Objective To compare, versus a control, the sensory, sympathetic and motor blockade of lidocaine 1% and 2% administered epidurally in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Study design Randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial. Animals A total of 24 mixed-breed intact female dogs. Methods All dogs were administered dexmedetomidine, tramadol and meloxicam prior to general anesthesia with midazolam–propofol

Objective Uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are membrane bound enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of glucuronic acid onto a diverse set of xenobiotics. Horses efficiently and extensively glucuronidate a number of xenobiotics, including opioids, making UGTs an important group of drug-metabolizing enzymes for the clearance of drugs. Recombinant enzymes have allowed researchers to characterize

Objectives To evaluate the sedative effects and pharmacokinetics of detomidine gel administered intravaginally to alpacas in comparison with intravenously (IV) administered detomidine. Study design Randomized, crossover, blinded experiment. Animals A group of six healthy adult female Huacaya alpacas (70.3 ± 7.9 kg). Methods Alpacas were studied on two occasions separated by ≥ 5 days. Treatments were

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of gastroduodenoscopy in dogs premedicated with acepromazine in combination with butorphanol or methadone. Study Design Prospective, randomized double-blinded clinical trial Animals A total of 40 client-owned dogs Methods Dogs were randomly allocated to be given intramuscular acepromazine 0.02 mg kg-1 combined with either butorphanol 0.3 mg kg-1 (ACEBUT) or methadone

Objective To describe the incidence of postanesthetic signs of colic (PASC) in horses and determine if perianesthetic administration of hydromorphone was associated with an increased risk of PASC. Study design Retrospective, cohort study. Animal population A total of 409 horses. Methods Anesthesia and clinical records of horses admitted for various procedures from July 2018 to September 2019 were reviewed

Objective To characterize the cardiovascular effects of increasing dosages of norepinephrine (NE) in healthy isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals A total of nine female ovariohysterectomized New Zealand White rabbits weighing 3.4 ± 0.2 kg (mean ± standard deviation). Methods Rabbits were premedicated intramuscularly with buprenorphine (0.05 mg kg−1)

Objective Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) may be related to brain injury. S100B protein and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) have been investigated as potential biochemical markers of neural cell injury in animals and humans. This study aimed to investigate the association between POCD, brain injury and serum concentrations of S100B and NSE after periodontal surgery in aged dogs. Study design

Objective To compare the effects of intravenous (IV) lidocaine and fentanyl on the cough reflex and autonomic response during endotracheal intubation in dogs. Study design Randomized, blinded, superiority clinical trial. Animals A total of 46 client-owned dogs undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. Methods After intramuscular methadone (0.2 mg kg–1), dogs were randomized to be administered either IV

Objective To assess analgesic efficacy and the pharmacokinetics of intranasal (IN) tramadol in dogs following ovariohysterectomy. Study design Randomized, blinded clinical study. Animals A total of 30 bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Methods Dogs were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups (10 dogs per group): IN tramadol 4 mg kg–1 (group T-IN), intravenous (IV) tramadol

Objectives To design a holistic audit tool to assess the effectiveness of anaesthesia teaching strategies, and thereby to study veterinary undergraduate teaching methods in different geographical areas. Study design Qualitative study using interviews of university staff and students to identify common themes and differences in teaching veterinary anaesthesia. Methods An audit was carried out using

Objective To investigate the impact of intramuscular (IM) co-administration of the peripheral α2-adrenoceptor agonist vatinoxan (MK-467) with medetomidine and butorphanol prior to intravenous (IV) ketamine on the cardiopulmonary and anaesthetic effects in dogs, followed by atipamezole reversal. Study design Randomized masked crossover study. Animals A total of eight purpose-bred, 3 year-old Beagle

Objective To investigate the current scenario in Brazil regarding pain assessment and control in animals used in science. Study design Prospective survey. Methods A confidential questionnaire was available online and sent by e-mail to Brazilian scientists working with animal experimentation in Brazil. Data collection was conducted from October 2016 to October 2017. The exclusion criteria included blank

Objective To design and construct an affordable simulator of the cat larynx for training intubation maneuvers and to share the designs for its fabrication. Study design Research and development study. Animals One domestic cat. Methods The cadaver of a cat, dead by natural causes, was frozen in sternal recumbency with the neck extended and the mouth wide open. A computed tomography (CT) image was acquired

Objective To compare the effects of meloxicam or carprofen on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and to evaluate the effect of meloxicam on urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity, of cats after dental surgery. Study design Randomized, blinded, controlled trial. Animals A total of 24 mixed breed cats. Methods Cats were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 8 per group): meloxicam

Objective To describe a contrast medium distribution pattern after peribulbar injection in cadavers Study design A cadaveric study Animals A group of eight male dogs and four canine cadaver heads. Methods Phase 1: ultrasound-guided peribulbar injections (1.0 mL of dye) were performed in four orbits using a subzygomatic approach. After dissection, the procedure was considered successful if (1) no dye

Objective To investigate the relationship between oxygen administration and ventilation in rabbits administered intramuscular alfaxalone–dexmedetomidine–midazolam. Study design Prospective, randomized, blinded study. Animals A total of 25 male and female New Zealand White rabbits, 3.1–5.9 kg and aged 1 year. Methods Rabbits were anesthetized with intramuscular alfaxalone (4 mg kg−1), dexmedetomidine

Objective To evaluate the effect of alfaxalone and methadone administered intramuscularly (IM), with or without ketamine, on sedation and echocardiographic measurements in healthy cats. Study design Randomized blinded clinical study. Animals A group of 24 client-owned cats. Methods Baseline echocardiographic evaluation (bEchoCG) was performed. Cats were given IM alfaxalone (2 mg kg-1) and methadone

Objective To compare the effects of two different doses of butorphanol combined with detomidine administered intravenously (IV) on quality of sedation, degree of ataxia and anaesthetic induction in horses. Study design Randomized, blinded, clinical study. Animals A total of 40 client-owned healthy warmblood horses scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia. Methods Horses were randomly

Objective To determine whether suction, lavage, and instillation of sodium bicarbonate, following a gastro-oesophageal regurgitation event under general anaesthesia, would alter oesophageal pH to a greater degree than when lavage was not employed. Study design Prospective, randomized, clinical study. Animals A group of 22 client-owned dogs. Methods Dogs presenting with gastro-oesophageal regurgitation

Objective To describe a lateral ultrasound (US)-guided approach to the radial, ulnar, median and musculocutaneous (RUMM) nerves through a single proximal in-plane insertion in cats and to determine whether one or two injection points are required to successfully stain all the target nerves. Study design Prospective study. Animals A total of eight client-owned healthy cats and 12 cat cadavers. Methods

Objective To investigate the effects of sedative doses of intravenous (IV) medetomidine or dexmedetomidine on selected respiratory variables in dogs. Study design randomized, blinded, cross-over study. Animals A total of eight healthy adult research beagles. Methods Dogs breathing room air had an electrical impedance tomography (EIT) belt placed around the chest and were maintained in right lateral

Objective Compare the isoflurane-sparing effects of sufentanil-lidocaine-ketamine (SLK) and fentanyl-lidocaine-ketamine (FLK) infusions in dogs undergoing total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy (TECA-LBO). Study design Randomized blinded clinical study. Animals A total of 20 client-owned dogs undergoing TECA-LBO. Methods Intravenous (IV) administration of lidocaine (3 mg kg-1) and ketamine

Objectives To investigate the effect of metamizole on physiologic variables in calves undergoing surgical extirpation of the navel during anaesthesia using xylazine, ketamine, and isoflurane. Study design Double-blind randomized trial. Animals A total of 26 calves. Methods Calves with uncomplicated umbilical hernias and otherwise clinically healthy were randomly allocated to one of two groups: the

Objective To investigate complications associated with, and without, bupivacaine retrobulbar local anesthesia in dogs undergoing unilateral enucleation surgery. Study design Retrospective, observational study. Animals A total of 167 dogs underwent unilateral enucleation surgery via a transpalpebral approach. Methods Records from 167 dogs having unilateral enucleation surgery that did (RB) or did not

OBJECTIVE Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) in tissues and used as therapeutic agents in different species. Grapiprant, a member of the piprant class of compounds, antagonizes prostaglandin receptors. It is a highly selective EP4 prostaglandin E2 receptor inhibitor, thereby limiting the potential for adverse effects caused by wider COX inhibition. The objectives

Objective To describe the pharmacokinetics and selected pharmacodynamic variables of codeine and its metabolites in Thoroughbred horses following a single oral administration. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals A total of 12 Thoroughbred horses, nine geldings and three mares, aged 4–8 years. Methods Horses were administered codeine (0.6 mg kg−1) orally and blood was collected before

Objective To retrospectively analyse the anaesthetic management, complications and haemodynamic changes in a cohort of dogs undergoing transvascular patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occlusion in a tertiary referral centre (January 2017 to August 2018). Study design Retrospective study. Animals A total of 49 client owned dogs. Methods Anaesthetic records of dogs with PDA, which underwent transvascular

Objective To evaluate the effects of constant rate infusions (CRIs) of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil alone and their combination on minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in dogs. Study design Randomized crossover experimental study. Animals A total of six (three males, three females) healthy, adult neutered Beagle dogs weighing 12.6 ± 1.4 kg. Methods Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane

Objective To assess the impact of preanaesthetic echocardiography on the subsequent intended anaesthetic management plan in cats with incidental clinical findings that may indicate cardiac disease. Study design Clinical study involving cats undergoing echocardiography and subsequent anaesthesia. Animals. A total of 40 client-owned cats. Methods Echocardiography was performed in conscious cats and the

Objective To compare F-shunt and oxygen content indices in sheep ventilated with a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cmH2O alone or preceded by a stepwise alveolar recruitment manoeuvre (ARM). Study design Randomized crossover design. Animals A total of six nonpregnant Brogna ewes weighing 34–47 kg, undergoing thoracolumbar magnetic resonance scan. Methods In medetomidine-sedated sheep,

Objectives To determine the physiologic and behavioral effects and pharmacokinetic profile of hydromorphone administered intravenously (IV) to horses. Study design Prospective, randomized, crossover study. Animals A group of six adult healthy horses weighing 585.2 ± 58.7 kg. Methods Each horse was administered IV hydromorphone (0.025 mg kg–1; treatment H0.025), hydromorphone (0.05 mg kg–1; treatment

Objective To determine the dose and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol alone or with midazolam for induction of anesthesia in American Society of Anesthesiologists status ≥III dogs requiring emergency abdominal surgery. Study design Prospective, randomized, blinded, clinical trial. Animals A total of 19 client-owned dogs. Methods Dogs were sedated with fentanyl (2 μg kg–1) intravenously (IV) for instrumentation

Objective To evaluate the sedative effects of two doses of alfaxalone when added to a combination of dexmedetomidine and methadone injected intramuscularly (IM) in healthy Beagles. Study design Randomized, blinded, crossover, experimental study. Animals A group of six adult Beagles. Methods Dogs were sedated on three different occasions with IM dexmedetomidine (3 μg kg–1) and methadone (0.3 mg kg–1)

Objective To determine whether physiological, haematological, biochemical or electrolyte variables can predict severe haemorrhage in cats. Study design Randomized crossover study whereby each cat underwent mild and severe haemorrhage, with a 2 month period between events. Animals A group of six domestic cats aged 21 ± 1 months and weighing 4.9 ± 1.2 kg, mean ± standard deviation. Methods Cats were

Objective To evaluate an approach to the canine lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG), a significant contributor to the pain pathway, using new methylene blue staining. Study design Prospective randomized study. Animals A total of three Beagle dog cadavers weighing 10.4 ± 0.7 kg (mean ± standard deviation). Methods Bilateral third to fifth lumbar DRG approaches were performed in three dog cadavers positioned

Objective To evaluate the immobilization quality and cardiopulmonary effects of etorphine alone compared with etorphine–azaperone in blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi). Study design Blinded, randomized, crossover design. Animals A total of 12 boma-habituated female blesbok weighing [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] 57.5 ± 2.5 kg. Methods Each animal was administered etorphine (0.09 mg kg–1) or

Objective To compare the neuromuscular blocking effects of cisatracurium during isoflurane versus propofol anesthesia in dogs. Study design Prospective, randomized study. Animals A total of 20 healthy, client-owned dogs (16 females, four males) weighing 12.5–22 kg and aged 1–8 years. Methods Dogs undergoing elective surgery were randomized in equal numbers to an isoflurane (ISO) or propofol (PPF) group

Objective To determine the effect of intravenous vatinoxan administration on bradycardia, hypertension and level of anaesthesia induced by medetomidine–tiletamine–zolazepam in red deer (Cervus elaphus). Study design and animals A total of 10 healthy red deer were included in a randomised, controlled, experimental, crossover study. Methods Deer were administered a combination of 0.1 mg kg–1 medetomidine

Objective The objective of this study was to review the scientific articles on the use of nociceptive threshold testing (NTT) in cats and to summarize the clinical and experimental applications in this species. Databases used Pertinent literature was searched with PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Universitätsbibliothek Basel (swissbib Basel Bern) and Google Scholar. The search was then refined manually

Objective To determine the alfaxalone dose reduction during total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) when combined with ketamine or midazolam constant rate infusions and to assess recovery quality in healthy dogs. Study design Prospective, blinded clinical study. Animals A group of 33 healthy, client-owned dogs subjected to dental procedures. Methods After premedication with intramuscular acepromazine

Objective To evaluate the effects of progressively increasing doses of acepromazine on cardiopulmonary variables and sedation in conscious dogs. Study design Prospective, experimental study. Animals A group of six healthy, adult, mixed-breed dogs weighing 16.5 ± 5.0 kg (mean ± standard deviation). Methods Dogs were instrumented with thermodilution and arterial catheters for evaluation of hemodynamics

Objective To evaluate the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine–alfaxalone anesthesia in donkey foals undergoing field castration. Study design Prospective clinical study. Animals A group of seven standard donkeys aged [median (range)] 12 (10–26) weeks, weighing 47.3 (37.3–68.2) kg. Methods Donkeys were anesthetized with xylazine (1 mg kg−1) intravenously (IV) followed 3 minutes later

Objective To evaluate agreement with PaCO2 of two low sampling rate sidestream capnometers and a mainstream capnometer in rabbits and the effect of using high fresh gas flow from a Bain coaxial breathing system. Study design Prospective, crossover study. Animals A total of 10 New Zealand White rabbits weighing 3.4 ± 0.3 kg [mean ± standard deviation (SD)]. Methods Two sidestream analyzers (Viamed VM-2500-S

Objective To evaluate the efficacy, duration and safety of greater auricular and auriculotemporal nerve blocks in rabbits. Study design Prospective, randomized, crossover, experimental study. Animals A total of 11 healthy adult Dutch-belted rabbits. Methods The rabbits underwent general anesthesia and injections of the greater auricular and auriculotemporal nerves using either bupivacaine (0.3 mL kg–1

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical and physiologic effects of intramuscular (IM) administration of medetomidine with and without tramadol in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS A group of eight mixed breed dogs of both sexes, aged 1-2 years, weighing 16.0 ± 0.6 kg. METHODS Each dog was studied twice at ≥1 week interval. Medetomidine (5 μg kg-1; treatment M) was administered IM

OBJECTIVE To characterize and compare two intramuscular drug protocols using alfaxalone and alfaxalone-medetomidine combination for the field immobilization of free-ranging koalas. STUDY DESIGN Blinded, randomized, comparative field study. ANIMALS A total of 66 free-ranging koalas from the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. METHODS Koalas were randomly allocated into two groups. Group A animals were

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) on the temperature and humidity of inhaled gas in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, interventional study. ANIMALS A total of four experimental dogs and four client-owned dogs weighing 13.9 ± 7.4 kg (mean ± standard deviation). METHODS The four experimental dogs were anesthetized on two occasions with and

OBJECTIVE To describe the pharmacokinetics of ketamine following a short intravenous (IV) infusion to isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS A total of six adult healthy female New Zealand White rabbits. METHODS Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane in oxygen. Following determination of isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), the isoflurane concentration

OBJECTIVE To compare the propofol infusion rate and cardiopulmonary effects during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol alone and propofol combined with methadone, fentanyl or nalbuphine in domestic chickens undergoing ulna osteotomy. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, experiment trial. ANIMALS A total of 59 healthy Hissex Brown chickens weighing 1.5 ± 0.2 kg. METHODS Anesthesia was induced

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the equipment used for nasal insufflation of oxygen and determine its accuracy. STUDY DESIGN Original study. METHODS Oxygen delivery assemblies consisting of a flowmeter, bubble humidifier, oxygen delivery tubing and nasal insufflation catheters were assembled. Single and double catheter assemblies were made for four sizes of nasogastric feeding tubes (3.5 Fr, 5.0 Fr, 8.0 Fr and

OBJECTIVE To investigate the intraperitoneal (IP) administration of ropivacaine or ropivacaine-dexmedetomidine for postoperative analgesia in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, blinded, positively controlled clinical study. ANIMALS A total of 45 client-owned cats were enrolled. METHODS The cats were administered intramuscular (IM) meperidine (6 mg kg-1) and acepromazine

OBJECTIVE To develop a technique for ultrasound-guided continuous median and ulnar peripheral nerve block in horses. STUDY DESIGN Anatomical and prospective experimental study. ANIMALS A total of 16 thoracic limbs from horse cadavers and 18 adult horses. METHOD This study was conducted in three phases. Phase 1: Dissection of median and ulnar nerves in the antebrachial region of two cadaver limbs to

OBJECTIVE To investigate the accuracy of visual blood loss estimation from small animals among veterinary staff and final-year veterinary students, and the development and utility of a pictorial guide to improve estimation, in a veterinary hospital. STUDY DESIGN Online anonymous voluntary survey. METHODS A two-part online survey was circulated to voluntary participants at the University Veterinary

OBJECTIVE Evaluation of the reliability of pulse oximetry at four different attachment sites compared to haemoglobin oxygen saturation measured by a co-oximeter and calculated by a blood gas analyser in immobilized impala. STUDY DESIGN Randomized crossover study. ANIMALS A total of 16 female impala. METHODS Impala were immobilized with etorphine or thiafentanil alone, or etorphine in combination with