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Recent advances in microencapsulation of drugs for veterinary applications J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2021-01-13 Salah Uddin Ahmad; Bing Li; Jichao Sun; Safia Arbab; Zhen Dong; Fusheng Cheng; Xuzheng Zhou; Shad Mahfuz; Jiyu Zhang
Microencapsulation is a process where very minute droplets or particles of solid or liquid or gas are trapped with a polymer to isolate the internal core material from external environmental hazards. Microencapsulation is applied mostly for flavor masking, fortification, and sustained and control release. It improves palatability, absorption, and bioavailability of drugs with good conformity. Microencapsulation
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Corrigendum J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2021-01-09
In the article by Peters et al. (2009), the name of one of the co‐authors “Alexandra Salccicia” was misspelled in the published version. The correct name is “Alexandra Salciccia.” We apologize for this error.
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Pharmacokinetics of single dose oral Terbinafine in common shelducks (Tadorna tadorna) J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-12-30 Carlos Rojo‐Solís; Daniel García‐Párraga; Andrés Montesinos; María Ardiaca‐García; Teresa Álvaro; Mónica Valls; Carlos Barros‐García; Teresa Encinas
Fungal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in avian species; thus, antifungals are the treatment of choice. Despite widely used in clinical practice, terbinafine pharmacokinetic studies are scarce in literature and only cover some avian families, with marked differences between them. This study evaluates the pharmacokinetic behaviour of terbinafine after a single oral administration
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Pharmacokinetic analysis of two different doses of simvastatin following oral administration in dogs J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-12-24 Min‐Soo Kim; In‐hwan Baek
Simvastatin, used orally to treat hyperlipidemia, exhibits highly variable pharmacokinetics (PKs) in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate simvastatin PKs using noncompartmental analysis and population PK models following a single oral administration of two doses (20 and 80 mg) in dogs. Forty beagle dogs were randomly divided into two groups corresponding to the two doses. Blood samples
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Corrigendum J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-12-24
In the article by De Lucas et al., the authors have considered the Letter to the Editor from Prof. Mark G. Papich and agreed it was appropriate to re‐analyse the Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK‐PD) calculations for doxycycline using the unbound fraction. From the literature, the doxycycline protein binding in dogs is approximately 90% (Riond & Riviere, 1989), and we used a value of fraction unbound
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Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in food‐producing animals. Part III: Sheep and goat J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-12-22 Miao Li; Yu‐Shin Wang; Trevor Elwell‐Cuddy; Ronald E. Baynes; Lisa A. Tell; Jennifer L. Davis; Fiona P. Maunsell; Jim E. Riviere; Zhoumeng Lin
This report is the third in a series of studies that aimed to compile physiological parameters related to develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for drugs and environmental chemicals in food‐producing animals including swine and cattle (Part I), chickens and turkeys (Part II), and finally sheep and goats (the focus of this manuscript). Literature searches were conducted in multiple
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Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of furosemide in sheep J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-12-12 Duygu Durna Corum; Orhan Corum; Orkun Atik; Gul Cetin; Aidai Zhunushova; Kamil Uney
The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of furosemide were determined following intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC) administrations at 2.5 mg/kg dose in sheep. The study was conducted on six healthy sheep in a three‐way, three‐period, crossover pharmacokinetic design with a 15‐day washout period. In first period, furosemide was randomly administered via IV to 2 sheep, IM to
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Bayesian‐based withdrawal estimates using pharmacokinetic parameters for two capsaicinoid‐containing products administered to horses J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-12-11 Mary A. Robinson; Darko Stefanovski; Youwen You; Raymond C. Boston; Lawrence R. Soma
Capsaicinoids deter horses from chewing on bandages and are applied topically to provide analgesia to musculoskeletal injuries. They are banned during competition due to their nerve blocking properties. The pharmacokinetics of oral (PO) and direct gastric administration via nasogastric tube (NG), or topical (TOP) administration of two capsaicinoid‐containing products were investigated, and the withdrawal
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Preliminary bioequivalence of an oral integrating film formulation containing meloxicam with a suspension formulation in beagle dogs J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-12-09 Jong‐Shik Park; Sungmin Kim; Jaeyeon Lee; Jae‐Cheol Choi; YoungAh Kim; Chun‐Woong Park; Soohan Lee
The oral disintegrating film (ODF) has advantages over suspension and tablet. These include convenience of administration, patient compliance, and accurate dosing. We evaluated the bioequivalence between the ODF and the meloxicam suspension by using a crossover design with a 3‐week washout period. Six healthy male beagle dogs were randomized to receive both formulations of meloxicam, 2 mg. Plasma meloxicam
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Evaluation of partial area under the curve in bioequivalence studies using destructive sampling design J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-12-08 Marilyn N. Martinez; Shasha Gao
Product blood‐level in vivo bioequivalence (BE) studies typically involve complete blood concentration–time profiles generated for each subject. Accordingly, each subject provides the estimates of the rate and extent of drug absorption. However, repeated blood draws are not always feasible for studies using small animals because of handling or blood volume (e.g., fish or in toxicokinetic studies when
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Pharmacokinetic properties of tramadol and M1 metabolite in Northeast Brazilian donkeys (Equus asinus) J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-12-06 Andressa Nunes Mouta; Isabelle de Oliveira Lima; Maria Gláucia Carlos de Oliveira; Letícia Pereira Alves; Luã Barbalho de Macêdo; Gabriel Araujo‐Silva; José Pérez‐Urizar; Valéria Veras de Paula
There is currently little information available on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the analgesic opioid tramadol when used in the veterinary medicine of domestic species. In this study, we aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its active metabolite M1 following intravenous administration of 2 (T2) and 4 (T4) mg/kg to Northeast Brazilian donkeys. Tramadol and M1 plasma
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The challenges and applications of nanotechnology against bacterial resistance J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-12-04 Zhiqun Lei; Aman karim
Bacterial resistance to the antibiotics develops rapidly and is increasingly serious health concern in the world. It is an insoluble topic due to the multiple resistant mechanisms. The overexpression of relative activities of the efflux pump has proven to be a frequent and important source of bacterial resistance. Efflux transporters in the membrane from the resistant bacteria could play a key role
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Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of solid dispersion formulation of tilmicosin in pigs J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-12-03 Nan Zhang; Juan Ba; Shaojie Wang; Zhigao Xu; Fuda Wu; Zhili Li; Hua Deng; Hong Yang
Tilmicosin (TMS) is a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic restricted to veterinary use but is only partially soluble in aqueous solutions, which limits its administration in treatments. We developed a strategy to enhance the supersaturated solubility of TMS using amorphous solid dispersion (SD). The dissolution profile shown that the dissolution rate of TMS‐SD was obviously faster than TMS. The pharmacokinetics
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Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in food‐producing animals. Part II: Chicken and turkey J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-12-02 Yu‐Shin Wang; Miao Li; Lisa A. Tell; Ronald E. Baynes; Jennifer L. Davis; Thomas W. Vickroy; Jim E. Riviere; Zhoumeng Lin
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are growing in popularity due to human food safety concerns and for estimating drug residue distribution and estimating withdrawal intervals for veterinary products originating from livestock species. This paper focuses on the physiological and anatomical data, including cardiac output, organ weight, and blood flow values, needed for PBPK modeling
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Pharmacokinetics of a sulfadiazine and trimethoprim suspension in neonatal foals J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Elsbeth Swain O'Fallon; Patrick McCue; Sangeeta Rao; Daniel L. Gustafson
There is limited investigation of neonatal foal pharmacokinetic parameters for the antimicrobial combination of sulfadiazine (SDZ) and trimethoprim (TMP). Neonatal pharmacokinetic investigation of the sulfadiazine–trimethoprim combination is required to ensure safe and effective utilization in this population. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of sulfadiazine–trimethoprim
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Pharmacokinetic profile of a single dose of an oral pradofloxacin suspension administered to eastern long‐necked turtles (Chelodina longicollis) J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-11-30 Emily Taylor; Darren J. Trott; Benjamin Kimble; Shangzhe Xie; Merran Govendir; David J. McLelland
The pharmacokinetics of fluoroquinolones in chelonians are well described but this does not extend to pradofloxacin, a broad‐spectrum veterinary fluoroquinolone available as an oral suspension for cats and dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate the single‐dose pharmacokinetic profile of pradofloxacin oral suspension at 7.5 mg/kg in eastern long‐necked turtles (Chelodina longicollis). Eight
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Investigation of monensin Type A medicated article dissolution profiles in biorelevant media J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-11-18 Beverly J. Krabel; Laura B. Foust; Gary B. Fuller; Andrew J. Foss; Luke H. Garner; Robert P. Hunter
In the United States, a generic Type A medicated article (premix) product can gain government approval by demonstrating in vivo bioequivalence (BE) to the pioneer product in a blood level, pharmacodynamic, or clinical BE study. A biowaiver can be granted based on several criteria including solubility or a dose adjusted method. Monensin is practically insoluble in H2O per the USP definition. A comparison
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Animal welfare concerns highlight inequitable requirements J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-11-09 Anne Fawcett
The recently published study on the Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium in Peekapoo dogs following a single intravenous and subcutaneous injection (Yang et al., 2020) generated feedback that raises important questions for scientific journals, publishers and peer reviewers, as well as those working in animal‐based research more broadly. In a letter to the editors, veterinarian Dr Pascal Richez raises
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Editorial note J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-11-09 Paul Mills
A guideline should reflect the current status of knowledge and science. When I first joined JVPT as a Deputy Editor in 2015, one of the first issues I raised was the need for authors to adhere to a strong animal ethics guideline, with JVPT recommending the ARRIVE guidelines as appropriate. However, as an international journal, we did not wish to be too prescriptive to guidelines from any particular
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Midazolam oxidation in cattle liver microsomes: The role of cytochrome P450 3A. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-09-07 Alberto Nassi,Luigi Quintieri,Roberta Merlanti,Francesca Pezzato,Francesca Capolongo,Marianna Pauletto,Mauro Dacasto,Mery Giantin
In humans, the cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) subfamily is involved in midazolam (MDZ) biotransformation into 1′‐ and 4‐hydroxy metabolites, and the former serves as a probe for CYP3A catalytic activity. In veterinary species is still crucial to identify enzyme‐ and species‐specific CYP substrates; thus, the aim of this study was to characterize MDZ oxidation in cattle liver. A HPLC‐UV method was used
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Effects of rifampicin on plasma pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin in goats J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-11-05 Hande Sultan Şahiner; Cavit Kum
We investigated the pharmacokinetic profile of co‐administration of tulathromycin with rifampicin. Healthy male goats were allocated to three groups (n = 8) as Group A (single dose 2.5 mg/kg tulathromycin s.c.), B (10 mg kg−1 day−1 rifampicin p.o. daily for 7 days and single dose 2.5 mg/kg tulathromycin s.c. on 8th day), and C (10 mg kg−1 day−1 rifampicin p.o. daily for 21 days and single dose 2.5 mg/kg
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Perioperative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meloxicam in emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) of different age groups using nonlinear mixed effect modelling J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-11-03 Diego Castineiras; Lucy Armitage; Luís Pardon Lamas; Siegrid De Baere; Siska Croubels; Ludovic Pelligand
Meloxicam is a widely used nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug in avian species. However, variability in pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters in birds warrants species‐specific studies for dose and dosing interval optimization. We performed a perioperative PK study of meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg, intravenously) on emus of three different age groups: 3 chicks (5 weeks old, 3.5 kg), 4 juveniles
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Pharmacokinetics of doxycycline after oral administration of multiple doses in dogs J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-10-30 Jose Julio De Lucas; Casilda Rodríguez; Maria Dolores San Andrés; Angel Sainz; Alejandra Villaescusa; Mercedes García‐Sancho; Fernando Rodríguez‐Franco; Manuel I. San Andrés
The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of doxycycline in dogs and assess the efficacy of an oral drug dosage regimen of 10 mg/kg daily for 28 days through Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target analysis based on Monte Carlo simulation, using previously published data for the zoonotic pathogen Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. After a multiple‐dosage regimen, the
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Comparative bioavailability of enrofloxacin in dogs when concealed in noncommercial morsels, either as tablet or as enrofloxacin–alginate dried beads J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-10-28 Lilia Gutierrez; Teresa Lechuga; Xelhua Marcos; Perla García‐Guzmán; Carlos Gutrierrez; Hector Sumano
Administration of enrofloxacin tablets concealed in improvised morsels to elude the unpleasant flavor of this drug is likely to diminish maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) reached by this drug, jeopardizing treatment efficacy. To avoid this, the hypothesis that alginate dried beads containing enrofloxacin (ADBE) could modify the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in dogs was tested. ADBE were manufactured
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Enrofloxacin and its major metabolite ciprofloxacin in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas): An explorative pharmacokinetic study J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-10-26 Saranya Poapolathep; Thanaphan Chomcheun; Mario Giorgi; Suthep Jualaong; Narumol Klangkaew; Napasorn Phaochoosak; Pareeya Udomkusonsri; Pedro Marin; Amnart Poapolathep
The present study aimed to assess the pharmacokinetic features of enrofloxacin (ENR) and its major metabolite, ciprofloxacin (CIP) in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) after single intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration at two dosages of 5 and 7.5 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). The study used 10 animals randomly divided into equal groups. Blood samples were collected at assigned times
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Antimicrobial agent use in small animals what are the prescribing practices, use of PK‐PD principles, and extralabel use in the United States? J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-10-23 Mark G. Papich
In this review, the availability and deficiencies of current antimicrobial agents for companion animals in the United States are described. Although several active agents are FDA‐approved for small animals, there are many unmet needs. These needs are greatest for cats, for the treatment of antibiotic drug‐resistant infections, and to treat new or emerging pathogens that were not considered on older
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The pharmacokinetics and antiparasitic activity of ivermectin in Hutsul and Toric horses J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-10-25 Alla Vyniarska; Hubert Ziółkowski; Hanna Madej‐Śmiechowska; Jerzy J. Jaroszewski
The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin and its antiparasitic activity in two horse breeds. Eight Hutsul and 14 Toric horses were administered ivermectin orally at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight. Blood samples were collected for 96 hr, and faecal samples were collected one day before and on days 14 and 21 after drug administration. Ivermectin concentrations in plasma
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The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic paradigm for antimicrobial drugs in veterinary medicine: Recent advances and critical appraisal J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-10-21 Pierre‐Louis Toutain; Ludovic Pelligand; Peter Lees; Alain Bousquet‐Mélou; Aude A. Ferran; John D. Turnidge
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling is the initial step in the semi‐mechanistic approach for optimizing dosage regimens for systemically acting antimicrobial drugs (AMDs). Numerical values of PK/PD indices are used to predict dose and dosing interval on a rational basis followed by confirmation in clinical trials. The value of PK/PD indices lies in their universal applicability amongst
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What a veterinary graduate should know about basic and clinical pharmacology: A Delphi study to finalize day‐1 competencies J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-10-20 Arno Werners; Virginia Fajt
The recent changes in curricula in veterinary medicine have changed the delivery and focus on veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, resulting in a perceived lack of knowledge of pharmacology and therapeutic decision making in recent graduates. To aid veterinary pharmacologists and clinicians teaching clinical pharmacology, core competencies were drafted by a working group. Following this process
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Effects of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in rabbits J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-10-17 Sara T. Elazab; Walter H. Hsu
This study was aimed to investigate the influence of verapamil‐mediated inhibition of P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) on the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin (IVM) given orally and subcutaneously (SC) to rabbits. Twenty New Zealand rabbits were allotted to 4 groups (n = 5) and received IVM either orally or SC (0.4 mg/kg) alone or co‐administered with verapamil (2 mg/kg SC, 3 times at a 12‐hr interval). Plasma
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The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of an amoxicillin–clavulanic acid granular combination after intravenous and oral administration in swine J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-10-15 Pan Sun; Tingting Zhao; Hongzhi Xiao; Jie Wang; Suxia Zhang; Xingyuan Cao
The pharmacokinetic behaviours of amoxicillin (AMX) and clavulanic acid (CA) in swine were studied after either an intravenous or oral administration of AMX (10 mg/kg) and CA (2.5 mg/kg). The concentrations of these two medicines in swine plasma were determined using high‐performance liquid chromatographic‐tandem mass spectrometry, and the data were analysed using a noncompartmental model with the
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Sulfadiazine pharmacokinetics in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) receiving oral and intravenous administrations J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-10-13 Ning Xu; Yu Fu; Fang Chen; Yongtao Liu; Jing Dong; Yibin Yang; Shun Zhou; Qiuhong Yang; Xiaohui Ai
This study aimed to examine the bioavailability (BA) and pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of sulfadiazine (SDZ) in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) after oral and intravenous administrations. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points of 0.083, 0.17, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr (n = 6). The samples were extracted and purified by organic reagents and determined
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Predicting antimicrobial susceptibility from the bacterial genome: A new paradigm for one health resistance monitoring J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-10-03 Patrick F. McDermott; James J. Davis
The laboratory identification of antibacterial resistance is a cornerstone of infectious disease medicine. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing has long been based on the growth response of organisms in pure culture to a defined concentration of antimicrobial agents. By comparing individual isolates to wild‐type susceptibility patterns, strains with acquired resistance can be identified. Acquired
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Evaluation of signal detection algorithms within the Elanco Animal Health Pharmacovigilance database J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-09-29 Mark J. Novotny; Austin Rhodes; Jacob Shields; Andrea Wilson; Camilo Giraldo; Michael O’Gorman; Theresa Real; Alexandra Sarsadskikh; Scott Wiseman
Statistical algorithms for detecting safety signals are beginning to be applied to Animal Health Pharmacovigilance (PV) databases. How these signal detection algorithms (SDAs) perform in an animal health PV database is the subject of this report. Statistical methods and SDAs were assessed against a set of known signals in order to identify which SDAs were most appropriate for signal detection using
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Validating an empiric sulfadiazine-trimethoprim dosage regimen for treatment of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus delphini infections in mink (Neovison vison). J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-09-13 Amir Atabak Ronaghinia,Nanett Kvist Nikolaisen,Stine Green Hansen,Helle Harding Poulsen,Henrik Lauritz Frandsen,Tina Struve,Pierre-Louis Toutain,Peter Damborg
Antimicrobial agents are used extensively off‐label in mink, as almost no agents are registered for this animal species. Pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data are required to determine antimicrobial dosages specifically targeting mink bacterial pathogens. The aims of this study were to assess, in a PKPD framework, the empirical dosage regimen for a combination of trimethoprim (TMP) and
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Surface distribution of pyrethroids following topical application to veterinary species: Implications for lateral transport. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-09-10 Wolfgang Bäumer,Ronald Baynes
Pyrethroids like permethrin have been used as topical formulations for their ectoparasiticidal effects since the 1970s. There are numerous efficacy studies in dogs and livestock animals that indicate a fast spread of pyrethroids after topical administration onto rather confined areas of the skin. Some studies correlate the efficacy against ticks, fleas or lice with concentrations of pyrethroids in
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Effect of dose on the intravenous pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid in goats. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-08-02 Ibrahim Ozan Tekeli,Erdinc Turk,Duygu Durna Corum,Orhan Corum,Fatma Ceren Kirgiz,Kamil Uney
The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid (TA) following intravenous (IV) administration at doses of 2 and 4 mg/kg in goats. In this study, six healthy goats were used. TA was administered intravenously to each goat at 2 and 4 mg/kg doses in a cross‐over pharmacokinetic design with a 15‐day washout period. Plasma concentrations of TA were analyzed using the
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Effect of ketoprofen co-administration on pharmacokinetics of cefquinome following repeated administration in goats. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-08-19 Ibrahim Ozan Tekeli,Erdinc Turk,Duygu Durna Corum,Orhan Corum,Fatma Ceren Kirgiz,Fatih Sakin,Kamil Uney
The pharmacokinetics of cefquinome (2 mg/kg every 24 hr for 5 days) was determined following intramuscular administration alone and co‐administration with ketoprofen (3 mg/kg every 24 hr for 5 days) in goats. Six goats were used for the study. In the study, the crossover pharmacokinetics design with 20‐day washout period was performed in two periods. Plasma concentrations of cefquinome were assayed
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Serum cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and their native acid derivatives after transdermal application of a low-THC Cannabis sativa extract in beagles. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-07-31 Mary Beth Hannon,Kelly A Deabold,Bryce N Talsma,Alex Lyubimov,Asif Iqbal,Alexander Zakharov,Lauri Jo Gamble,Joseph J Wakshlag
Cannabinoids hold promise for treating health problems related to inflammation and chronic pain in dogs, in particular cannabidiol (CBD), and its native acid derivative cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). Information regarding systemic delivery of cannabinoids through transdermal routes is sparse. The purpose of this study was to determine pharmacokinetics of transdermal administration of a low‐THC Cannabis
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Pharmacokinetics of thiamphenicol in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) after single intravenous and oral administrations. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-08-10 Mohamed Aboubakr,Ahmed Soliman
Thiamphenicol (TP) pharmacokinetics were studied in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) following a single intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration at 30 mg/kg BW. Concentrations of TP were determined with HPLC and were analyzed by a noncompartmental method. After IV injection, elimination half‐life (t1/2λz), total body clearance (Cltot) volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss), and mean
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Pharmacokinetics and effects on clinical and physiological parameters following a single bolus dose of propofol in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-09-02 Kanako Muta,Takako Miyabe-Nishiwaki,Kenichi Masui,Isao Yajima,Tomoya Iizuka,Akihisa Kaneko,Ryohei Nishimura
The objectives of this study were (a) to establish a population pharmacokinetic model and (b) to investigate the clinical and physiological effects of a single bolus dose of propofol in common marmosets. In Study 1, pharmacokinetic analysis was performed in six marmosets under sevoflurane anaesthesia. 8 mg/kg of propofol was administrated at a rate of 4 mg kg−1 min−1. Blood samples were collected 2
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Concentration profiles and safety of topically applied betulinic acid and NVX-207 in eight healthy horses-A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-08-26 Lisa A Weber,Christina Puff,Jutta Kalbitz,Manfred Kietzmann,Karsten Feige,Konstanze Bosse,Karl Rohn,Jessika-M V Cavalleri
The naturally occurring betulinic acid (BA) and its derivative NVX‐207 show anticancer effects against equine malignant melanoma (EMM) cells and a potent permeation in isolated equine skin in vitro. The aim of the study was to determine the in vivo concentration profiles of BA and NVX‐207 in equine skin and assess the compounds’ local and systemic tolerability with the intent of developing a topical
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Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis by nonlinear mixed-effects modeling of cefquinome in nonpregnant, pregnant, and lactating goats after intravenous and intramuscular administration. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-08-10 Nicolás Javier Litterio,Augusto Matías Lorenzutti,María Del Pilar Zarazaga,Martín Alejandro Himelfarb,Manuel Ignacio San Andrés-Larrea,Juan Manuel Serrano-Rodríguez
Cefquinome is a fourth‐generation cephalosporin that is used empirically in goats. Different physiologic factors like pregnancy or lactation could determine the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs in the organism. The objectives of this study are to (a) compare the pharmacokinetics of cefquinome after intravenous and intramuscular administration in adult nonpregnant (n = 6), pregnant (n = 6), and lactating
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Identification and characterization of the enzymes responsible for the metabolism of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone, in horses. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-08-05 Heather K Knych,Carrie J Finno,Russell Baden,Rick M Arthur,Daniel S McKemie
The in vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone have been extensively characterized; however, there are no published reports describing the in vitro metabolism, specifically the enzymes responsible for the biotransformation of these compounds in horses. Due to their widespread use and, therefore, increased potential for drug–drug interactions and widespread differences
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Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tildipirosin following intravenous and subcutaneous administration in sheep. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-08-03 Ehab A Abu-Basha,Zuhair Bani Ismail,Hind Abu Alhaijaa,Eyad Hamzeh,Nasir M Idkaidek
Tildipirosin is a semi‐synthetic macrolide antibiotic commonly used in cattle and swine to treat bacterial pneumonia. The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of tildipirosin after a single intravenous (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration in healthy lambs. Eighteen lambs were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6 each). Lambs received a single s.c. dose
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Canine orosomucoid (alpha-1 acid glycoprotein) variants and their influence on drug plasma protein binding. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-08-03 Ana P Costa,Michael H Court,Nicolas F Villarino,Neal S Burke,Katrina L Mealey
Orosomucoid polymorphisms influence plasma drug binding in humans; however, canine variants and their effect on drug plasma protein binding have not yet been reported. In this study, the orosomucoid gene (ORM1) was sequenced in 100 dogs to identify the most common variant and its allele frequency determined in 1,464 dogs (from 64 breeds and mixed‐breed dogs). Plasma protein binding extent of amitriptyline
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Pharmacokinetic comparison of six anthelmintics in sheep, goats, and cattle. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-08-01 Michael J Myers,Karyn D Howard,Joseph C Kawalek
This study was initiated to determine whether a comparative pharmacokinetic (PK) approach could be used to expand the pool of approved anthelmintics for minor ruminant species. Accordingly, the PK profiles of six anthelmintics (levamisole, albendazole, fenbendazole, moxidectin, doramectin, and ivermectin) in sheep, goats, and cattle were determined. The PK values determined for each anthelmintic included
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A history of antimicrobial drugs in animals: Evolution and revolution. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-07-29 Peter Lees,Ludovic Pelligand,Etienne Giraud,Pierre-Louis Toutain
The evolutionary process of antimicrobial drug (AMD) uses in animals over a mere eight decades (1940–2020) has led to a revolutionary outcome, and both evolution and revolution are ongoing, with reports on a range of uses, misuses and abuses escalating logarithmically. As well as veterinary therapeutic perspectives (efficacy, safety, host toxicity, residues, selection of drug, determination of dose
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Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen after intravenous and oral administration in fasted and fed Labrador Retriever dogs. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-07-26 Irene Sartini,Beata Łebkowska-Wieruszewska,Andrzej Lisowski,Amnart Poapolathep,Barbara Cuniberti,Mario Giorgi
Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is used in dogs to manage fever and mild pain. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in both fed and fasted Labrador Retrievers after a single intravenous and oral administration (20 mg/kg). Six healthy dogs underwent three treatments in a randomized block study (a, n = 2; b, n = 2; c, n = 2). In phase one, group a received acetaminophen
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Antimicrobial drug residues in animal-derived foods: Potential impact on the human intestinal microbiome. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-07-24 Silvia Aurora Piñeiro,Carl Edward Cerniglia
The use of veterinary drugs in food‐producing animals may result in the presence of low levels of drug residues in these edible, animal‐derived foods, with potential dietary exposure to humans. Since therapeutic doses of antibiotics have been shown to affect bacterial populations in the gastrointestinal tract microbiome and can also promote the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria, there is concern
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Analysis of polymorphisms of canine Cytochrome P 450-CYP2D15. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-07-12 Marjan A E van Hagen,Louska Schipper,Marjolein A M Oosterveer-van der Doelen,Manon Vos-Loohuis,Ronette Gehring,Peter A Leegwater
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) proteins constitute a large ancient family of oxidative enzymes essential for the efficient elimination of a wide variety of clinically used drugs. Polymorphic variants of human CYP2D6 are associated with the conversion rate and efficacy of several drugs such as antidepressants. Polymorphisms of the canine orthologue CYP2D15 are of interest because these antidepressants are also
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Clinical pharmacokinetics and outcomes of oral fluconazole therapy in dogs and cats with naturally occurring fungal disease. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-07-12 Kate KuKanich,Butch KuKanich,Zhoumeng Lin,Amy J Rankin,Andrew S Hanzlicek,Jean-Sebastien Palerme,Jonathan Bach,Audrey K Cook,Amy Juracek,Hyun Joo
This multi‐institutional study was designed to determine the clinical pharmacokinetics of fluconazole and outcomes in client‐owned dogs (n = 37) and cats (n = 35) with fungal disease. Fluconazole serum concentrations were measured. Pharmacokinetic analysis was limited to animals at steady state (≥72 hr of treatment). The mean (range) body weight in 31 dogs was 25.6 (2.8–58.2) kg and in 31 cats was
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Population pharmacokinetics of ethanamizuril in normal and coccidiosis-infected chickens through ultra-performance liquid chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-05-06 Xiaoyang Wang,Keyu Zhang,Mi Wang,Lifang Zhang,Chenzhong Fei,Chunmei Wang,Yingchun Liu,Feiqun Xue,Taijun Hang
Ethanamizuril is a new triazine compound that shows potential for application in novel anticoccidial treatment. In this study, a pharmacokinetic model of ethanamizuril was established on the basis of the blood concentration of 81 experimental animals. The final model showed that ethanamizuril was distributed as a two‐compartment model with first‐order absorption after oral administration in chickens
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Pharmacokinetic study of oral amitriptyline in horses. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-04-27 Lucciana Recchi,Silvana Alvariza,Alejandro Benech,Natalie Ruiz,María José Estradé,Gonzalo Suarez,Nadia Crosignani
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of oral amitriptyline in horses. Oral amitriptyline (1 mg/kg) was administered to six horses. Blood samples were collected from jugular and lateral thoracic vein at predetermined times from 0 to 24 hr after administration. Plasma concentrations were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography and analyzed using noncompartmental
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Effect of combinations of morphine, dexmedetomidine and maropitant on the electroencephalogram in response to acute electrical stimulation in anaesthetized dogs. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-07-02 Sandeep Raj Karna,Paul Chambers,Craig B Johnson,Preet Singh,Lauren A Stewart,Nicolas Lopez-Villalobos,Kavitha Kongara
This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of combinations of morphine, dexmedetomidine and maropitant in preventing the changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) indices of nociception in anaesthetized dogs subjected to a noxious electrical stimulus. In a crossover study, eight healthy adult dogs were randomly allocated to four groups: Mor: morphine 0.6 mg/kg; Dex + Mor: morphine 0.3 mg/kg + dexmedetomidine
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Bath immersion pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-06-23 Tirawat Rairat,Yu-Shin Kuo,Chao-Chia Chang,Chia-Yu Hsieh,Chi-Chung Chou
Drug administration by immersion can be a preferable method in certain conditions especially for treating small‐sized, anorexic, or valuable fish. Pharmacokinetic information regarding bath treatment is considerably lacking in comparison to other common administration routes. The current study aimed to investigate if immersion can be an effective route to administer florfenicol (FF) for treatment in
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Pharmacometabolomics with a combination of PLS-DA and random forest algorithm analyses reveal meloxicam alters feline plasma metabolite profiles. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-06-20 Liam E Broughton-Neiswanger,Sol M Rivera-Velez,Martin A Suarez,Jennifer E Slovak,Julianne K Hwang,Nicolas F Villarino
Repeated administration of meloxicam to cats is often limited by the potential damage to multiple organ systems. Identifying molecules that predict the adverse effects of meloxicam would help to monitor and individualize its administration, maximizing meloxicam's beneficial effects. The objectives of this study were to (a) determine if the repeated administration of meloxicam to cats alters the plasma
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Phenylpiperidine opioid effects on isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in cats. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-06-17 Robert J Brosnan,Bruno H Pypendop,Scott D Stanley
Different structurally related phenylpiperidine opioids exhibit different isoflurane‐sparing effects in cats. Because minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in cats is affected only by very high plasma concentrations of some phenylpiperidine opioids, we hypothesized these effects are caused by actions on nonopioid receptors. Using a prospective, randomized, crossover design, six cats were anesthetized
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Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tildipirosin in rabbits following single-dose intravenous and intramuscular administration. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-06-15 Jincheng Xiong,Yuliang Xu,Shuang He,Yanfang Zhang,Zile Wang,Sihan Wang,Haiyang Jiang
The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of tildipirosin in rabbits after a single intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) injection at a dose of 4 mg/kg. Twelve white New Zealand rabbits were assigned to a randomized, parallel trial design. Blood samples were collected prior to administration and up to 14 days postadministration. Plasma concentrations of tildipirosin were
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Pharmacokinetics of magnesium and its effects on clinical variables following experimentally induced hypermagnesemia. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Thera. (IF 1.473) Pub Date : 2020-06-11 Stephen A Schumacher,Ramiro E Toribio,Brian Scansen,Jeffrey Lakritz,Alicia L Bertone
The objectives of this study were to describe pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes as a result of a single intravenous administration of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) to healthy horses. MgSO4 is a magnesium salt that has been used to calm horses in equestrian competition and is difficult to regulate because magnesium is an essential constituent of all mammals. Six healthy adult female horses were