Objective To investigate the pharmacokinetics of carprofen after a single intravenous (IV) dose and multiple oral doses administered to pigs undergoing electroporation of the pancreas. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals A group of eight female pigs weighing 31.74 ± 2.24 kg (mean ± standard deviation). Methods Carprofen 4 mg kg-1 was given IV after placement of a central venous catheter

Objective To investigate the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MACSEV) reduction produced by morphine in rats. Study design Randomized, blinded trial. Animals A total of 75 male Wistar Han rats weighing 276 ± 23 g (mean and standard deviation), aged 3 months. Methods Cannabidiol (CBD) was prepared in an ethanol-solutol-saline vehicle. Animals were randomly divided

Objective To evaluate staining of nerve branches after the injection of different volumes during ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in dog cadavers. Study design Prospective randomized study. Animals A total of 15 frozen/thawed adult dog cadavers. Methods Hemiabdomens were randomly allocated to one of four groups. In groups G0.3, G0.6 and G1.0, ropivacaine–methylene blue solution

Objective To compare the dye distribution following either two lateral abdominal or one lateral abdominal and one subcostal ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) injections of a clinically relevant volume of dye solution in dogs. Study design Randomized cadaveric study. Animals A total of eight canine cadavers. Methods On one side of each cadaver, two TAP injections were performed on

Objective To compare the cardiopulmonary effects of the opioids, etorphine and thiafentanil when used for immobilization of impala. Animals A group of eight adult female impala. Study design A two-way cross-over, randomized study Methods Impala were given two treatments: 0.09 mg kg-1 etorphine or 0.09 mg kg-1 thiafentanil administered via remote dart injection. Time to recumbency, quality of immobilization

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and cardiopulmonary effects of ketamine–midazolam for chemical restraint, isoflurane anesthesia and tramadol or methadone as preventive analgesia in spotted pacas subjected to laparoscopy. Study design Prospective placebo-controlled blinded trial. Animals A total of eight captive Cuniculus paca weighing 9.3 ± 0.9 kg. Methods Animals were anesthetized on three occasions

Objective To evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of tumescent local anesthesia (TLA) in cats undergoing unilateral mastectomy. Animals A total of 12 ovariohysterectomized female cats. Methods All animals were premedicated with pethidine (4 mg kg−1) intramuscularly (IM), followed by induction of anesthesia with propofol (5 mg kg−1) intravenously and maintenance with isoflurane in oxygen. A refrigerated

Objective To determine the cardiopulmonary effects of etorphine and thiafentanil for immobilization of blesbok. Animals A group of eight adult female blesbok. Study design Blinded randomized two-way crossover study. Methods Animals were immobilized twice, once with etorphine (0.09 mg kg-1) and once with thiafentanil (0.09 mg kg-1) administered intramuscularly by dart. Immobilization quality was assessed

Objective To describe an approach for ethmoidal nerve block (EBLOCK) and to compare the effects of a maxillary nerve block (MBLOCK), EBLOCK and their combination (M-EBLOCK) on heart rate (HR), systolic (SAP), mean (MAP), diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures and respiratory rate (fR) during nasal stimulation in dogs. Study design Prospective, blinded, randomized, crossover placebo-controlled study. Animals

Objective To develop a technique for performing the mandibular nerve block in Nile crocodiles. Study design Experimental cadaveric study. Animals A group of 16 juvenile Nile crocodile heads. Methods To study the course of the mandibular nerve, one head was dissected. Computed tomography (CT) examination was performed in two heads to identify useful landmarks. Thereafter, a hypodermic needle was inserted

Objective To compare success rate, number of attempts, time required and complications between blind and smartphone-based endoscope-assisted techniques for endotracheal intubation in rabbits. Study design Prospective clinical study. Animals A total of 34 rabbits. Methods Rabbits were assigned into four groups: intubation by a veterinary anesthesiologist (VA) or an exotic pet medicine specialist (EPS)

Objective To evaluate the combinations of nalbuphine, butorphanol or morphine with acepromazine on the management of intraoperative and early postoperative pain in dogs anesthetized for ovariohysterectomy. Study design Prospective, randomized blinded clinical study. Animals A total of 48 healthy female dogs of different breeds, aged 1–6 years, weighing (mean ± standard deviation) 14.5 ± 4.8 kg. Methods

Objective To describe an ultrasound-guided lateral quadratus lumborum (LQL) block technique and the spread characteristics of lidocaine–dye injected in the LQL plane using a transversal (LQL-T) or a longitudinal (LQL-L) approach. Study design Experimental anatomic study. Animals A total of eight canine cadavers. Methods Bilateral ultrasound-guided injections in the fascial plane lateral to the quadratus

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on alfaxalone immobilization in snakes. Study design Nonblinded, crossover study. Animals A total of eight mature common garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis). Methods Snakes were administered each of three treatments intracoelomically: alfaxalone (30 mg kg−1; treatment A), alfaxalone (30 mg kg−1) combined with dexmedetomidine (0.05 mg kg−1; treatment

Objective To describe the anesthetic and adverse effects of an injectable anesthetic protocol in dogs as part of a high-volume sterilization program under field conditions in Belize. Study design Prospective, observational, field study. Animals A total of 23 female and eight male dogs (14.2 ± 7.7 kg; age ≥ 8 weeks). Methods Using a volume per kg-based dose chart, dogs were administered ketamine (4

Objective To compare the duration of nociceptive and proprioceptive blockade from an experimental encapsulated lidocaine preparation with that of conventional lidocaine. Study design Prospective, blinded, randomly assigned, crossover study. Animals A total of six adult ewes, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II, weighing 60.4 ± 18.0 kg (mean ± standard deviation). Methods Under

Objective To compare, versus a control, the sensory, sympathetic and motor blockade of lidocaine 1% and 2% administered epidurally in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Study design Randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial. Animals A total of 24 mixed-breed intact female dogs. Methods All dogs were administered dexmedetomidine, tramadol and meloxicam prior to general anesthesia with midazolam–propofol

Objective Uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are membrane bound enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of glucuronic acid onto a diverse set of xenobiotics. Horses efficiently and extensively glucuronidate a number of xenobiotics, including opioids, making UGTs an important group of drug-metabolizing enzymes for the clearance of drugs. Recombinant enzymes have allowed researchers to characterize

Objectives To evaluate the sedative effects and pharmacokinetics of detomidine gel administered intravaginally to alpacas in comparison with intravenously (IV) administered detomidine. Study design Randomized, crossover, blinded experiment. Animals A group of six healthy adult female Huacaya alpacas (70.3 ± 7.9 kg). Methods Alpacas were studied on two occasions separated by ≥ 5 days. Treatments were

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of gastroduodenoscopy in dogs premedicated with acepromazine in combination with butorphanol or methadone. Study Design Prospective, randomized double-blinded clinical trial Animals A total of 40 client-owned dogs Methods Dogs were randomly allocated to be given intramuscular acepromazine 0.02 mg kg-1 combined with either butorphanol 0.3 mg kg-1 (ACEBUT) or methadone

Objective To describe the incidence of postanesthetic signs of colic (PASC) in horses and determine if perianesthetic administration of hydromorphone was associated with an increased risk of PASC. Study design Retrospective, cohort study. Animal population A total of 409 horses. Methods Anesthesia and clinical records of horses admitted for various procedures from July 2018 to September 2019 were reviewed

Objective To characterize the cardiovascular effects of increasing dosages of norepinephrine (NE) in healthy isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals A total of nine female ovariohysterectomized New Zealand White rabbits weighing 3.4 ± 0.2 kg (mean ± standard deviation). Methods Rabbits were premedicated intramuscularly with buprenorphine (0.05 mg kg−1)

Objective Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) may be related to brain injury. S100B protein and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) have been investigated as potential biochemical markers of neural cell injury in animals and humans. This study aimed to investigate the association between POCD, brain injury and serum concentrations of S100B and NSE after periodontal surgery in aged dogs. Study design

Objective To design a holistic audit tool to assess the effectiveness of anaesthesia teaching strategies, and thereby to study veterinary undergraduate teaching methods in different geographical areas. Study design Qualitative study using interviews of university staff and students to identify common themes and differences in teaching veterinary anaesthesia. Methods An audit was performed using an

Objective To investigate the impact of intramuscular (IM) co-administration of the peripheral α2-adrenoceptor agonist vatinoxan (MK-467) with medetomidine and butorphanol prior to intravenous (IV) ketamine on the cardiopulmonary and anaesthetic effects in dogs, followed by atipamezole reversal. Study design Randomized, masked crossover study. Animals A total of eight purpose-bred Beagle dogs aged 3

Objective To investigate the current scenario in Brazil regarding pain assessment and control in experimental animals. Study design Prospective survey. Methods A confidential questionnaire was available online and sent by e-mail to Brazilian scientists working with animal experimentation in Brazil. Data collection was conducted from October 2016 to October 2017. The exclusion criteria included blank

Objective To design and construct an affordable simulator of the cat larynx for training intubation maneuvers and to share the designs for its fabrication. Study design Research and development study. Animals A domestic cat. Methods The cadaver of a cat, dead by natural causes, was frozen in sternal recumbency with the neck extended and the mouth wide open. A computed tomography image was acquired

Objective To compare the effects of meloxicam or carprofen on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and to evaluate the effect of meloxicam on urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity, of cats after dental surgery. Study design Randomized, blinded, controlled trial. Animals A total of 24 mixed breed cats. Methods Cats were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 8 per group): meloxicam

Objective To describe a contrast medium distribution pattern after peribulbar injection in cadavers. Study design A cadaveric study. Animals A group of eight male dogs and four canine cadaver heads. Methods In phase 1, ultrasound-guided peribulbar injections (1.0 mL dye) were performed in four orbits using a subzygomatic approach. After dissection, the procedure was considered successful if 1) no dye

Objective To investigate the relationship between oxygen administration and ventilation in rabbits administered intramuscular alfaxalone–dexmedetomidine–midazolam. Study design Prospective, randomized, blinded study. Animals A total of 25 New Zealand White rabbits, weighing 3.1–5.9 kg and aged 1 year. Methods Rabbits were anesthetized with intramuscular alfaxalone (4 mg kg–1), dexmedetomidine (0.1

Objective To evaluate the effect of alfaxalone and methadone administered intramuscularly (IM), with or without ketamine, on sedation and echocardiographic measurements in healthy cats. Study design A randomized, blinded, clinical study. Animals A group of 24 client-owned cats. Methods Baseline echocardiographic evaluation (bEchoCG) was performed. Cats were given IM alfaxalone (2 mg kg–1) and methadone

Objective To compare the effects of two different doses of butorphanol combined with detomidine administered intravenously (IV) on quality of sedation, degree of ataxia and anaesthetic induction in horses. Study design Randomized, blinded, clinical study. Animals A total of 40 client-owned healthy warmblood horses scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia. Methods Horses were randomly

Objective To determine whether suction, lavage and instillation of sodium bicarbonate, following a gastro-oesophageal regurgitation event under general anaesthesia, would alter oesophageal pH to a greater degree than when lavage was not used. Study design Prospective, randomised, clinical study. Animals A group of 22 client-owned dogs. Methods Dogs presenting with gastro-oesophageal regurgitation (GOReg)

Objective To describe a lateral ultrasound (US)-guided approach to the radial, ulnar, median and musculocutaneous (RUMM) nerves through a single proximal in-plane insertion in cats and to determine whether one or two injection points are required to successfully stain all the target nerves. Study design Prospective study. Animals A total of eight client-owned healthy cats and 12 cat cadavers. Methods

Objective To investigate the effects of sedative doses of intravenous (IV) medetomidine (MED) or dexmedetomidine (DEX) on selected respiratory variables in dogs. Study design Randomized, blinded, crossover study. Animals A total of eight healthy adult research Beagles. Methods Dogs breathing room air had an electrical impedance tomography belt placed around the chest and were maintained in right lateral

Objective To compare the isoflurane-sparing effects of sufentanil–lidocaine–ketamine (SLK) and fentanyl–lidocaine–ketamine (FLK) infusions in dogs undergoing total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy (TECA–LBO). Study design Randomized blinded clinical study. Animals A group of 20 client-owned dogs undergoing TECA–LBO. Methods Intravenous (IV) administration of lidocaine (3 mg kg–1) and

Objective To investigate the effect of metamizole on physiologic variables in calves undergoing surgical extirpation of the navel during anaesthesia using xylazine, ketamine and isoflurane. Study design Double-blind, randomized trial. Animals A total of 26 calves. Methods Calves with uncomplicated umbilical hernias and otherwise clinically healthy were randomly allocated to one of two groups: the control

Objective To investigate complications associated with, and without, bupivacaine retrobulbar local anesthesia in dogs undergoing unilateral enucleation surgery. Study design Retrospective, observational study. Animals A total of 167 dogs underwent unilateral enucleation surgery via a transpalpebral approach. Methods Records from 167 dogs that underwent unilateral enucleation surgery that did (RB) or

Objective Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) in tissues and used as therapeutic agents in different species. Grapiprant, a member of the piprant class of compounds, antagonizes prostaglandin receptors. It is a highly selective EP4 prostaglandin E2 receptor inhibitor, thereby limiting the potential for adverse effects caused by wider COX inhibition. The objectives

Objective To assess analgesic efficacy and the pharmacokinetics of intranasal (IN) tramadol in dogs following ovariohysterectomy. Study design Randomized, blinded clinical study. Animals A total of 30 bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Methods Dogs were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups (10 dogs per group): IN tramadol 4 mg kg–1 (group T-IN), intravenous (IV) tramadol

Objective To describe the pharmacokinetics and selected pharmacodynamic variables of codeine and its metabolites in Thoroughbred horses following a single oral administration. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals A total of 12 Thoroughbred horses, nine geldings and three mares, aged 4–8 years. Methods Horses were administered codeine (0.6 mg kg–1) orally and blood was collected before

Objective To compare the effects of intravenous (IV) lidocaine and fentanyl on the cough reflex and autonomic response during endotracheal intubation in dogs. Study design Randomized, blinded, superiority clinical trial. Animals A total of 46 client-owned dogs undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. Methods After intramuscular methadone (0.2 mg kg–1), dogs were randomized to be administered either IV

Objective To retrospectively analyse the anaesthetic management, complications and haemodynamic changes in a cohort of dogs undergoing transvascular patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occlusion in a tertiary referral centre (from January 2017 to August 2018). Study design Retrospective study. Animals A total of 49 client-owned dogs. Methods Anaesthetic records of dogs with PDA that underwent transvascular

Objective To evaluate the effects of constant rate infusions (CRIs) of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil alone and their combination on minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in dogs. Study design Randomized crossover experimental study. Animals A total of six (three males, three females) healthy, adult neutered Beagle dogs weighing 12.6 ± 1.4 kg. Methods Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane

Objective To assess the impact of preanaesthetic echocardiography on the subsequent intended anaesthetic management plan in cats with incidental clinical findings that may indicate cardiac disease. Study design Clinical study involving cats undergoing echocardiography and subsequent anaesthesia. Animals A total of 40 client-owned cats. Methods Echocardiography was performed in conscious cats and the

Objective To compare F-shunt and oxygen content indices in sheep ventilated with a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cmH2O alone or preceded by a stepwise alveolar recruitment manoeuvre (ARM). Study design Randomized crossover design. Animals A total of six nonpregnant Brogna ewes weighing 34–47 kg, undergoing thoracolumbar magnetic resonance scan. Methods In medetomidine-sedated sheep,

Objectives To determine the physiologic and behavioral effects and pharmacokinetic profile of hydromorphone administered intravenously (IV) to horses. Study design Prospective, randomized, crossover study. Animals A group of six adult healthy horses weighing 585.2 ± 58.7 kg. Methods Each horse was administered IV hydromorphone (0.025 mg kg–1; treatment H0.025), hydromorphone (0.05 mg kg–1; treatment

Objective To determine the dose and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol alone or with midazolam for induction of anesthesia in American Society of Anesthesiologists status ≥III dogs requiring emergency abdominal surgery. Study design Prospective, randomized, blinded, clinical trial. Animals A total of 19 client-owned dogs. Methods Dogs were sedated with fentanyl (2 μg kg–1) intravenously (IV) for instrumentation