Objective To evaluate the anaesthetist’s ability to predict abnormalities in preanaesthetic blood test results obtained from cats and dogs older than 8 years and to describe the impact of these preanaesthetic blood test results on the American Society Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification, anaesthetic protocol and procedures. Study design Observational, prospective, clinical multi-centre

Objective The objective of this scoping review was to compare, describe and assess the level of validation of all instruments measuring quality of induction and recovery from anesthesia in dogs. Databases Used A search was performed using the electronic database PubMed to find articles containing an induction quality scale, a recovery quality scale or both in dogs. Articles not directly accessible

Objective To assess the effect on postoperative analgesia of continuous wound infusion (CWI) with preperitoneal ropivacaine and compare it with the epidural administration of ropivacaine and morphine in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Study design A parallel, randomized, clinical, prospective, and non-blinded study. Animals A group of 38 greyhound bitches. Methods In the catheter group (CathG)

Objective To assess and compare the effect of intraoperative stepwise alveolar recruitment manoeuvres (ARMs), followed by individualised positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), defined as PEEP at maximal respiratory system compliance + 2 cmH2O (PEEPmaxCrs+2), to that of spontaneous ventilation (SV) and controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) without ARM or PEEP on early postoperative arterial oxygenation

Objective To compare the corneal anaesthetic effect of 0.5% bupivacaine, 2% lidocaine and 0.4% oxybuprocaine on normal equine eyes. Study design Prospective, blinded crossover study. Animals A group of 10 clinically healthy horses. Methods Corneal sensitivity was determined in each eye by measuring corneal touch threshold (CTT). The study had 3 phases. Each subject was randomly given one of the three

Objective To elucidate the antinociceptive, physiologic and biochemical effects of electroacupuncture (EA) and xylazine in hybrid goats. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals A total of 30 female hybrid goats aged 1–2 years and weighing 25 ± 2.9 kg (mean ± standard deviation). Methods The goats were divided into five groups and administered xylazine (0.1 mg kg−1; group XYL.1), xylazine

Objective To compare induction times and physiological effects of etorphine-azaperone with etorphine-midazolam immobilization in African buffalo. Study design Randomized crossover study. Animals A group of 10 adult buffalo bulls (mean body weight 353 kg). Methods Etorphine-azaperone (0.015 and 0.15 mg kg-1, respectively) and etorphine-midazolam (0.015 and 0.15 mg kg-1, respectively) were administered

Objective To determine the relationship between arterial blood colour (as defined by the CIE L*a*b* colour space) and haemoglobin oxygen saturation [functional saturation (SaO2) and fractional saturation (FO2Hb)], and if arterial blood colour can be used to predict arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation. Study design Descriptive study as an adjunct to two prospective randomized crossover studies. Animals

Objective To assess success rate, onset, duration and extent of motor/sensory block following neuraxial injection of two dosages of bupivacaine in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Study design Prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover experimental study. Animals A total of 10 adult bearded dragons (0.3 ± 0.1 kg). Methods After sedation with alfaxalone (15 mg kg−1 subcutaneously), neuraxial injections

Objectives To evaluate perfusion index (PI) as a noninvasive tool to determine effectiveness and onset of epidural anesthesia in dogs. Study design Prospective clinical trial. Animals A total of 21 adult dogs, aged 6.5 ± 3 years of age and weighing 34.9 ± 6.4 kg, undergoing a tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Methods Dogs were premedicated intramuscularly with acepromazine (0.03 mg kg−1) and hydromorphone

Objectives To characterize the cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of alfaxalone at three dose rates in comparison with a ketamine–dexmedetomidine–midazolam–tramadol combination (KDMT) for immobilization of golden-headed lion tamarins (GHLTs) (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) undergoing vasectomy. Study design Prospective clinical trial. Animals A total of 19 healthy, male, wild-caught GHLTs. Methods

Objective To evaluate the systemic cardiovascular effects of dose escalating administration of norepinephrine in healthy dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. Study design Experimental study. Animals A total of six adult laboratory Beagle dogs, 10.5 (9.2–12.0) kg, median (range). Methods Each dog was anesthetized with isoflurane at an end-tidal concentration of 1.7%, mechanically ventilated and administered

Objective To describe the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in dogs following administration of a high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine. Study design Prospective, randomized, crossover study. Animals A total of six healthy male intact Beagle dogs, aged 9–13 months and weighing 10.3 ± 1.4 kg (mean ± standard deviation). Methods Dogs were randomized to be administered buprenorphine (0.12 mg

Objective To evaluate the time to hemoglobin oxygen desaturation in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) with and without preoxygenation before isoflurane induction of anesthesia and rocuronium-induced apnea. Study design Prospective, randomized crossover study. Animals A total of 10 healthy adult Lohmann Brown-Lite hens. Methods Hens were anesthetized with isoflurane for intravenous (IV) and intraarterial

Objective To quantify induction time, reliability, physiological effects, recovery quality and dart volume of a novel formulation of alfaxalone (40 mg mL−1) used in combination with medetomidine and azaperone for the capture and handling of wild bighorn sheep. Study design Prospective clinical study. Animals A total of 23 wild bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in Sheep River Provincial Park, AB, Canada

Objective To evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine alone or in combination with different opioids on intraocular pressure (IOP) in dogs. Study design Experimental, prospective, crossover, randomized, blinded study. Animals A total of six Beagle dogs (two males and four females) aged 2 years and weighing 15.9 ± 2.9 kg (mean ± standard deviation). Methods Dogs were distributed randomly into seven treatments

Objectives To describe the technique of performing an ultrasound-guided distal parasternal intercostal block and to determine the distribution of two volumes of methylene blue dye solution injected in canine cadavers. Study design Prospective cadaver study. Animals A group of seven canine cadavers weighing 12–34 kg. Methods The space between the transversus thoracic and the internal intercostal muscles

Objectives To develop an ultrasound-guided cervical perineural injection technique for horses and to evaluate and compare the distribution of contrast agent among perineural, intra-articular and periarticular injections. Study design Prospective, experimental cadaveric study. Animals A total of 14 equine cadaveric necks. Methods Bilateral ultrasound-guided perineural injection technique for the caudal

Objective To assess anesthetic induction, recovery quality and cardiopulmonary variables after intramuscular (IM) injection of three drug combinations for immobilization of horses. Study design Randomized, blinded, three-way crossover prospective design. Animals A total of eight healthy adult horses weighing 470–575 kg. Methods Horses were administered three treatments IM separated by ≥ 1 week. Combinations

Objective To describe the prescribing practices for gabapentin as an analgesic within the veterinary community. Study design Anonymous online voluntary survey. Population A total of 718 veterinarians within the United States and Canada, including general practitioners and diplomates of the American Colleges of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, Emergency and Critical Care, Surgery and Internal Medicine

Objective To evaluate a direct intra-abdominal approach to injection of the ventral transversus abdominis plane (TAP) and compare the dispersion of two volumes of injectate. Study design Prospective anatomic and feasibility study. Animals A total of 10 canine cadavers weighing 9 ± 4 kg. Methods A ventral incision was made extending through the linea alba, from the umbilicus and extending 5 cm caudally

Objective To determine whether final year veterinary students take longer to perform endotracheal intubation than qualified veterinary surgeons. Study Design Observational cohort study Animals A total of 38 healthy mesocephalic dogs undergoing general anaesthesia for a clinical purpose unrelated to this study. Methods Time to successful endotracheal intubation, measured from termination of intravenous

Objectives To describe the ultrasonographic (US) anatomy of the sublumbar region at the level of the second lumbar vertebra (L2), to assess the feasibility of US-guided quadratus lumborum (QL) injections and to evaluate the dye distribution pattern in feline cadavers. Study design Descriptive feline cadaver study Animals A total of eight cat cadavers. Methods Using a linear probe (6 to 14 MHz), with

Objective To use the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) criteria to evaluate a high definition oscillometric (HDO) blood pressure monitoring device compared to invasive blood pressure (IBP) measurement in normotensive rabbits anaesthetized with two different anaesthetic protocols. Study design Prospective experimental study Animals A total of 20 healthy adult New Zealand White

Objectives To develop a comprehensive formula for calculating the volume of local anaesthetic solution used for retrobulbar anaesthesia in dogs with different skull morphologies. Study design Retrospective cohort imaging study. Animals Skull computed tomography (CT) images of 188 dogs of different breeds collected between January 2009 to December 2017. Methods Anatomical integrity of the orbit and

Objective To examine the ability of different haemodynamic variables recorded by minimally-invasive monitoring techniques to assess fluid responsiveness (FR) in endotoxaemic Beagles. Study design Prospective terminal experimental study. Animals A group of six healthy, purpose-bred Beagle dogs (3 intact females and males), age 5 - 9.8 years (range) and weighing 11.4 – 17.9 kg. Methods Endotoxaemic shock

Objective To compare the effects of intravenous (IV) alfaxalone, or ketamine-xylazine, on anaesthetic induction, recovery and cardiopulmonary variables in mute swans. Study design A randomised, controlled, clinical study. Animals A group of 58 mute swans. Methods Swans were given either alfaxalone (10 mg kg-1) (Group A) or a combination of ketamine (12.5 mg kg-1) and xylazine (0.28 mg kg-1) IV (Group

Objective To compare ketamine-butorphanol-medetomidine (KBM) to butorphanol-midazolam-medetomidine (BMM) immobilization of serval. Study design Blinded, randomized trial. Animals A total of 23 captures [KBM: five females, six males; 10.7 kg (mean); BMM: 10 females, two males; 9.6 kg]. Methods Serval were cage trapped and then immobilized using the assigned drug combination delivered via a blow dart

Objective To determine if general anaesthesia influences the intravenous (IV) pharmacokinetics (PK) of acetaminophen in dogs. Study design Prospective, cross-over, randomized experimental study. Animals A group of nine healthy beagle dogs. Methods Acetaminophen PK were determined in conscious and anaesthetized dogs on two separate occasions. Blood samples were collected before, and at 5, 10, 15, 30

Objective To evaluate agreement between two non-invasive blood pressure devices: a human device with the cuff placed on the wrist (Omron R1) and a veterinary device with the cuff placed on the upper brachium (Surgivet Advisor Vital Signs Monitor) with those obtained by invasive blood pressure (IBP) measurement in anaesthetized chimpanzees. Study design Prospective clinical study. Animals A convenience

Objective To assess the analgesic effects of a retrobulbar block with ropivacaine in dogs undergoing enucleation. Study design Prospective, randomized, masked placebo-controlled trial. Animals A total of 23 client-owned dogs. Methods Dogs were randomized to be administered a preoperative inferior-temporal palpebral retrobulbar injection of either ropivacaine 0.75% (1 mL 10 kg−1) or equivalent volume

Objective To describe the anatomy of the brachial plexus in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), develop a blind perineural injection technique for brachial plexus blockade and evaluate the distribution of three volumes of new methylene blue dye for injection in cadavers. Study design Prospective, randomized, blinded cadaveric study. Animals A total of 24 frozen-thawed box turtle cadavers;

Objective To compare oxygenation and ventilation in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) anesthetized with two treatments with and without oxygen supplementation. Study design Randomized, blinded, crossover study. Animals A total of eight healthy adult white-tailed deer weighing 49–62 kg. Methods Each deer was anesthetized twice intramuscularly: 1) treatment XK, xylazine (2 mg kg–1) and ketamine

Objective To assess the efficacy of butorphanol–azaperone–medetomidine (BAM) and butorphanol–midazolam–medetomidine (BMM) protocols for immobilization of wild common palm civets (Paradoxurus musangus) with subsequent antagonization with atipamezole. Study design Prospective, randomized, blinded clinical trial. Animals A total of 40 adult wild common palm civets, 24 female and 16 male, weighing 1.5–3

Objective To compare the quality of postoperative analgesia and sedation after preoperative saphenous and sciatic nerve blockade, preoperative lumbosacral epidural injection and perioperative intravenous (IV) morphine, lidocaine and ketamine infusions in dogs undergoing stifle arthroscopy and tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) under general anesthesia. Study design Prospective, blinded, randomized

Objective To describe the sonoanatomy of the abdominal wall in live cats and to compare the distribution pattern of two versus three ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) injections using clinically applicable volumes of lidocaine–dye solution in cat cadavers. Study design Prospective anatomical study. Animals A total of eight client-owned healthy cats and eight cat cadavers. Methods

Objective To evaluate thermal nociceptive thresholds (TNTs) before and after inducing a standardized radiocarpal bone osteochondral fracture (OCF) in horses. Study design Prospective, controlled, randomized, masked study. Animals A group of 10 Thoroughbred fillies aged 2 years. Methods Skin temperature and TNTs were measured on the skin over the triceps brachii muscle in both the thoracic limbs before

Objective To compare pulse pressure variation (PPV) and systolic pressure variation (SPV) measured from a peripheral artery to predict fluid responsiveness in anesthetized healthy dogs. Study design Prospective study. Animals A total of 39 dogs (13.8–26.8 kg) anesthetized with isoflurane for elective ovariohysterectomy. Methods Ventilation was controlled (tidal volume 12 mL kg–1; 40% inspiratory pause)

Objective To measure the dead space of various syringe volumes and brands and a range of needles gauges commonly used in clinical practice, and to compare the results to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard 7886-1:2018. Study design Prospective observational study. Methods Syringes of five brands and seven volumes: 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 mL, 10 of each, 10 1 mL low

Objective To develop an ultrasound-guided dorsal approach to the brachial plexus and to investigate the nerve distribution and staining of a dyed injectate in common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) cadavers. Study design Prospective, cadaver study. Animals A group of three common kestrel cadavers (six wings). Methods All cadavers were fresh-frozen at –20 °C and thawed for 10 hours at room temperature before

Objective To assess laryngeal function in normal dogs administered isoflurane following partial clearance of alfaxalone or propofol. Study design Randomized experimental crossover study. Animals A group of 12 purpose-bred, male Beagle dogs. Methods Dogs were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: alfaxalone–isoflurane (ALF-ISO) or propofol–isoflurane (PRO-ISO) and anesthetized for three video

Objectives To evaluate the use of 0.7 mA as a fixed electrical current to indicate epidural needle placement and to confirm that 0.7 mA is greater than the upper limit of the minimal electrical threshold (MET) for sacrococcygeal epidural needle placement in dogs. Study design Prospective clinical study. Animals A group of 20 client-owned dogs. Methods During general anesthesia and with standard monitoring

Objective To retrospectively compare the efficacy and duration of effect of three commonly used locoregional blocks in dogs undergoing pelvic limb orthopaedic surgery. Study design Retrospective clinical study. Animals A total of 236 dogs that underwent pelvic limb surgery and were administered a locoregional technique. Methods A total of 236 hospital records were reviewed and 230 included in statistical

Objective To evaluate the thermal antinociceptive effects of a high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine alone or followed by hydromorphone in conscious cats. Study design Randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study design. Animals A total of six purpose-bred, adult female ovariohysterectomized Domestic Short Hair cats. Methods Cats were allocated into three treatments each consisting

Objective To describe and evaluate an ultrasound-guided modified subcostal approach for the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in horse cadavers in lateral or dorsal recumbency. Study design Prospective, experimental cadaveric study. Animals Study of one preserved foal and eight fresh adult horse cadavers. Methods The lateral and ventral abdominal wall of a preserved cadaver was dissected to identify

Objective To evaluate the sedative, analgesic and recovery characteristics of two subanaesthetic ketamine doses in combination with dexmedetomidine and methadone for intramuscular sedation in healthy Beagles. Study design Randomized, blinded, crossover, experimental study. Animals Six healthy adult Beagles. Methods Dogs were randomly given three treatments: dexmedetomidine (3 μg kg–1) and methadone

Objective To determine the specific lung elastance (SEL) in anesthetized dogs and to evaluate the efficacy of a SEL-based recruiting airway pressure (RPaw) at improving global and regional lung aeration. Study design Retrospective and prospective clinical study. Animals A total of 28 adult dogs were included in the retrospective study and six adult dogs in the prospective study. Methods Retrospective

Objective To determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine (1.8 mg mL–1; Simbadol) following subcutaneous (SC) administration in horses. Study design Prospective, randomized, crossover trial. Animals A group of six healthy adult horses weighing 521–602 kg. Methods On three occasions, Simbadol (0.005 mg kg–1; treatment S5), (0.0025 mg kg–1; treatment