Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is frequently used as a plasticizer for wrapping films, in toys, and in medical devices. Previous studies demonstrated that DEHP in mouse reduced testicular and epididymis weights, suppressed levels of serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone, and decreased synthesis of testosterone by Leydig cells. Due to these anti-androgenic effects

Brachydins (Br) A, B, and C are flavonoids extracted from Fridericia platyphylla (Cham.) L.G. Lohmann roots (synonym Arrabidaea brachypoda), whose extract previously exhibited cytotoxic and antitumor activity. In vitro cell culture of human prostate tumor cell line (PC-3) was used to determine cell viability as evidenced by MTT, neutral red, and LDH release using nine concentrations (0.24 to 30.72 µM)

Ibuprofen is one of the most commonly prescribed anti-inflammatory drugs in pediatric practice. This drug inhibits the cyclooxygenase enzyme, reducing the production of prostaglandin, an important mediator on male reproductive function. We examined if pre-pubertal treatment with ibuprofen in male rats can affect the reproductive parameters of these animals in adult life and on their descendants. Male

Okadaic acid-group (OA-group) is a set of lipophilic toxins produced only in seawater by species of the Dinophysis and Prorocentrum genera, and characterized globally by being associated with harmful algal blooms (HABs). The diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) are the most prevalent toxic analogues making up the OA-group, which jeopardize environmental

ABSTRACT Theoretically, both synthetic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) and natural (exogenous and endogenous) endocrine-disrupting chemicals (N-EDCs) can interact with endocrine receptors and disturb hormonal balance. However, compared to endogenous hormones, S-EDCs are only weak partial agonists with receptor affinities several orders of magnitude lower than S-EDCs. Thus, to elicit observable

Rubus rosifolius Sm. (Rosaceae) is a plant traditionally used in Brazil and some other countries to treat diarrhea, stomach diseases, and as an analgesic, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, and as well as other pharmacological properties. The aim of this study was to examine cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of R. rosifolius leaves extract on HepG2/C3A cells and correlate these findings with the expression

The labeling of all ingredients contained in consumer products has been requested by consumers concerned regarding their safety. Consequently, regulatory agencies have set guidelines for industries on how to provide safety information regarding the ingredients in their products. However, discordant opinions were raised from stakeholders, resulting in the formation of a risk communication forum among

Caatinga flora which are found in a poor Brazilian region contain a substantial number of endemic taxa with biomedical and social importance for regional communities. This study examined the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of 35 samples (extracts/fractions) from 12 Caatinga species and determined the antiproliferative and genotoxic action of dichloromethane fraction from Mimosa caesalpiniifolia

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of anti-wrinkle and skin-whitening of fermented black ginseng (FBG) in human subjects and to examine underlying biochemical mechanisms of action. A clinical study was performed to evaluate efficacy and safety using a 1% FBG cream formulation. Twenty-three subjects were recruited and instructed to apply control or FBG creams each on half of their face

Previously, sex-dependent alterations in energy homeostasis were reported in adult mice fed a standard chow attributed to exposure to a mixture of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) via estrogen receptors (ERα). In this study, adult male and female mice (C57BL/6J; Taconic) were treated with the same mixture of OPFRs (1 mg/kg each of tricresyl phosphate (TCP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and t

The biological impact of nanomaterials (NMs) is determined by several factors such as size and shape, which need to be taken into consideration in any type of analysis. While investigators often prefer to conduct in vitro studies for detection of any possible adverse effects of NMs, in vivo approaches yield more relevant data for risk assessment. For this reason, Drosophila melanogaster was selected

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of anti-wrinkle and skin-whitening of fermented black ginseng (FBG) in human subjects and to examine underlying biochemical mechanisms of action. A clinical study was performed to evaluate efficacy and safety using a 1% FBG cream formulation. Twenty-three subjects were recruited and instructed to apply control or FBG creams each on half of their face

The contamination legacy of industrialization, militarization, and nuclear arms race poses current or future risks to populations and the environment. Responsible parties and regulators make decisions regarding which sites to clean up, how, how much, and when. This study aimed to provide an information needs template to evaluate and reduce risks to human health when considering whether to initiate

Carnosic acid (CA) is a phenolic diterpene with many important biological activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties, and anti-proliferative properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate cytotoxic activity, cell cycle, apoptotic, and molecular effects attributed to CA in non-tumoral IMR-90 (human fetal lung fibroblasts), as well as tumoral NCI-H460 (human

Concerned with water quality, specialists have resorted to ecotoxicology as a tool to assess suspected contamination, enabling creation of strategies to repair the observed damage. Organisms such as fish and micro crustaceans are widely used in acute tests due to several characteristics in common among them including (1) accessibility of multiple samples, and (2) enhanced sensitivity when exposed to

The application of physiologically based modeling approaches in evaluating health risks in diverse environments is limited by scarcity of comprehensive reviews detailing how physiological parameters are altered due to stressors. A modern high-performance aviation environment in particular has the potential for simultaneous exposure to chemical and non-chemical stressors which may interact via non-chemical

Exposure to ambient air pollutants such as ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and rate of mortality, but the underlying biological mechanisms have yet to be described. Emerging evidence shows that extracellular vehicle (EV) microRNAs (miRNAs) may facilitate cell-to-cell and organ-to-organ communications and play a role in the air pollution-induced

The objective of this study was to examine the cytotoxic effects of binary mixtures of Al2O3 and ZnO NPs using mouse fibroblast cells (L929) and human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) as biological test systems. The synergistic, additive, or antagonistic behavior of the binary mixture was also investigated. In toxicity experiments, cellular morphology, mitochondrial function (MTT assay), apoptosis

Exposure to contaminants might directly affect organisms and alter their associated microbiota. The objective of the present study was to determine the impact of the petroleum-water-accommodated fraction (WAF) from a light crude oil (API gravity 35) on a benthic fish species native from the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Ten adults of Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) were exposed to a sublethal WAF/water solution

Natural products are still a promising source of bioactive molecules. Food and Drug Administration data showed that approximately 49% of the approved molecules originate naturally or chemically-resemble these substances, of which more than 70% are being used in anticancer therapy. It is noteworthy that at present there are no scientific studies to prove the effectiveness and safety of a number of plants

Standard health risks from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are generally interpreted at ambient environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to develop a strategy for using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to compare known risks in the general population to calculated risks in pilots experiencing pressure-based stressors. PBPK models facilitate these comparisons by prediction

The widespread use of pesticides is beneficial for food production; however, there are numerous adverse consequences reported in the ecosystem and humans associated with exposure to these contaminants. The pyrethriod bifenthrin (BIF) is utilized for (1) maintenance, growth, and storage of agricultural products; (2) control of internal and external parasites of farm animals; and (3) eradication of insects

Ambient particulate matter (PM) is associated with adverse health consequences. However, the influence of PM on the innate immune system is poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of diesel particulate matter 2.5 μm (PM2.5, SRM1650b) on dendritic cells. PM2.5 significantly reduced cytokine levels of interleukin (IL)-12 p40, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in CpG-DNA (TLR9 ligand)-stimulated

The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of particulates and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from 3D printers using polylactic acid (PLA) filaments at a university workroom to assess exposure and health risks in an occupational setting. Under typical-case (one printer) and worst-case (three printers operating simultaneously) scenarios, particulate concentration (total and respirable)

Oil spill response and clean-up (OSRC) workers were exposed to hazardous airborne chemicals following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster. The aim of this study was to evaluate lung function in workers 4–6 years following the disaster using a prospective cohort. Participants who completed two spirometry test sessions 1–3 years, and 4–6 years after the spill (N = 1,838) were included and forced expiratory

ABSTRACT Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used in technical mixtures of different PCB congeners as hydraulic fluids in underground mining in Germany in North Rhine-Westphalia, Ibbenbueren, and Saarland from the mid-1960s to 1986. Mine workers who were involved in maintenance and repair or operation of hydraulically driven machines in underground mines were potentially exposed to liquids containing

Previously an increased risk for monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), a precursor of multiple myeloma (MM), was reported among Vietnam veterans exposed to Agent Orange and its contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Dysregulated expression of certain microRNAs (miRNAs) was demonstrated in MGUS and MM. Given the important role of miRNAs in cellular homeostasis,

The U.S. Air Force (USAF) has pursued development of alternative fuels to augment or replace petroleum-based jet fuels. Hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) renewable jet fuel is certified for use in commercial and USAF aircraft. HEFA feedstocks include camelina seed oil (Camelina sativa, HEFA-C); rendered animal fat (tallow, HEFA-T); and mixed fats and oils (HEFA-F). The aim of this study

Transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI) induces inflammation leading to secondary brain injury. Data suggested that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is involved in the occurrence and development of inflammatory reaction after reperfusion; however, the effectiveness of a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor, parecoxib, to counteract tGCI remains to be determined. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate

Health risks attributed to low-frequency noise (LFN) exposure are a serious global issue. Therefore, the development of a method for a prevention based upon risk assessments for LFN is important. Previously in vivo exposure of mice to LFN at 100 Hz, 95 dB for 1 hr produced imbalance with breakage of the otoconial membrane, which covers hair cells as well as impaired activity of hair cells in the vestibule

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are utilized in surgical implants and medical textiles, thus providing access to the circulation. While research has been conducted primarily in healthy models, AgNP-induced toxicity evaluations in disease conditions are critical, as many individuals have preexisting conditions. Specifically, over 20% of United States adults suffer from metabolic syndrome (MetS). It was

Triplaris gardneriana Wedd. is a tree used in folk medicine to treat venereal diseases and inflammation as well as a source of biological compounds with antioxidant capacity. In order to assess the safety of these bioactive compounds, the present study aimed to determine the toxicity of an ethanolic extract of T. gardneriana, (EETg). Toxicological tests included hemolytic activity, toxicity toward

Several investigators demonstrated that glyphosate formulations produce neurotoxicity associated with oxidative stress, alterations in glutamatergic system, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms following exposure to this herbicide on astrocytes are unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the activity

Microplastic (MP) contamination represents a serious threat for marine organisms. Several lab studies demonstrated adverse effects induced by exposure to different MP polymers toward diverse marine species. However, the information regarding toxicity of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) MPs is largely unknown. The present study was aimed at investigating the adverse effects induced by 7-day exposure

Simvastatin (SIM), a hypocholesterolaemic drug belonging to the statins group, is a widely prescribed pharmaceutical for prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Several studies showed that lipophilic statins, as SIM, cross the blood-brain barrier and interfere with the energy metabolism of the central nervous system in humans and mammalian models. In fish and other aquatic organisms, the effects of

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a type of cancer characterized by a short survival time and poor prognosis. Malignant pleural mesothelioma is most frequently associated with exposure to asbestos and other elongated mineral fibers. The aim of this study was to examine molecular differences between asbestos-exposed and non-exposed MPM patients and assess prognostic significances of molecular

Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalate diesters are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. While these compounds have been reported as reproductive toxicants, their effects may partially be attributed to metabolites. The aim of this study was to examine reproductive organ development in chicken embryos exposed to the BPA metabolite, 4-methyl-2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)pent-1-ene (MBP; 100 µg/g egg) or a human-relevant

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an emerging pollutant of global concern. Viviparous fish Goodea atripinnis is endemic to the Central Mexican Plateau where BPA was detected; however, few studies examined the influence of this chemical on native viviparous fish. The effects of BPA (sublethal dose) were determined on DNA integrity and Foxl2 expression in G. atripinnis gonads, and interactions of BPA with FOXL2 protein

Detoxifying effects of hyperoxia, which is widely used in clinical practice, were investigated using HaCat cells (human keratinocytes) treated with benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) as a model agent to induce adverse effects in the skin. It is well-established that B[a]P may produce toxicities including cancer, endocrine disruption, and phototoxicity involving DNA damage, free radical generation, and down regulation

Domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were exposed to imidacloprid by gavage once daily for 7 consecutive days at 0, 0.03, 0.34, 3.42, 10.25, and 15.5 mg/kg/day (n = 20 per group; 5 6-week-old males, 5 6-week-old females, 5 9-week-old males, and 5 9-week-old females). The severity and duration of neurobehavioral abnormalities were recorded. Components of the innate and adaptive immune system

Olfactory receptors (ORs) are a group of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that initiate chemical odorant signals. Although ORs are predominantly located in nasal epithelia to detect smell, these receptors are also present in peripherally in non-nasal organs/tissues. Since the quality of life and cognitive and sensorial features of sense of smell are worsened in multiple chemical sensitivity due

Olfactory receptor (OR) genes are extensively distributed throughout the human organism. Although these receptors are predominantly located in the olfactory epithelium, binding between odorant chemicals and corresponding ORs initiates downstream events in other tissues. In particular, exposure to allergen fragrances results in the induction of contact dermatitis. At present, current methodologies are

Household effluents are predominantly treated by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Other treatment methods, which were examined in this study, are also used in the countryside. These treatment modes include (1) onsite toilet wastewater treatment system (OTWTS), (2) onsite wastewater treatment system (OWTS), (3) community wastewater treatment system (CWTS), and (4) onsite vault toilet (OVT). Household

Regular use of vibrating hand tools results in cold-induced vasoconstriction, finger blanching, and a reduction in tactile sensitivity and manual dexterity. Depending upon the length and frequency, vibration induces regeneration, or dysfunction and apoptosis, inflammation and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. These changes may be associated with mitochondria, this study examined

Olfactory receptor 5P3 is coded by OR5P3 gene in human OR5P3 and recognized as the receptor for coumarin present in 30% of fragrances and might adversely affect human health. OR5P3 are also associated with coumarin-related breast cancer development and acquired tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells. Previously various investigators noted that coumarin acts as a ligand for OR5P3 and binding of

(2019). Statement of Retraction: [A lowered probability of pregnancy in females in the USA aged 25-29 who received a human papillomavirus vaccine injection]. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. Ahead of Print.

Cerium oxide (CeO2), one of many engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), is composed primarily of metal oxides, such as cerium oxide (CeO2). CeO2-containing materials are widely used as a polishing agent for glass mirrors, plate glass, television tubes, ophthalmic lenses, and precision optics. The widespread use of this nanomaterial (NM) resulted in increased environmental contamination levels and consequent

Two of the major cancerous diseases associated with asbestos exposure are malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and lung cancer (LC). In addition to asbestos exposure, genetic factors have been suggested to be associated with asbestos-related carcinogenesis and lung genotoxicity. While genetic factors involved in the susceptibility to MPM were reported, to date the influence of individual genetic variations

It is well known that synaptic plasticity is associated with cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Testosterone (T) is known to exert protective effects on cognitive deficits in AD, but the underlying mechanisms of androgenic action on synaptic plasticity remain unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the protective mechanism attributed to T on synaptic plasticity in an AD

The extract of Schisandrin a traditional Chinese medicine was postulated to be effective in prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study was to examine the underlying protective actions of Schizandrin using a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y). In particular Schizandrin-mediated effects on expression of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, protein kinase B (Akt) and

Ginsenoside Rg1 (GsRg1), derived from the herb Ginseng, was found to exert protective effects in nerve injury; however, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be determined. Oxidant stress and apoptosis are known to be involved in sciatic nerve injury. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine whether GsRg1 was able to modify sciatic nerve injury in a rat model. The following parameters

An extract of Dracocephalum moldevica (DML) was found to exert protective effects on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI); however, the mechanisms underlying the observed actions of this plant-derived mixture remain to be determined. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the influence of DML on CIRI rat model induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The following parameters were

Cerebral infarction occurs as a consequence of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GbE) is composed predominantly of active ingredients such as flavonoids and terpene lactones and often used to treat cerebrovascular diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying the use of this herbal extract to treat cerebrovascular-mediated damage are not known. The aim of this

A number of complex human diseases including neurological diseases is characterized by dysregulation of long-chain noncoding RNA (lncRNA). The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder is believed to involve alterations in lncRNAs. However, the specific lncRNAs modified in AD remain to be determined. The aim of this study was to identify lncRNAs associated with AD using

The bone marrow is one of the target tissues for titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NP) following environmental exposure. At present, the consequences of TiO2NP exposure in bone are not well known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of TiO2NP on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and potential underlying mechanisms. Mesenchymal bone marrow-derived cells were cultured and treated with

Long-term exposure to sodium arsenite was found to induce malignant transformation in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cell line as evidenced by elevated ROS levels. Although chronic sodium arsenite-induced HBE cell line transformation was associated with elevated ROS generation, it was of interest to determine whether acute sodium arsenite exposure also initiated pulmonary damage. Thus, the aim of

The use of natural products from herbs may be a therapeutic option in dyslipidemia treatment. Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg (Myrtaceae) leaves have been used to decrease cholesterol levels. However, studies to determine activities of this plant on triglycerides metabolism have received little attention. The aim of this study was to examine anti-hyperlipidemic effects of a C. xanthocarpa

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are undesirable disinfection by-products (DBPs), released into aquatic ecosystems from various anthropogenic and natural sources. The aim of this study was to examine the ecological risk of exposure to three HAAs commonly detected in water, such as monobromoacetic acid (MBA), monochloroacetic acid (MCA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA), in in vivo acute and chronic toxicity tests

Myrciaria dubia is a native plant from the Amazon region which produces red-purplish fruit rich in antioxidant compounds such as ascorbic acid, carotenoids, and phenolic. M. dubia fruit is used to prepare juices considered to possess high nutritional content providing health benefits. The aim of this study was to examine the ability of M. dubia juice to protect DNA against genomic instability induced

This study was designed to compare the cardiovascular effects of inhaled photochemically altered diesel exhaust (aged DE) to freshly emitted DE (fresh DE) in female C57Bl/6 mice. Mice were exposed to either fresh DE, aged DE, or filtered air (FA) for 4 hr using an environmental irradiation chamber. Cardiac responses were assessed 8 hr after exposure utilizing Langendorff preparation with a protocol