In the originally published version of this manuscript, there was an error in the title. The title should read: ``Towards national CT diagnostic reference levels in the United Arab Emirates a multicenter review of CT dose index and dose length product'' instead of ``Towards national CT diagnostic reference levels in the United Arab Emirates a multicenter review of CT dose index and dose area product''

AbstractThe specific absorption rate (SAR) induced by wireless radiofrequency (RF) systems depends on different parameters. Previously, SAR was mainly assessed under conditions of a single frequency and technology and for a limited number of localized RF sources. The current and emerging mobile systems involve a wider range of usage scenarios and are frequently used simultaneously, leading to combined

This paper compares several methods for estimation of the effective indoor dose of gamma radiation from building materials. It was found that specific dose ratios proposed for 3 cm thick layers in one recommendation gives 2.8 times lower value of gamma dose than other methods. The most common case is that granite has an elevated content of natural radionuclides and it is usually used in the form of

This study aims to develop local diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for the most common computed tomography (CT) examinations carried out around Izmir, Turkey.

The concept of an active dosimetry system for pulsed radiation dose rate measurements is presented. Real-time distinction of pulsed and non-pulsed radiation contributions is based on the time structure of a single interaction. A fast tissue equivalent plastic scintillator is exploited to minimize the pile-up effect influence on absorbed energy measurements. Being connected to a fully digital signal

The study of the particle showers created inside the Earth’s atmosphere due to interactions of cosmic rays of solar and galactic origin is of great importance for the determination of the radiation impact on technological and biological systems. DYASTIMA is a Geant4-based software application that simulates the evolution of secondary particle cascades inside the atmosphere of Earth. DYASTIMA-R is a

This study aimed to calculate patient radiation doses for adults during the seven most commonly performed conventional X-ray procedures, and to propose national diagnostic reference levels (DRLs). A representative sample of patients from 29 hospitals was included. The entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) was calculated by measuring X-ray tube output and the corresponding technical and exposure factors

AbstractTwo new contact circumstances called ‘stand-lie’ and ‘front–rear’ are implemented to the merged phantom tool. To allow more flexibility for users when they calculate the dose for a volume of interest (VOI) with arbitrary geometry, an optional utility to convert segmented structure information from the CARIMAS software into parallel geometry of GEANT4 is provided. The effective dose for a person

AbstractThe goal of this paper is to experimentally assess the field enhancement and hotspot size of radio frequency electromagnetic fields created by the Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) precoding scheme using lab measurements at 3.5, 5.5 and 11 GHz. MRC is an adaptive precoding scheme used by Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output systems, one of the enabling techniques of the fifth generation of telecommunications

AbstractThis paper aims to validate the accuracy of the peak skin dose (Dskin,max) computed by the Dose Map software (DMS)—general electric and establish a local follow-up protocol for the management of patient skin injuries following complex interventional cardiology procedures (ICPs). Dskin,max was computed by the DMS and was simultaneously measured by a dense mesh of 72 thermoluminescent dosemeters

AbstractIn order to reconstruct organ-absorbed dose from recorded dose for risk estimation in nuclear worker cohort, the preceding study of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 15-Country Collaborative Study estimated the organ dose conversion factor from the recorded dose of Hp(10) under the assumption that on average, in the nuclear power plants (NPPs), 10% of the dose received

AbstractA pilot study has concerned the most frequent computed tomography examinations (CT). This represents the first results based on actual survey for diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) establishment in Algeria. A total number of 2540 patients underwent this survey that has included the recording of CT parameters, computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol) and dose-length product of the head, thorax

AbstractThis study presents a detailed measurement of indoor and outdoor terrestrial gamma radiation levels in different cities of Pakistan. The measurements covered dwellings in 27 cities, covering all provinces and region of Azad Kashmir. Most of the houses were of attached type, made of brick walls and concrete roofs. The measurements were made by a handheld radiation survey meter containing Geiger–Muller

In the event of a criticality accident, not only the maximal doses received by the victims must be determined but it is also crucial to evaluate the doses to the different organs. With a neutron component, morphology is a key parameter in the organ dose calculation. As the simulation tools can be time consuming to proceed, especially if morphology is taken into account, for all the victims, it may

The aim of this work was to estimate patient’s organ absorbed doses from pediatric helical head computed tomography (CT) examinations using the Size-Specific Dose Estimate (SSDE) methodology and to determine organ dose to SSDE conversion coefficients for clinical routine. Patient-specific organ and tissue absorbed doses from 139 Head CT scans performed in pediatric patients from 0 to 15 years old in

AbstractIn the present study, machine learning (ML) methods for the identification of abnormal glow curves (GC) of CaSO4:Dy-based thermoluminescence dosimeters in individual monitoring are presented. The classifier algorithms, random forest (RF), artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) are employed for identifying not only the abnormal glow curve but also the type of abnormality

The aim of this work was to use RESRAD-Build model to predict the resulting external and internal radiological doses received by the workers of manganese mine located in Southern Sinai. In order to achieve that goal, measurement of the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in rock samples collected from the inside gallery of such mine, using hyper pure germanium (HPGe) detector. Radon gas

AbstractRadiological hazards associated with naturally occurring radionuclides in materials from Rosterman gold mine were assessed by analysis of 30 samples. The gamma-ray spectrometric analysis of tailing samples reported an average activity concentration of 263 ± 13, 123 ± 6 and 84 ± 4 Bq kg−1 for 40K, 232Th and 226Ra, respectively. The average absorbed dose rate was 124 ± 6 nGy h−1, while the annual

The Acknowledgements were missing from the originally published article. These have now been added in the online version of the article.

The caesium retention characteristics of a potassium-nickel hexacyanoferrate resin in a polyacrylnitrile (KNiFC–PAN) matrix were tested in fresh water over the range of 2.5–400 mL min−1. The experimental setup used 2 mL resin and 4-L aliquots of freshwater samples. The results showed nearly 100% retention at speeds below 10 mL min−1, above 80% up to 100 mL min−1, and approached 50% at 400 mL min−1

A single stage vacuum-type proton recoil neutron telescope (PRT) was used for accurate measurement of 14.57 MeV neutron fluence rate from an indigenously developed D-T neutron generator at Purnima, BARC. The telescope consists of a polyethylene radiator having 4 cm diameter and CsI (Tl) scintillation crystal having thickness 1.5 mm and 4 cm diameter separated by 20.5 cm kept in a vacuum chamber. The

The study estimated the radiological exposure levels in a mining area for miners in the Beylikova-Sivrihisar (Turkey) complex ore site containing 238U, 226Ra and 232Th. Sixty samples were collected from the study area based on a geologic map. The radionuclide activities were measured using a 78.5% efficient n-type HPGe detector. The measured mean activities were 1871 ± 38 Bq kg−1 for 238U, 1749 ± 5 Bq kg−1

Extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) have raised some concerns due to their possible effects on workers’ health. In this study ELF-MFs were measured in different units of the thermal power plant based on gridding the indoor space. The exposure level was measured by spot measurement based on the IEEE Std C95.3.1 and then simulated in units with the highest magnetic field intensity by using

Data from dental extraoral and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) exposures in Portugal (2019) were gathered, and patient doses for standard adult exams were evaluated. In panoramic X-rays, 442 units (34% of the existing licensed units) were tested, with a third quartile value (PKA) of 82 mGy.cm2. For cephalometric radiography (88 units), the third quartile value (Ki) was 0.3 mGy for the posteroanterior

In the above article the page numbers for incorrectly listed as 1–4 instead of 94–97. This has been corrected online. The publisher regrets the error.

Shin Kori unit 3 of Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Co. is the pressurized water reactor of advanced power reactor 1400 (APR1400) in the Republic of Korea. A hypothetical accident was assumed for Shin Kori unit 3 to perform the time-dependent dose calculations along with the release rates of radionuclides to the environment. In order to assess the accident scenarios, Radiological Assessment System for

To observe the rates of repeated computed tomographic scans (CTs) in a cohort of patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and to assess the validity of repeat CTs.

In this paper, a novel domestic code called KIANA was developed for the assessment of radiological impacts on the population in normal and accident conditions including design basis accident (DBA) and beyond DBA (BDBA) for the nuclear power plants. The validation process of the KIANA code was performed using the results of the DOZA_M radiological code, whose results are presented in the Final Safety

This multicenter study evaluated computed tomography dose index volume (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) to contribute to establishing computed tomography (CT) national diagnostic reference levels (NDRLs) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Data from 240 patients, who underwent CT head, chest, abdomen–pelvis and urography examinations, were analyzed, including patient age, sex and weight, CTDIvol

Data on occupational radiation exposure of radiation workers at a tertiary hospital in China during 2013–18 were analyzed to provide decision-making advice for hospitals and health administrative departments. A total of 1255 exposure records of radiation workers were collected. The average annual effective doses of radiation workers during 2013–18 was 0.4977 mSv, with 1150 (91.63%) records ranging

Since radio frequency (RF) signals from public mobile systems are stochastic and exhibit large temporal variations, the results of measurements, typically E field measurements, are time dependent and highly variable. Therefore, any 6-min measurements and 6-min averaged results to obtain the mean level strength at a given place may not be so reliable when it comes to determine long-term exposure levels

This paper presents the results of the evaluation of the uncertainty in measurement of the personal dose equivalent, Hp(10), at nine individual monitoring services (IMSs) in Asia and the Pacific region. Different types of passive dosemeters were type-tested according to the International Electrotechnical Commission 62387 requirements. The uncertainty in measurement was calculated using the Guide to

This study aimed to determine the effective doses of caregivers taking care of non-cancerous patients treated with iodine-131 (I-131). Patients (administered 185–1110 MBq of I-131) were given specific radiation safety instructions (RSI). Afterwards, caregivers were provided with thermoluminescent (TLD) dosimeter badges to be worn for 12–28 days when taking care of the patients. At the end of this period

This study aimed to explore the diagnosis of urinary calculi through utilisation of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) with adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR). Data from 140 patients that had undergone pathological or operative diagnosis with urinary calculi were analysed. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether they received conventional-dose computed tomography (CDCT)

The growing popularity of mobile phones and the expansion of network infrastructure in Greece have raised concerns about the possible negative health effects on sensitive groups, such as children, from exposure to long-term radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs).

In this paper, we intend to evaluate the rate of radon and thoron exhalation from soil with reference to the underlying bedrock and gamma dose rate in the environment of elevated granitic hill—Nandi hills of Karnataka. The measurement of exhalation rates for all the soil samples collected from study area was carried out using a continuous radon–thoron monitor (Smart RnDuo monitor). The surface exhalation

The eye lens exposure among 16 technicians in two nuclear medicine departments at university hospitals in Finland was investigated by measuring the operational quantity Hp(3) using EYE-D dosemeters. For all workers, the annual mean Hp(3) was estimated to be 1.1 mSv (max. 3.9 mSv). The relation between Hp(3) to routinely monitored personal dose equivalent Hp(10) was clearly correlated. Considering individual

An oil and gas production facility in the western desert of Egypt was investigated for possible radiation risks due to the routine operation. Radium-226, Radium-228 and Potassium-40 were assessed in the soil samples collected from the adjacent soakaway pond. The average 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K activity concentrations were 881.0 ± 42.0, 966.0 ± 43.0 and 143.0 ± 8.0 Bq kg−1, respectively. Both 226Ra and

188Re and 186Re are two applicable rhenium medical radioisotopes with complementary features that make them beneficial for different sizes of tumours. The aim of this study is to investigate 188/186Re-HEDP efficacy as a cocktail by calculating absorbed radiation dose in human organs based on biodistribution data obtained by injecting it to normal rats. Three rats were sacrificed at different time intervals

The aim of the study was to measure and evaluate the radiation dose to the eye lens and forehead of interventional radiologists (IRs). The study included 96 procedures (lower-limb percutaneous transluminal angioplasties, embolisations/chemoembolisations and vertebroplasties) performed by 6 IRs. A set of seven thermoluminescence dosemeters was allocated to each physician. The highest dose per procedure

Decommissioning of nuclear power plants is a multistage process involving complex operations like radiological characterization, decontamination and dismantling of plant equipment, demolition of structures, and processing and disposal of waste. Radioactive effluents released into the environment may result in exposure of population through various exposure pathways. The present study estimates the

The effect of buildup factors on absorbed dose rate in air and the effective dose from gamma rays of primordial radionuclides in building materials, was investigated in the article. Specific absorbed dose rates were calculated for the standard concrete room, as well as, for rooms where brick and covering building materials were used. For all room models the Harima (G-P) buildup factors were applied

A set of five Bonner spheres was used to measure the ambient neutron H*(10) dose around an orphan 241Am-Be neutron source shielded with different arrangements and types of neutron-absorbing materials. These results were compared to measurements obtained using a portable radiation dosemeter. The Bonner sphere measurement results identified the presence of a large thermal and intermediate neutron component

According to the ALARA principle, exposure to radiation should be reduced as low as reasonably achievable. This principle is very important in nuclear medicine (NM), and different investigations have been performed by establishing protocols and standards for staff protection. This study aims to measure the operational quantities, personal dose equivalent, Hp (10), Hp (0.07) and Hp (3) for NM staff

In situ indoor gamma dose rate measurements were held in 79 dwellings by NaI(Tl) scintillation probe connected portable dose rate meter. For the building materials and impurities (nodules), spectrometric gamma analysis was applied by a high-resolution HpGe detector. For Ahmetçe and Nusratlı villages in Ayvacik/Çanakkale (Turkey), the measured in situ indoor gamma dose rates and related indoor annual

In order to establish national diagnostic reference levels for mammography examinations, entrance skin air kerma, entrance skin dose and average glandular doses (AGDs) were calculated for a total of 25 624 cranio-caudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) projections of 6309 patients for 40–49 and 50–64 age groups. The average entrance skin air kerma and entrance skin dose values for both age groups

This paper presents experimental results of dynamic breakdown voltage and delay response as functions of gamma ray air kerma rate for xenon-filled tube at 2.7 mbar pressure. Gamma ray air kerma rate range was considered from 123 nGy h–1 up to 12.3 mGy h–1 in order to investigate the possibility of the application of this tube in gamma radiation dosimetry. It was shown that the variations of the above-mentioned

The common methods for patient dose estimations in computed tomography (CT) are thermoluminescence dosemeter (TLD) measurements or the usage of software packages based on Monte Carlo simulations like CT-Expo or the newer CTVoxDos, which uses the ICRP Reference Adult Male (ICRP 110). Organ (OD) and effective doses of a CT protocol of the upper abdomen are compared. Compared to CTVoxDos, ODs inferred

This paper presents the study that would allow a revision of the currently valid diagnostic reference level in intraoral dental X-ray radiography in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The study was conducted for six procedures that are used to capture incisor, premolar and molar teeth, of both maxilla and mandible, in adults. Measurements were performed on 41 intraoral X-ray devices, 20 of which were systems

Performance evaluation is typically assessed as part of the approval procedure to verify that a dosimetry system fulfils specified national or international type-test requirements under representative exposure conditions that are expected to mimic workplace fields from the radiological activities being monitored. The International Atomic Energy Agency Radiation Safety Technical Services Laboratory

To help minimise occupational radiation exposure in interventional radiology, we conceptualised a virtual reality-based radiation safety training system to help operators understand complex radiation fields and to avoid high radiation areas through game-like interactive simulations. The preliminary development of the system has yielded results suggesting that the training system can calculate and report

The ICRU proposed new operational quantities, which are defined in close relation to effective dose and absorbed dose. Most of the current personal dosemeters were designed to measure personal dose equivalents. Because of differences between the new and old quantities, the existing dosemeters may not be ideal for measurements of the new quantities, personal dose, Hp, and absorbed dose in local skin

Objective: The present study was performed to evaluate the frequencies of two kinds of examinations using a proportional sample of 262 medical institutions and to observe the factors affecting the amount of examination-related exposure. The other aim of the present study was to observe the relationship between X-ray and CT frequency with GDP per capita, which could indicate the connection between medical

The application of the kerma-area product (PKA) meter is increased rapidly in dosimetry. This study presents measurements of PKA in adherence to the International Atomic Energy Agency protocol for 300 adult patients in digital radiographic procedures. Effective doses (ED) were calculated from PKA measurements and conversion coefficients (E-103/PKA) obtained from the International Commission on radiological

The capabilities of electret ion chambers (EICs) to measure mean ambient dose equivalent rates were investigated by performing both laboratory and field studies of their properties. First, EICs were ‘calibrated’ to measure ambient gamma dose equivalent in the Ionizing Calibration Laboratory of the Greek Atomic Energy Commission. The EICs were irradiated with different gamma photon energies and from

The main purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic reference level (DRL) for routine digital radiography examinations in Mazandaran province.

The aim of this study is to assess the evaluation of radiation protection principles observance in dental radiography centers and hazards. This cross-sectional study was designed to assess level of radiation protection principles in dentistry centers. The present cross-sectional study was conducted by enrolling 103 dentistry centers in Kermanshah province (west of Iran). Our finding illustrates 75

AbstractLarge-scale water conservancy projects bear much economic and social significance. However, there is a lack of systematic research on how such projects affect radioactivity levels in regional water bodies. For the first time, the present paper uses data for nearly 10 y at different impoundment levels during construction of the dam to analyze changes in water radioactivity concentration levels

The Republic of Kazakhstan has a long history of mining activities, viz., gold and uranium. Mining activities represent sources of potential naturally occurring radionuclides contamination of the environment and human health of population. The aim of this study was to investigate the radiation situation of industrially modified environment in Stepnogorsk areas of Kazakhstan to understand the sources

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of the radiological technologists’ training on optimising the eye lens dose in brain computed tomography (CT) examinations. The lens dose of 50 adult patients was measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters before and after technologists’ training. Dose values of lenses, dose length product (DLP), volumetric CT dose index (CTDIvol) as well as image quality