. The goal of this study was to assess the seroprevalence and pathological findings of toxoplasmosis in different species of captive primates.

The emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2 and the ensuing COVID‐19 pandemic prompted the need for a surveillance program to determine the viral status of the California National Primate Research Center non‐human primate breeding colony, both for reasons of maintaining colony health and minimizing the risk of interference in COVID‐19 and other research studies.

Benign duodenal tumours have very rarely been reported in captive non‐human primates and are also rare in human beings. Brunner's gland hyperplasia has not been fully described in a non‐human primate. Here, we report Brunner's gland hyperplasia in a geriatric chimpanzee, which was an incidental finding during post‐mortem examination.

A 19‐year‐old female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ) presented for cachexia, acute weakness, hyporexia, icterus, and polyuria. The animal was diagnosed with a hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, which is a well‐recognized syndrome in diabetic humans that is rarely diagnosed in animals. This case documents an important and likely under‐reported syndrome in non‐human primates.

This case study evaluates the effects of a 4.7 mg deslorelin acetate implant on one male olive baboon (Papio anubis ). Implantation induces transient azoospermia after which the subject was able to conceive again. Behavior was also impacted with a decrease in our proxies of aggressiveness and sexual arousal.

Serum biochemistry and ultrasonography can be useful diagnostic tools in evaluating the general health condition of long‐tailed macaques in rescue and rehabilitation centers.

Hematopoietic neoplasia other than lymphoma and leukemia is uncommon among non‐human primates. Herein, we provide the first evidence of occurrence of leukemic histiocytic sarcoma in a captive common squirrel monkey with Saimiriine Gammaherpesvirus 2 (Rhadinovirus ), Saimiri sciureus lymphocryptovirus 2 (Lymphocryptovirus ), and Squirrel monkey retrovirus (β‐Retrovirus ) coinfection.

This study evaluated the feasibility of trio housing caged adult male rhesus macaques and attempted to identify outcome predictors for trio housing formation and its intermediary introduction steps.

Wild capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus ) usually are found in conserved forests near the zoo and the urban areas of Brasília city, Brazil. In this study, some capuchin monkeys were captured using traps, followed by safe biological procedures for their overall health analysis, based on specific haematological and biochemical tests of blood samples.

This study evaluated and compared cardiorespiratory and blood gas parameters, as well as sedation, analgesia and recovery of two protocols: ketamine (10 mg/kg) or dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg), with midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg), IM (KBM and DBM, respectively) in brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans ).

A five‐year‐old female rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta ) presented with a thin body condition and multiple palpable mid‐abdominal masses. Mineralized cecal trichobezoars were removed surgically. Thirteen months later, similar masses recurred and were confirmed with radiographs. This is the first case report of a mineralized cecal trichobezoar in a rhesus macaque.

There is scarce information detailing clinical and physiological effects of reversible injectable protocols of chemical restraint on Neotropical primates.

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) naturally infects African non‐human primates (NHPs) and poses a threat of transmission to humans through hunting and consumption of monkeys as bushmeat. This study investigated the as of yet unknown molecular diversity of SIV in free‐ranging Chlorocebus species (African green monkeys—AGMs) and Papio anubis (olive baboons) within Mombasa, Kisumu and Naivasha urban

The morphological study of wild animals serves as a base for more advanced studies in clinical medicine, surgery, and pathology. Due to an urgent need and demand for professionals specialized in this area, studies of this nature have become indispensable and so the objective of the present study was to describe the heart morphology of Callithrix jacchus .

Saguinus leucopus is a Neotropical primate with an arboreal quadrupedal locomotion pattern, which requires wide movements of the shoulder and arm. This investigation studies the muscles of these regions in order to serve as a basis for clinical and surgical procedures and to compare with other primates.

IL‐9 and IL‐33 can profoundly influence immune responses. As a necessary first step toward defining their impact in the rhesus macaque model, we confirmed their endogenous expression and sequence identity and generated expression vectors for the recombinant expression of rhesus IL‐9 and IL‐33.

BACKGROUND Congenital cataract has been reported in a colony of captive-bred vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops). METHODS Molecular tools such as genotyping and gene expression were used to identify mutations associated with congenital cataract in this vervet colony. Beaded filament structural protein 1 (BFSP1), beta-crystallin B1 (CRYBB1), galactokinase1 (GALK1), and gap junction alpha-8 protein

BACKGROUND The objective of the present study was to study the anatomy of the respiratory system of Sapajus libidinosus. METHODS Ten corpses of adult animals were used. To analyze the bronchial tree, transparent acetic silicone was injected and then dissected. RESULTS The trachea presented a mean of 32 rings. These spaces were delimited for tracheostomy and tracheotomy between the 1st and 3rd ring

BACKGROUND For the diagnosis and treatment of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) caused by human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) are required therapeutic modalities urgently. Non-human primate models for ATLL would provide a valuable information for clinical studies. We did a pilot study to establish an ATLL non-human primate model using common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). METHODS We inoculated

A 16-year-old rhesus macaque presented with progressive, ascending quadriparesis following measles vaccination. He was diagnosed with transverse myelitis following MRI, gross necropsy, and histopathology. This is the first report of transverse myelitis in a rhesus macaque following measles vaccination.

A pregnant female rhesus macaque died spontaneously during stage two labor. Gross and histopathologic findings included severe pulmonary edema, with low numbers of blood vessels containing pale basophilic mucinous material (Alcian Blue positive and PTAH negative), consistent with intravascular amniotic fluid-derived mucin resulting in pulmonary amniotic fluid embolism.

BACKGROUND The maintenance of marmosets in captivity may trigger various disorders. The objective of this study was to provide a radiographic evaluation of the forelimbs and hind limbs of marmosets rescued from illegal wildlife trade and maintained in captivity. METHODS Fourteen marmosets were studied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Three marmosets were apparently normal. Of the eleven marmosets with radiographic

INTRODUCTION The baboon is a well-characterized model of human early stage atherosclerosis. However, histological and morphological changes involved in atherogenesis in baboons are not known. Previously, we challenged baboons with a high-cholesterol, high-fat diet for two years and observed fatty streak and plaque lesions in iliac arteries (RCIA). METHODS We evaluated histological and morphological

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage accompanies several common diseases of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Guaiac fecal occult blood testing (gFOBT) is a non-invasive means to detect such bleeding in several species; however, there are currently no data indicating reliability of this test to detect GI hemorrhage in macaques. METHODS We evaluated sensitivity and specificity of gFOBT to detect

Hypomelanosis of Ito is a rare neurocutaneous syndrome, characterized by streaks and swirls of hypopigmentation arranged in a Blaschkoid pattern. Other associated anomalies are observed. We report a case of a male cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) who presented the characteristic of hypomelanosis of Ito with palmoplantar involvement and polythelia.

Ectopic ureter is a congenital abnormality where the ureter terminates at a site other than the urinary bladder. A five-year-old female rhesus monkey presented with a urine odor, a wet perineum, and persistent dribbling of urine. An ultrasound examination revealed a cyst-like structure (1 × 0.75 cm) on the left side of the bladder. Computed tomographic excretory urography (CTEU) imaging revealed a

Chronic inflammatory enteric diseases occur commonly in humans and animals, especially in captive bred macaques. However, information about the etiology of idiopathic chronic inflammatory diarrhea in cynomolgus monkeys is limited. In this paper, we reported the unusual case of idiopathic chronic diarrhea in a captive cynomolgus monkey based on microbial, imaging, and microbiome examinations.

Although the domestic dog is the most important reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis in urban areas, there have been an increasing number of reports of naturally occurring leishmaniasis in non-human primates. Reported cases affecting neotropical and Old World non-human primates as well as their potential role as reservoirs were reviewed.

Gingival lesions as the sole manifestation of African histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii) have never been reported in baboons. Grossly, lesions can be indistinguishable from bacterial ulcerative gingivitis or gingival hyperplasia. Clinical outcomes of primary gingival histoplasmosis in baboons are unknown and may complicate colony management decisions.

HIV-1 evolved from its progenitor SIV strains, but details are lacking on its adaptation to the human host. We followed the evolution of SIVcpz in humanized mice to mimic cross-species transmission. Increasing viral loads, CD4+ T-cell decline, and non-synonymous mutations were seen in the entire genome reflecting viral adaptation.

BACKGROUND The BTB domain of B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) protein was identified as a therapeutic target for B-cell lymphoma. This study compared the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the BCL6 BTB inhibitor (FX1) between mice and macaques, as well as evaluating its lymphoid suppressive effect in uninfected macaques with lymphoid hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight uninfected adult Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca

BACKGROUND Nasalis larvatus are well-known attraction for tourists in the mangrove forest of Bako National Park (BNP). Little is known regarding the infestation of helminth parasites in proboscis monkeys. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence species of major helminth parasites of public health importance in proboscis monkeys in BNP. METHODS A total of 65 faecal samples

BACKGROUND Callithrix jacchus is a small primate widely used in experimentation, but data on plasma total protein (PTP) values of free-living animals inhabiting its own endemism region are non-existent. METHODS Marmosets belonging to two free-living groups were captured for marking and obtaining biological material. The collected blood was centrifuged to obtain the plasma and thus to determine the

Non-human primates are susceptible to many bacteria, some of which bear zoonotic potential. We report the pathologic features of spontaneous fulminating meningoencephalitis by Staphylococcus aureus in a captive infant golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) from Brazil.

BACKGROUND As the widely used biomarker of whole-blood stimulation assays for tuberculosis diagnosis, the release of IFN-γ might be affected by multiple factors, such as immunosuppression and some infectious agents. Here, we evaluated additional cytokines as diagnostic biomarkers. METHODS Forty-three cytokines were measured by Luminex xMAP technologies in 30 healthy and 10 naturally Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Naturally occurring neurologic disease in non-human primates may be attributable to a wide-range of causes, including infectious agents, congenital or acquired malformations, degenerative diseases, and, rarely, neoplasia. We report a case of ataxia and paresis in a juvenile rhesus macaque with ependymal-lined cerebral cysts.

BACKGROUND Biological information about captive Japanese macaques, including hematology and blood chemistry, is still lacking despite the fact that ethological and ecological data have accumulated during decades of field research. METHODS Hematological (511 examinations of 280 Japanese macaques) and blood chemistry data (between 33 and 284 examinations from between 29 and 257 individual macaques) in

Amniotic fluid was collected from pregnant female African green monkeys (n = 20). Analyses indicate microbial translocation into amniotic fluid during pregnancy is typical, and microbial load reduces across gestation. Microbial translocation does not relate to infant outcome or maternal factors. Lastly, we demonstrate that sample contamination is easily introduced and detectable.

BACKGROUND Physiological values reflect the health condition and responses of individuals to handling in captivity. The aim of this study was to establish hematological and serum biochemistry parameters of clinically healthy animals of the Alouatta guariba clamitans subspecies. METHODS We collected blood samples from adult males and females kept at the Center for Biological Research of Indaial after

BACKGROUND A smooth and rapid recovery from anesthesia allowing safe release is desirable, especially for wild species. This study describes the clinical effects of the combination of dexmedetomidine and ketamine and the partial reversal with atipamezole in golden-headed lion tamarins. METHODS Dexmedetomidine 10 μg kg-1 and ketamine 15 mg kg-1 were administered to 45 golden-headed lion tamarins undergoing

We screened hepatitis E from 15 species of non-human primates. Anti-HEV IgG was detected in 11.1% (1/9) Mandrillus sphinx, 14.3% (2/14) Gorilla gorilla, 5.9% (4/67) pan troglodytes and 8.7% (2/23) Mandrillus leucophaeus, whereas anti-HEV IgM was detected in 1.5% (1/18) papio Anubis, 28.6% (2/7) Cercocebus agilis and 1.5% (1/67) pan troglodyte.

BACKGROUND The relatively tiny spinal cord of non-human primate (NHP) causes increased challenge in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) post-processing. This study aimed to establish a reliable correction strategy applied to clinical DTI images of NHP. METHODS Six normal and partial spinal cord injury (SCI) rhesus monkeys underwent 3T MR scanning. A correction strategy combining multiple iterations and

Benign and malignant pulmonary tumors have been reported in both Old World and New World monkeys but are uncommon. Hemangiomas are also rarely reported in nonhuman primates. Here we present a case of two primary neoplasms (a papillary adenocarcinoma of bronchioloalveolar origin and multiple cavernous subcutaneous hemangiomas) arising in an aged squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).

BACKGROUND Alopecia in captive non-human primates is often presented as a welfare issue. However, it is a complex condition with a number of possible causes. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of pregnancy and hair cortisol concentrations on alopecia in rhesus macaques. METHODS Subjects were 113 socially housed adult female rhesus macaques (27 pregnant, 35 nursing infants, 51 controls)

BACKGROUND The southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides) is an endangered Neotropical primate. Semen collection and description of its traits, as well as testicular morphometry, have never been reported for this species. METHODS Testicles from five healthy adult captive southern muriqui were measured, and semen was collected by rectal probe electrostimulation (RPE). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS A solid

We have formatted an assay to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infections of non-human primates. Commercially available reagents were used to elicit a specific immune response that was measured by interferon-gamma release. Initial evaluation using blood samples from Rhesus macaques experimentally infected with M tuberculosis distinguished infected versus uninfected animals.

BACKGROUND Free-ranging non-human primates (NHPs) can host a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, such as arboviruses, which include the yellow fever virus (YFV). This study aimed to detect the circulation of YF and other arboviruses in three wild Alouatta caraya populations in forests in southern Brazil. METHODS We collected 40 blood and serum samples from 26 monkeys captured/recaptured up to four

BACKGROUND Non-human primate models of developmental programing by maternal mismatch between pregnancy and lactation diets are needed for translation to human programing outcomes. We present baboon offspring morphometry from birth to 3 years, and blood cortisol and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) from 2 to 24 months. METHODS Control mothers ate chow; mismatch mothers ate 30% less than controls during pregnancy

BACKGROUND Coconut is an important commodity in Kelantan, and pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) have been traditionally used for coconut-plucking for over a century. Most of these animals were sourced from the wild population, and the parasitic status of these macaques is unknown, plus the impacts caused by these parasites are usually underestimated by the owners. METHODS A total of 30 macaques