Myricaria germanica (German tamarisk or false tamarisk), Tamaricaceae, is a pioneer shrub native to the Eurasian temperate regions where it colonises gravel bars in braided rivers. Over the past 150 years, human alterations of rivers have caused its dramatic decline in Europe. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on the taxonomy, morphology, genetics, distribution, habitat, life cycle

The stable carbon isotope composition of plant tissues, commonly expressed as δ13C, holds a wealth of information about photosynthetic pathway, water relations and stress physiology. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a derived form of photosynthesis that allows plants to fix carbon at a higher water-use efficiency compared to the ancestral C3 photosynthesis. While the central carbon-fixing enzyme

The great heterogeneity of tropical systems challenges our understanding of how niche and neutral processes structure epiphyte communities. Dispersal, phorophyte identity and the environmental conditions created by phorophytes are the main determinants of vascular epiphyte structure and diversity. However, these forces comprise multiple causal factors that need to be decomposed to address the complex

Hemiepiphytic plants are defined by their ontogeny. They germinate on a host tree but later establish root contact with the soil. Most hemiepiphytes remain structurally dependent on their host for their entire life, but some, often referred to as stranglers, develop pseudotrunks that allow them to outlive their host. Unfortunately, the terminology used to describe hemiepiphytes and other structurally

More efficient resource use, especially nitrogen (N) in agricultural fields could considerably reduce the losses and spillover effects on the environment. Cereal-legume mixtures can lead to more efficient uptake of growth-limiting resources, and increase and stabilize yields, due to the variation in functional traits that facilitate partitioning of niche space. Here we identify crop mixtures with functional

Studies on ecological stoichiometry (ES) have increased rapidly in number in recent years. Continuous exploration of classical concepts such as the growth-rate hypothesis (GRH),), which is based on the relationship between the nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) ratio of organisms and their growth-rate capacity, has identified new patterns and uncertainties, particularly with regard to terrestrial plants and

Heterospecific pollen interference has recently been proposed as a mechanism contributing to the success of alien invaders, as heterospecific pollen of alien plants can interfere with the reproduction of natives by reducing fruit and seed set. However, no study has looked at the opposite interaction. Moreover, few studies have considered the roles of phylogenetic and floral trait distances between

This paper presents all current knowledge on the biology of the invasive therophyte Impatiens glandulifera Royle (Himalayan Balsam), and covers aspects of taxonomy, morphology, distribution, habitat requirements, ecology, life cycle, genetics, history of invasive spread, ecological impact and management. Although a few review papers have been published on this species in previous decades, a great deal

Understanding the phylogenetic structure provides evidence about the importance of the different processes that shape an ecological community. We addressed the following questions: i) What is the intensity of the role of the phylogenetic component on variations in the tree species composition in a large biogeographic transition zone in the Neotropics? ii) Have forest and savanna habitats similar answers

Plants with clonal growth can produce multiple potentially independent units, termed ramets. Clonal growth can have important ecological and evolutionary consequences, such as by increasing probability of reproduction, space monopolization, and regeneration after injury; and by permitting physiological integration of connected ramets. Although clonal growth is widespread among species and habitats

Changes in the timing of development within a lineage (heterochrony) have an enormous impact on floral diversification. However, comparative quantitative studies in a broad range of ontogenetic stages are still needed to identify the role of different heterochronic processes shaping diversification patterns. In this study, changes in petal development were compared across species in the genus Schizanthus

The species-rich flora of Madagascar is well known for a range of unusual floral ecologies. One example is Impatiens section Trimorphopetalum with its unique combination of floral traits: small, spur-less, cup- or lip-shaped, greenish or brownish flowers. So far no hypotheses on floral function or pollination of this peculiar group have been proposed. We analysed six reproductive traits in relation

Changes in floral traits across evolutionary time are expected in response to selective pressures imposed by pollinators. Stamen dimetrism (here defined as size differences between stamens within the same flower) represents an important strategy to decrease pollen loss during bee-flower interactions in pollen flowers. However, the evolutionary history of stamen dimetrism, and the links between this

The Dalbergioid Adesmia clade comprises Adesmia DC., Amicia Kunth, Nissolia Jacq., Poiretia Vent., and Zornia J.F. Gmel., all predominantly South American genera except for Zornia which has a pantropical distribution. These taxa share a shrubby or herbaceous habit with glands present on some part of the plant (e.g., stems, leaflets). However, the evolutionary relationships of the full range of secretory

The high-mountain ecosystems of Central Asia are a biodiversity hotspot with unique plant communities and many endemic species. Intense human pressure and global warming have caused habitat destruction in these areas and a parallel increase in the number of endangered species. Lagochilus species are key medicinal herbaceous plants native to Central Asia, many of which have been recently added to the

The curious habit of shingle-leaf climbers – root-climbing plants whose leaves are closely adpressed to the phorophyte and often overlap like shingles – has attracted the attention of both botanists and horticulturists for more than a century. The habit has arisen in ten families, 22 genera, and at least 158 species and is especially common in several genera of Araceae and Marcgravia (Marcgraviaceae)

European beech (Fagus sylvatica) is the dominant tree species of Central Europe’s natural forests and one of the continent’s most important timber species. This highly competitive species is known to be drought-sensitive and thus may increasingly be threatened by climate change-related heat waves and drought in part of its distribution range. Tree responses and tolerance to drought are complex processes

Plant invasion is among the most serious of global challenges, affecting ecological processes and threatening biodiversity. With alien plant species (APS) continuously invading new environments, understanding the mechanisms involved in the invasion process will provide important insights for the prediction and control of APS. After over 60 years of invasion biology research, numerous hypotheses to

Species’ responses to antagonists, such as fungal pathogens and insect herbivores, are part of a species’ niche and are thought to contribute to species coexistence. In theory, coexistence is supposed to be maintained by the effects of equalizing mechanisms that reduce fitness differences among species, and stabilizing mechanisms that are the result of niche differences. The presence of stabilizing

Intraspecific trait variability (ITV) is an important component of functional ecology studies. While functional biogeography requires us to understand broad-scale patterns of trait distribution, ITV remains inadequately studied. Due to isolation of ranges, habitat fragmentation and sharp topoclimatic gradients over short distances, temperate mountains offer opportunities to study the ITV in widespread

The Eupatorieae represent nearly 10 % of the Asteraceae, including about 187 genera and 2500 species. With close to 116 genera, South America is one of the richest areas for Eupatorieae diversity. Understanding of the taxonomy of the tribe has been hindered by the morphological variation of its genera and by the partly incongruent circumscription of genera and subtribes yielded by morphological and

Polysporangiate anthers, i.e., anthers bearing more than four sporangia, are an unusual condition that has been reported in several angiosperm families, including Melastomataceae. The structure of anthers in Melastomataceae and taxa from its sister lineage was investigated in 302 species, which were categorized as polysporangiate or non-polysporangiate based on original and literature data. Additionally

Cardamine bulbifera (Coralroot Bittercress) is one of the Central European enigmatic plant species. Although the species is wide-spread all over Europe, no reproduction via seeds has ever been observed. Instead dispersal of vegetative leaf-axillary bulbs assures effective propagation. In our study we analyzed different life stages and factors affecting sexual reproduction and seek for unravelling the

Only few woody species of North Africa have been the subject of biogeographical studies, despite the importance of this region, in the Mediterranean area, for the presence of hotspots of endemism and biodiversity, and of refugia. Here, we present research on the Afro-Mediterranean Cupressus spp., which have a discontinuous and fragmented distribution, resulting from population dynamics experienced

The majority of plants have the ability to reproduce asexually. Despite the importance of asexual reproduction, we still have a limited understanding of how clonality impacts phenotypic and genetic variation within natural populations. Here, we collected phenotypic and genetic data on spatially mapped ramets of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) from 10 belt transects from three populations to determine

Floristic inventories are an essential part of basic and applied research in botany. Despite their long history, floristic research is still carried out following non-objective (preferential) sampling approaches. Accordingly, final outputs (i) are extremely variable in the quality and quantity of collected data and hardly repeatable, (ii) rely on the researcher ability, and (iii) miss the basic assumptions

Hardseededness is a common trait in Mediterranean plant communities, although the origin of its selection is controversial. It may be a mechanism of persistence to fire temperatures, but could also form part of a gap-detecting mechanism to provide germination cues under arid conditions. To disentangle this, we studied the phylogenetic structure of plant communities against fire frequency and aridity

Plant species capable of clonal reproduction range from rare, sterile species that have a high extinction risk to invasive plants that influence the structure of ecosystems. There is increasing evidence that clonality in combination with reduced fecundity and limited dispersal capacity increases extinction risk. As many conservation targets are not well-characterised genetically, our objective was

Geographical range is one of the critical features for species conservation assessment. Nevertheless, species distribution is frequently unknown, undervalued or overlooked. During a broad taxonomic and floristic study of the southern South American prickly pear species (Opuntia spp.), new records of a species previously considered endemic to Argentina have been found in Uruguay and Brazil. Molecular

Successful animal seed dispersal is the result of the interaction between frugivore behavior and the distribution of food resources, which can vary over space and time. We evaluated the interaction between avian frugivores and the masting shrub Pistacia lentiscus in both connected and isolated forest fragments along the Guadalquivir valley (south Iberian Peninsula) in two contrasting fruiting seasons

Clonal plants confer a range of ecologically important traits related to local heterogeneity (e.g., foraging and integration). Disturbances generally impact heterogeneity at a variety of scales, but there is a paucity of research linking disturbance, heterogeneity, and clonal plant response. Further, there is a growing need to understand how different plants respond to changing disturbance regimes

Shared genetic patterns within a community of ecologically distinct species may reflect the role of past geoclimatic events imprinting species evolutionary history. Although Pleistocene glaciations are the most important processes evoked as drivers of these shared patterns, in some regions Quaternary volcanic activity should also be considered as a potential process shaping genetic diversity distribution

Clonality is a largely underexplored plant life-history trait with possibly profound effects on plant demography. Clonal growth constitutes an alternative reproductive pathway, which should provide clonal species with an advantage over non-clonal ones under disturbance regimes unfavourable to regeneration from seeds. We investigated how clonal and non-clonal species differ in their life histories (other

Due to competition for resources, the performance of plant species in communities is modified by traits affecting their efficiency in resource uptake and use. Clonal growth by stolons or rhizomes enables plants to spread laterally and to share resources among interconnected ramets; therefore, clonal growth represents an important trait that likely affects the competitive ability of species. We tested

Climate change is more pronounced in high-elevation habitats than elsewhere, potentially causing disruptions in plant community structure and dynamics through changes in plant interactions. We tested the effect of warming and rainfall manipulations on growth and gas exchange of a cushion plant species, Arenaria tetraquetra, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in SE Spain and assessed its consequences for

The regeneration niche differentiation helps to explain plant coexistence and thus biodiversity. The study of the regeneration niche has been traditionally based on sexual recruitment, while overlooking clonal growth. Root suckering offers a successful alternative for local dispersal under suboptimal conditions for sexual reproduction. For light-limited forests, we hypothesized that: 1) root suckering

Studies that provide support for the conservation of transitions between biogeographic regions should be encouraged, given the ecological and evolutionary specificities of these environments. Investigations on evolutionary history may, for example, influence the prioritization of areas for biological conservation, as they enable a better understanding of the processes that shape communities in space

Most plants are clonal i.e. able to laterally propagate by producing new genetically identical ramets connected by specialized clonal organs. Clonality determines ramet aggregation patterns, the presence of physical connections between ramets, the sharing of resources, hormones, and signaling molecules within the clonal fragment. We thus argue that clonal traits drive not only the individual plant

Identification of centers of endemism is a crucial issue to improve the understanding on overall biodiversity distribution and related conservation actions. Despite the well-known distribution of global endemic areas, less effort has been devoted in defining local hotspots and their ecological determinants. In this study, we analyzed the distribution and the spatial pattern of endemic diversity of

Phylogenetic analysis of plant communities is useful for inferring ecological mechanisms driving forest succession. However, such analysis has scarcely been undertaken in tropical dry environments, especially for the dynamics of demographic components (i.e., recruited, surviving and dead plants) affecting the successional process. Here, we combine chronosequence and dynamic data to study the role of

For clonal plants, spatial spread within a site is primarily determined by production of new ramets, which suggests that allocation to this function is a key component of the population and community dynamics of clonal plant species. However, surprisingly few studies, either theoretical or empirical, quantify the amount of resources that is or should be allocated to new daughters. Instead, the focus

Utricularia intermedia Hayne, U. ochroleuca R.W. Hartm., U. stygia Thor and U. bremii Heer ex Kölliker (Lentibulariaceae, Lamiales) are the four rarest and critically endangered European Utricularia (bladderwort) species from the generic section Utricularia. They are aquatic, submerged or amphibious carnivorous plants with suction traps which grow in very shallow, standing dystrophic (humic) waters

The understorey harbours a substantial part of vascular plant diversity in temperate forests and plays an important functional role, affecting ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling and overstorey regeneration. Global change, however, is putting these understorey communities on trajectories of change, potentially altering and reducing their functioning in the future. Developing mitigation strategies

Changes in vegetative and reproductive phenology rank among the most obvious plant responses to climate change. These responses vary broadly among species, but it is largely unknown whether they are mediated by functional attributes, such as size or foliar traits. Using a manipulative experiment conducted over two growing seasons, we evaluated the responses in reproductive phenology and output of 14

Theoretical models predict lognormal species abundance distributions (SADs) in stable and productive environments, with log-series SADs in less stable, dispersal driven communities. We studied patterns of relative species abundances of perennial vascular plants in global dryland communities to: i) assess the influence of climatic and soil characteristics on the observed SADs, ii) infer how environmental