Objective To evaluate the ability of transthoracic echocardiographic aortic flow measurements to discriminate response to a fluid challenge (FC) in healthy anesthetized dogs. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals A total of 48 isoflurane-anesthetized dogs (14.2–35.0 kg) undergoing elective surgery. Methods Fluid responsiveness was evaluated before surgery by a FC (lactated Ringer´s 10

Objective To collect data about the current practice of recovering horses from general anesthesia and recovery personnel safety. Study design Online survey. Methods An online questionnaire, including questions on general demographic data, recovery drugs, modality and characteristics of equine recovery and morbidity and mortality, was designed and distributed via email to equine practitioners worldwide

Objective To evaluate the cyclooxygenases (COX) inhibition, adverse effects and analgesic efficacy of dipyrone or meloxicam in cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Study design Prospective, blinded, randomized, clinical study. Animals A total of 30 healthy young cats. Methods The cats were randomly assigned to three postoperative groups: D25 (dipyrone 25 mg kg−1 every 24 hours), D12.5 (dipyrone

Objective In ungulates, α2-adrenergic agonists can decrease oxygenation possibly through alteration of pulmonary perfusion. Sodium nitroprusside can decrease pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and increase cardiac output (Q˙t) through vasodilation. The objective was to determine if sodium nitroprusside would improve pulmonary perfusion and attenuate the increased alveolar–arterial (a–a) gradient resulting

Objective To compare the perioperative use of analgesics and complication rates in dogs administered an erector spinae plane (ESP) block or a traditional opioid-based (OP) treatment as part of analgesic management during hemilaminectomy. Study design Retrospective cohort study. Animals Medical records of 114 client-owned dogs. Methods General data included demographics, duration of procedure, number

Objective To examine the anatomy of the lumbar epaxial region and to describe two different ultrasound-guided approaches for the lumbar erector spinae plane (ESP) block in dogs. Study design An anatomical and experimental cadaver study. Animals A group of 19 canine cadavers. Methods The anatomy was described following dissection of two cadavers. Bilateral ultrasound-guided ESP injections with 0.4 mL

Objective To evaluate two transducer and needle handling methods, along the visual axis (AL) and across the visual axis (AC), in non-skilled and skilled clinicians. Study design Prospective randomized crossover study. Method A total of 26 students with no ultrasound locoregional anaesthesia experience (non-skilled group) and six clinicians experienced and familiar with ultrasound locoregional anaesthesia

Objective To investigate motor and cardiovascular responses to dexmedetomidine or fentanyl in isoflurane anaesthetized pigs. Study design Experimental, balanced, block randomised, two group design. Animals A group of 16 crossbred pigs 55 ± 8 days (mean ± standard deviation) old. Methods Deltoid electromyography (EMG) was recorded during isoflurane anaesthesia. Electrical stimulation using 5, 10, 20

Objective To develop an ultrasound-guided approach to intercostal nerve injection and to compare the success rate of intercostal nerve injections using blind or ultrasound-guided technique in canine cadavers. Study design Prospective, randomized, descriptive, experimental anatomic study. Animals A total of 14 mid-sized adult canine cadavers. Methods Ultrasound landmarks were identified by dissection

Objective To compare the peribulbar injectate distribution and probability of regional anaesthesia of four peribulbar anaesthetic techniques in equine cadavers. Study Design Prospective experimental cadaver study. Animals A total of 12 isolated equine cadaver heads and 24 eyes. Methods The 24 orbits underwent one of four injection techniques (six orbits each) with a mixture (1:4) of contrast medium

Objective To investigate the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and convulsive dose of articaine hydrochloride in goat kids Study design Experimental prospective study Animals Total 18 (n = 6 animals per experiment) male Saanen goat kids (2-4 weeks old) Methods The study consisted of three experiments. The first determined the pharmacokinetics of articaine following intravenous administration of articaine

Objective To describe the effects of presurgical preparation with an isopropyl alcohol or water rinse on the perioperative rectal temperature (RT) of puppies and kittens. Study design Randomized clinical trial. Animals A total of 48 intact female mixed breed puppies and 43 intact female Domestic Short Hair kittens aged 8–18 weeks. Methods All animals were premedicated with intramuscular buprenorphine

Objectives To evaluate alfaxalone–midazolam anesthesia in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and the effect of flumazenil administration on recovery time and quality. Study design Randomized, blinded, crossover and controlled, experimental trial. Animals A total of 10 male Egyptian fruit bats. Methods Bats were anesthetized with alfaxalone (15 mg kg−1) and midazolam (2 mg kg−1) administered

Objective To assess cardiopulmonary function in sedated and anesthetized dogs administered intravenous (IV) dexmedetomidine and subsequently administered IV lidocaine to treat the dexmedetomidine-induced bradycardia. Study design Prospective, randomized, crossover experimental trial. Animals A total of six purpose-bred female Beagle dogs, weighing 9.1 ± 0.6 kg (mean ± standard deviation). Methods Dogs

Objective To compare the dose, cardiopulmonary effects and quality of anaesthetic induction in healthy dogs using propofol (10 mg mL-1) and diluted propofol (5 mg mL-1). Study design Randomized, blinded, clinical study. Animals A total of 28 client-owned dogs (12 males and 16 females). Methods Following intramuscular sedation using acepromazine 0.02 mg kg-1 and methadone 0.2 mg kg-1), propofol (10

Objective To evaluate the influence of reservoir bag types, volumes and previous use on the peak pressures (Pmax) and the times to develop 30 cmH2O pressure (P30) within a nonrebreathing system with a closed adjustable pressure limiting (APL) valve. Study design In vitro study using three-way factorial design with repeated measure on one-factor. Subjects A total of 75 new anesthesia reservoir bags

Objective To evaluate the effects of incremental doses of acepromazine on hemodynamics in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Study design Prospective, experimental study. Animals Healthy, adult, mixed-breed dogs (two male and four female) weighing 16.8 ± 5.1 kg (mean ± standard deviation). Methods Dogs were anesthetized with propofol (7 mg kg−1) intravenously (IV) and isoflurane. Thermodilution and arterial

Objective To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and selected pharmacodynamic effects of a commercially available L-methadone/fenpipramide combination administered to isoflurane anaesthetized ponies. Study design Prospective single-group interventional study. Animals A group of six healthy adult research ponies (4 mares, 2 geldings). Methods Ponies were sedated with intravenous (IV) detomidine (0.02 mg kg-1)

Objective To assess the agreement between an oscillometric device and invasive blood pressure measurements in anesthetized healthy adult guinea pigs. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals A total of eight adult Hartley guinea pigs. Methods All animals were anesthetized; a carotid artery was surgically exposed and catheterized for invasive blood pressure (IBP) measurements. A size 1 cuff

Objective To describe a new in-plane ultrasound-guided temporal approach to peribulbar block in the dog. Study Design Prospective experimental cadaver study. Animals A group of 10 beagle cadavers. Methods After describing the ultrasonographic (U/S) anatomy, peribulbar injection was performed bilaterally in 10 thawed Beagle cadavers by two randomly assigned operators. A 5-8 MHz microconvex U/S probe

Objective To compare between blind and smartphone-based endoscope-assisted techniques for endotracheal intubation in rabbits. Study design Prospective clinical study. Animals A total of 34 rabbits. Methods Rabbits were assigned to four groups: intubation by a veterinary anesthesiologist (VA) or an exotic pet medicine specialist (EPS) using blind or endoscope-assisted techniques. Propofol dose, number

Objective To develop a technique for performing the mandibular nerve block in Nile crocodiles. Study design Experimental cadaveric study. Animals A total of 16 juvenile Nile crocodile heads. Methods To study the course of the mandibular nerve, one head was dissected. Computed tomography (CT) examination was performed in two heads to identify useful landmarks. Thereafter, a hypodermic needle was inserted

Objective Various drugs administered to horses undergoing surgical procedures can release histamine. Histamine concentrations were evaluated in horses prepared for surgery and administered butorphanol or morphine intraoperative infusions. Study design Prospective studies with one randomized. Animals A total of 44 client-owned horses. Methods In one study, anesthesia was induced with xylazine followed

Objective To describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of the sciatic nerve paraneural sheath and to report an ultrasound (US)-guided subparaneural approach to the sciatic nerve in dogs, comparing two different volumes of injectate. Study design Prospective, randomized, anatomical study. Animals A group of nine middle-sized adult Mongrel canine cadavers (18 limbs). Methods The sciatic nerves of three

Objective To establish and evaluate a standardized method of targeted, intrabronchial drug delivery in pigs. Study design Randomized controlled trial. Animals A total of 16 German Landrace pigs (Sus scrofa), age range 12‒16 weeks, and weighing 28‒35 kg. Methods The animals were anaesthetized, intubated, and instrumented with extended cardiovascular monitoring. Lung injury was induced by administering

Objective To investigate the pharmacokinetics of carprofen after a single intravenous (IV) dose and multiple oral doses administered to pigs undergoing electroporation of the pancreas. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals A group of eight female pigs weighing 31.74 ± 2.24 kg (mean ± standard deviation). Methods Carprofen 4 mg kg−1 was administered IV after placement of a central venous

Objective To investigate the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MACSEV) reduction produced by morphine in rats. Study design Randomized, blinded trial. Animals A total of 75 male Wistar Han rats weighing 276 ± 23 g (mean and standard deviation), aged 3 months. Methods Cannabidiol (CBD) was prepared in an ethanol-solutol-saline vehicle. Animals were randomly divided

Objective To evaluate staining of nerve branches after the injection of different volumes during ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in dog cadavers. Study design Prospective randomized study. Animals A total of 15 frozen/thawed adult dog cadavers. Methods Hemiabdomens were randomly allocated to one of four groups. In groups G0.3, G0.6 and G1.0, ropivacaine–methylene blue solution

Objective To compare the dye distribution following either two lateral abdominal or one lateral abdominal and one subcostal ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) injections of a clinically relevant volume of dye solution in dogs. Study design Randomized cadaveric study. Animals A total of eight canine cadavers. Methods On one side of each cadaver, two TAP injections were performed on

Objective To compare the cardiopulmonary effects of the opioids etorphine and thiafentanil for immobilization of impala. Study design Two-way crossover, randomized study. Animals A group of eight adult female impala. Methods Impala were given two treatments: 0.09 mg kg–1 etorphine or 0.09 mg kg–1 thiafentanil via remote dart injection. Time to recumbency, quality of immobilization and recovery were

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and cardiopulmonary effects of ketamine–midazolam for chemical restraint, isoflurane anesthesia and tramadol or methadone as preventive analgesia in spotted pacas subjected to laparoscopy. Study design Prospective placebo-controlled blinded trial. Animals A total of eight captive female Cuniculus paca weighing 9.3 ± 0.9 kg. Methods Animals were anesthetized on three

Objective To evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of tumescent local anesthesia (TLA) in cats undergoing unilateral mastectomy. Study design Prospective clinical trial. Animals A total of 12 ovariohysterectomized female cats. Methods All animals were premedicated with pethidine (4 mg kg–1) intramuscularly (IM), followed by induction of anesthesia with propofol (5 mg kg–1) intravenously and maintenance

Objective To determine the cardiopulmonary effects of etorphine and thiafentanil for immobilization of blesbok. Study design Blinded, randomized, two-way crossover study. Animals A group of eight adult female blesbok. Methods Animals were immobilized twice, once with etorphine (0.09 mg kg–1) and once with thiafentanil (0.09 mg kg–1) administered intramuscularly by dart. Immobilization quality was assessed

Objective To describe an approach for ethmoidal nerve block (EBLOCK) and to compare the effects of a maxillary nerve block (MBLOCK), EBLOCK and their combination (M-EBLOCK) on heart rate (HR), systolic (SAP), mean (MAP), diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures and respiratory rate (fR) during nasal stimulation in dogs. Study design Prospective, blinded, randomized, crossover placebo-controlled study. Animals

Objective To evaluate the effects of nalbuphine, butorphanol and morphine combined with acepromazine on intraoperative and early postoperative pain management in dogs anesthetized for ovariohysterectomy. Study design Prospective, randomized blinded clinical study. Animals A total of 48 healthy female dogs of different breeds, aged 1–6 years, weighing (mean ± standard deviation) 14.5 ± 4.8 kg. Methods

Objective To describe an ultrasound-guided lateral quadratus lumborum (LQL) block technique and the spread characteristics of lidocaine–dye injected in the LQL plane using a transversal (LQL-T) or a longitudinal (LQL-L) approach. Study design Experimental anatomic study. Animals A total of eight canine cadavers. Methods Bilateral ultrasound-guided injections in the fascial plane lateral to the quadratus

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on alfaxalone immobilization in snakes. Study design Nonblinded, crossover study. Animals A total of eight mature common garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis). Methods Snakes were administered each of three treatments intracoelomically: alfaxalone (30 mg kg–1; treatment A), alfaxalone (30 mg kg–1) combined with dexmedetomidine (0.05 mg kg–1; treatment

Objective To describe the anesthetic and adverse effects of an injectable anesthetic protocol in dogs as part of a high-volume sterilization program under field conditions in Belize. Study design Prospective, observational, field study. Animals A total of 23 female and eight male dogs (14.2 ± 7.7 kg; age ≥ 8 weeks). Methods Using a volume per kg-based dose chart, dogs were administered ketamine (4

Objective To compare the duration of nociceptive and proprioceptive blockade from an experimental encapsulated lidocaine preparation with that of conventional lidocaine. Study design Prospective, blinded, randomly assigned, crossover study. Animals A total of six adult Dorset ewes, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II, weighing 60.4 ± 18.0 kg (mean ± standard deviation). Methods

Objective To compare, versus a control, the sensory, sympathetic and motor blockade of lidocaine 1% and 2% administered epidurally in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Study design Randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial. Animals A total of 24 mixed-breed intact female dogs. Methods All dogs were administered dexmedetomidine, tramadol and meloxicam prior to general anesthesia with midazolam–propofol

Objective Uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are membrane-bound enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of glucuronic acid onto a diverse set of xenobiotics. Horses efficiently and extensively glucuronidate a number of xenobiotics, including opioids, making UGTs an important group of drug-metabolizing enzymes for the clearance of drugs. Recombinant enzymes have allowed researchers to characterize

Objectives To evaluate the sedative effects and pharmacokinetics of detomidine gel administered intravaginally to alpacas in comparison with intravenously (IV) administered detomidine. Study design Randomized, crossover, blinded experiment. Animals A group of six healthy adult female Huacaya alpacas (70.3 ± 7.9 kg). Methods Alpacas were studied on two occasions separated by ≥5 days. Treatments were

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of gastroduodenoscopy in dogs premedicated with acepromazine in combination with butorphanol or methadone. Study design Prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. Animals A group of 40 client-owned dogs. Methods Dogs were randomly allocated to one of two groups and give intramuscular acepromazine 0.02 mg kg–1 combined with either butorphanol 0.3 mg

Objective To describe the incidence of postanesthetic signs of colic (PASC) in horses and determine if perianesthetic administration of hydromorphone was associated with an increased risk of PASC. Study design Retrospective, cohort study. Animals A total of 409 horses. Methods Anesthesia and clinical records of horses admitted for various procedures from July 2018 to September 2019 were reviewed. Signs

Objective To characterize the cardiovascular effects of increasing dosages of norepinephrine (NE) in healthy isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals A total of nine female ovariohysterectomized New Zealand White rabbits weighing 3.4 ± 0.2 kg (mean ± standard deviation). Methods Rabbits were premedicated intramuscularly with buprenorphine (0.05 mg kg–1)

Objective Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) may be related to brain injury. S100B protein and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) have been investigated as potential biochemical markers of neural cell injury in animals and humans. This study aimed to investigate the association between POCD, brain injury and serum concentrations of S100B and NSE after periodontal surgery in aged dogs. Study design

Objective To design a holistic audit tool to assess the effectiveness of anaesthesia teaching strategies, and thereby to study veterinary undergraduate teaching methods in different geographical areas. Study design Qualitative study using interviews of university staff and students to identify common themes and differences in teaching veterinary anaesthesia. Methods An audit was performed using an

Objective To investigate the impact of intramuscular (IM) co-administration of the peripheral α2-adrenoceptor agonist vatinoxan (MK-467) with medetomidine and butorphanol prior to intravenous (IV) ketamine on the cardiopulmonary and anaesthetic effects in dogs, followed by atipamezole reversal. Study design Randomized, masked crossover study. Animals A total of eight purpose-bred Beagle dogs aged 3

Objective To investigate the current scenario in Brazil regarding pain assessment and control in experimental animals. Study design Prospective survey. Methods A confidential questionnaire was available online and sent by e-mail to Brazilian scientists working with animal experimentation in Brazil. Data collection was conducted from October 2016 to October 2017. The exclusion criteria included blank

Objective To design and construct an affordable simulator of the cat larynx for training intubation maneuvers and to share the designs for its fabrication. Study design Research and development study. Animals A domestic cat. Methods The cadaver of a cat, dead by natural causes, was frozen in sternal recumbency with the neck extended and the mouth wide open. A computed tomography image was acquired

Objective To compare the effects of meloxicam or carprofen on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and to evaluate the effect of meloxicam on urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity, of cats after dental surgery. Study design Randomized, blinded, controlled trial. Animals A total of 24 mixed breed cats. Methods Cats were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 8 per group): meloxicam

Objective To describe a contrast medium distribution pattern after peribulbar injection in cadavers. Study design A cadaveric study. Animals A group of eight male dogs and four canine cadaver heads. Methods In phase 1, ultrasound-guided peribulbar injections (1.0 mL dye) were performed in four orbits using a subzygomatic approach. After dissection, the procedure was considered successful if 1) no dye

Objective To investigate the relationship between oxygen administration and ventilation in rabbits administered intramuscular alfaxalone–dexmedetomidine–midazolam. Study design Prospective, randomized, blinded study. Animals A total of 25 New Zealand White rabbits, weighing 3.1–5.9 kg and aged 1 year. Methods Rabbits were anesthetized with intramuscular alfaxalone (4 mg kg–1), dexmedetomidine (0.1