The interactions between Dacini male fruit flies and phytochemical male lures are unique. Lure response, fate and its effects after consumption on fruit fly mating behaviour are species- and lure-specific. Bactrocera frauenfeldi is known to respond to the phenylbutanoids raspberry ketone (RK) and cue lure (CL), anisyl acetone (AA), and zingerone (ZN), which are produced by some rainforest orchids.

Females of two click beetle species, Cardiophorus tenebrosus and C. edwardsi (Coleoptera: Elateridae), produce methyl (3R,6E)-2,3-dihydrofarnesoate as their sex pheromone. We had serendipitously discovered that males of both species were also strongly attracted to (R)-fuscumol acetate ((E)-6,10-dimethylundeca-5,9-dien-2-yl acetate), a known longhorned beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) pheromone, due

When burying beetles first emerge as adults, they search for well-rotted carcasses with fly maggots on which to feed. After attaining reproductive competence, they switch their search and respond to a small, fresh carcass to prepare for their brood. Because the cues used to locate a feeding versus a breeding resource both originate from carrion, the beetles must respond to subtle changes in volatiles

Reliance on broad-spectrum insecticides and chemotherapeutic agents to control hematophagous insect vectors, and their related diseases is threatened by increasing insecticide and drug resistance, respectively. Thus, development of novel, alternative, complementary and effective technologies for surveillance and control of such insects is strongly encouraged. Semiochemicals are increasingly developed

Chemical communication is pivotal for social insects to ensure proper functioning of their colonies. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are the most well-known class of compounds used to regulate different types of behavioural interaction within a social context. Queens of highly eusocial insects rely on the use of chemical communication to keep their reproductive monopoly, whereas queens of primitively

Thapsigargin and related compounds are produced by Thapsia garganica L. (Apiaceae) and are thought to be a defence compound against herbivory. Thapsigargin inhibits the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) in both vertebrates and invertebrates. This activity is responsible for its potent toxicity, as well as the potential use to treat solid tumours. However, the ecological role and regulation

The pre-excavation activity of the neonate larvae of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is typically confined to an arena that encircles the base of their egg stick. If the caterpillars are unable to penetrate the host plant within the arena, they strike off en masse in search of a more favorable site, marking their pathway with secretions from their mandibular glands. One component of

Southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) and black turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus terebrans Olivier) are two sympatric bark beetle pests of the southeastern United States of America that adversely affect pine (Pinus spp.) health. Successful host tree colonization and reproduction is dependent on a chemical communication system that includes compounds produced by both the beetles and

Plant cystatins play crucial roles in the process of plant defense against herbivorous insects. A cDNA clone, designated CsCPI2, was isolated from Camellia sinensis cv. Longjing 43 using 5′-/3′-RACE extension. The full-length cDNA gene is 618 bp in size, encodes 205 amino acid residues, and has a deduced molecular weight of 23.07 kDa. CsCPI2 was different from the already published CsCPI1, as the two

The expansion of sugarcane plantations in Brazil and the discarding of vinasse into the sugarcane field have been speculated to contribute to the growing population of the billbug Sphenophorus levis. This beetle attacks the root system and forms galleries in rhizomes, causing damage or even the death of host plants. It has been suspected that vinasse, a residue from ethanol production, can release

Pseudacteon curvatus and P. obtusus are two species of parasitic phorid flies (Diptera: Phoridae), introduced in the southern USA for biological control of Solenopsis fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The preference of both parasitoid species (P. curvatus and P. obtusus) for native Solenopsis fire ants (S. geminata complex) versus imported fire ants, S. saevissima complex (S. invicta and S. richteri)

By understanding the intraspecific differences of traits presented by a species, we can gain greater insight into their variable functionality in microevolutionary processes relative to genetic and environmental factors leading to ecological adaptation and speciation. However, few studies have evaluated how intraspecific variation of cuticle hydrocarbons (CHCs) occurs in relation to the apolar part

The cucumber moth (CM), Diaphania indica (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a major lepidopteran pest of cucurbitaceous plants that caterpillars feed on vegetative tissue of the plants and thereby cause loss of crops. Previous work has shown that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by host plants attract gravid CM females for oviposition, but the compounds responsible for this attraction

Accumulating evidence in the literature suggests that oleic acid functions as a necromone across widely divergent insect taxa. The prevelance of this phenomenon has not been fully explored, and its application to pest management remains underdeveloped. Khapra beetle (KB), Trogoderma granarium, is a pest of stored grains, with larvae that can enter facultative diapause and remain cryptic in warehouses

It is a commonly known fact that all ground beetles possess abdominal pygidial glands with relatively similar gross structure and function among species. Still, morphology of the glands and composition of their secretions have not been studied in most ground beetle species. These exocrine glands and their products are mainly associated with defence in natural environments. In this paper, we studied

Numerous allelopathic plant secondary metabolites impact plant–microorganism interactions by injuring plant-associated beneficial bacteria and fungi. Fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma positively influence crops, including benzoxazinone-containing maize. However, benzoxazinones and their downstream metabolites such as benzoxazolinone and phenoxazinones are often fungitoxic. Specimen Trichoderma

In nature some successful invasive plants grow faster and are better chemical defenders than native plants, which appears to contradict the conventional theory that plant growth and chemical defense are trade-offs in terms of the allocation of limited resources. Using greenhouse experiments we compared the growth, chemical defensive matters (condensed tannins and total phenolics) and energy-use strategies

The epiphytic orchid Luisia teres (Asparagales: Orchidaceae) releases floral scent that attracts males of the cupreous polished chafer Protaetia pryeri pryeri (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) for pollination. We analyzed this floral scent to identify the attractant(s). When various flower parts were extracted with diethyl ether and assayed, male chafers were attracted to the extract of petals but not to

Atta mexicana is a polyphagous insect that can exploit a wide range of plant species to cultivate its main food source, the symbiotic fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. In the present study, we evaluated the foraging rate of A. mexicana workers among leaves of three favored and three rejected plant species under laboratory conditions. In addition, we conducted a phytochemical characterization of leaves

Insects live in a dangerous world and may fall prey to a wide variety of predators, encompassing multiple taxa. As a result, selection may favour defences that are effective against multiple predator types, or target-specific defences that can reduce predation risk from particular groups of predators. Given the variation in sensory systems and hunting tactics, in particular between vertebrate and invertebrate

Cyanogenic insects release cyanide and other breakdown products that are thought to make them unpalatable to predators. Cyanogenic lepidopterans such as Heliconius butterflies and Zygaena moths are rejected by vertebrate predators, but the role played by these compounds in predator deterrence is poorly explored. Here I report tests undertook with captive domestic chicks (Gallus gallus) to evaluate

Lathyrus sativus L. (Fabaceae) is an important pulse crop of Asia, Europe, and Africa. Infestation by the aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) causes stunted growth of plants and reduces seed production. Females lay nymphs on the leaves and flowers of L. sativus. Hence, it is relevant to study the importance of leaf wax compounds (long-chain alkanes and free fatty acids) from two cultivars

The chemical environment, and the natural resources available in which our species has evolved has been crucial for the establishment of our medical practices. Here we present a brief review of the insights provided by chemical ecology to understand the evolution of medical practices since ancestral hominids to modern humans, as well as their implications for the search for new drugs of natural origin

The gustatory system plays vital roles in food selection and feeding behaviours, as well as in other life activities in insects. In the process of taste perception, the functions of gustatory receptors are extremely important for insects. Trichogramma chilonis, a species of egg parasitoid, is often used as an effective biocontrol agent for agricultural and forestry pests. The utilization of T. chilonis

Cereal rye (Secale cereale) cover crops supply many agroecosystem services in cropping systems including the provision of allelochemicals for weed suppression. Understanding the distinction between root and shoot relative contributions of these allelochemicals (such as phenolic acids) should provide better insight for residue management following termination of a cereal rye cover crop. A field experiment

The flora of Papua New Guinea is amongst the richest in the world with an estimated 25,000 plant species. The extreme levels of biodiversity, climatic ranges and soil types suggest a high possibility of metal hyperaccumulator plants existing in Papua New Guinea. However, no hyperaccumulator plants have been reported from this region yet. The use of handheld X-ray fluorescence instruments is a non-destructive

Actinopyga mauritiana, Bohadschia marmorata, Holothuria leucospilota, H. edulis, H. atra and H. polii are the abundant sea-cucumbers inhabiting either Red or Mediterranean Sea shore in Egypt. The aim of this study was to elucidate the metabolic content in the tegument of the selected sea-cucumbers using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC/HRMS)

Allelopathic plant extracts have been proposed as natural herbicides, and as an alternative to synthetic herbicides. However, further studies are still required on the active principles of these extracts as well as on their soil dynamics and weed control effects in the field. We carried out the bioguided isolation of active compounds of EtOH extract of the ornamental plant, Cortaderia speciosa, with

While the chemistries of scent gland secretions from a few selected species of three families of Cyphophthalmi, namely Sironidae, Pettalidae, and Stylocellidae, have already been reported and found to consist of complex blends of naphthoquinones and methyl ketones, nothing is known about the other families. We here report on the secretions of Metasiro savannahensis Clouse and Wheeler (Zootaxa 3814:177-201

Phosphorus (P)-rich sites develop on phosphate-rock ores, while the soils are generally characterized with P deficiency in subtropical areas, resulting in contrasting nutrient environments for plants and herbivores. It remains unclear how in situ herbivorous insects cope with such two extreme nutrient habitats in terms of metabolome and ionome. Here, we investigated the metabolome and ionome of the

Floral scents are important pollinator attractants, but there is limited knowledge about the importance of single components in plant–pollinator interactions. This especially is true in crop pollination systems. The aim of this study is to identify floral volatiles of several European pear cultivars (Pyrus communis L.), and to determine their potential in eliciting physiological responses in antennae

As is typical of chemically defended animals, poison frogs present high variability in their alkaloid-based defenses. Previous studies have shown that geographically separated color morphs of Oophaga and Dendrobates species differ in both alkaloid composition and arthropod palatability. Here, we tested the generality of that finding by studying the alkaloid composition and palatability of geographically

Abstract Two new antimicrobial peptides belonging to brevinin 1 (B1) and brevinin 2 (B2) families were identified from the skin secretion of Indosylvirana aurantiaca, an endemic frog of Western Ghats, India, through shotgun cloning. Antibacterial, antibiofilm and cytotoxic effects of these peptides were evaluated and compared with their C-terminally amidated forms. Both the amidated peptides (B1-NH2

Abstract Arma chinensis is a predaceous insect species that can effectively suppress a wide range of agricultural and forest insect pests in the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Hemiptera in Northeast Asia. Adult A. chinensis males produce an aggregation-sex pheromone from dorsal abdominal glands and artificial aggregation-sex pheromone can attract adults of both sexes. The aggregation-sex

Levels of plant secondary metabolites are not static and often change in relation to plant ontogeny. They also respond to abiotic and biotic changes in the environment, e.g., they often increase in response to biotic stress, such as herbivory. In contrast with short-lived annual plant species, especially those with growing periods of less than 2-3 months, investment in defensive compounds of vegetative

The homologous and phylogenetically old scent glands of harvestmen-also called defensive or repugnatorial glands-represent an ideal system for a model reconstruction of the evolutionary history of exocrine secretion chemistry ("phylogenetic chemosystematics"). While the secretions of Laniatores (mainly phenols, benzoquinones), Cyphophthalmi (naphthoquinones, chloro-naphthoquinones, methyl-ketones)

Secondary metabolite profiles are one of the most diverse phenotypes of organisms and can consist of a large number of compounds originating from a limited number of biosynthetic pathways. The statistical treatment of such profiles often is complicated due to their diversity as well as the intra- and interspecific variability in the quantitative and qualitative composition of secondary metabolites

Bacteria on floral tissue can have negative effects by consuming resources and affecting nectar quality, which subsequently could reduce pollinator visitation and plant fitness. Plants however can employ chemical defences to reduce bacteria density. In North American, bee-pollinated Penstemon digitalis, the nectar volatile S-(+)-linalool can influence plant fitness, and terpenes such as linalool are

Insects locate their host plants using mainly visual and olfactory cues, generally of the exploited plant structure. However, when the resource is difficult to access, it could be beneficial to utilise indirect cues, which indicates the presence of reward (e.g., oviposition site or mate). In the present study, we investigated the host-plant location strategy of the monophagous Guatemalan potato moth

The defensive secretion of the julid diplopod Typhloiulus orpheus contains methyl N-methylanthranilate (MNMA), an ester of N-methylanthranilic acid that comprises more than 99% of secretion of this species. MNMA is accompanied by small amounts of methyl anthranilate and two benzoquinones (2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 2-ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone, respectively). MNMA is a known intermediate in the biosynthesis

The preen gland produces oily secretion, which smeared onto a bird's plumage improves its maintenance. The main components of the secretion are waxes, and its composition often changes during the year. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the chemical composition of preen waxes in adult herring gulls Larus argentatus, captured in Poland in winter and in the breeding season. Preen

Insects feeding on aboveground and belowground tissues can influence each other through their shared plant and this is often mediated by changes in plant chemistry. We examined the effects of belowground root fly (Delia radicum) herbivory on the performance of an aboveground herbivore (Plutella xylostella) and its endoparasitoid wasp (Cotesia vestalis). Insects were reared on three populations of wild

Dragon's blood is the name given to a red exudate produced by some plant species belonging to the genera Daemonorops, Dracaena, Croton and Pterocarpus. These are endemic to various parts of the globe. It is classified as a resin or latex depending on its mode of secretion and its chemical composition, which is species specific. This red substance functions in defence and is produced (a) constitutively

In case of disturbance, the phalangiine harvestman Rilaena triangularis (Eupnoi, Phalangiidae) emits a directed jet from large prosomal scent ("defensive") glands. The pungent-smelling secretion was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and found to contain mainly 1,4-benzoquinone along with 1,4-naphthoquinone and caprylic (=octanoic) acid. While various alkylated benzoquinones are characteristic

Herbivore insects use a variety of search cues during host finding and mate recognition, including visual, gustatory, and olfactory stimuli, leaving multiple traits for evolution to act upon. However, information about differences or similarities in search pattern amongst closely related insect herbivore species is still scarce. Here, we study the production of and the response to pheromone in Galerucella

Stereochemistry plays a significant role in structure-activity relationships of messenger chemicals. The ability to distinguish between enantiomers and geometric isomers, however, may be limited to certain stereoisomeric substances, depending on the receiver. In this study, we assessed the preference of the peripheral olfactometry system of Western Flower Thrips, F. occidentalis towards ubiquitously

While considerable knowledge on the chemistry of the scent gland secretions from the opilionid suborders Laniatores and Cyphophthalmi has been compiled, it is the Palpatores (Eupnoi and Dyspnoi) where chemical data are scarce. In particular, the Dyspnoi have remained nearly unstudied, mainly due to their reported general reluctance to release secretions as well as to the phenomenon of production of

Chemical defenses are widespread among animals, and the compounds involved may be either synthesized from nontoxic precursors or sequestered from an environmental source. Defensive sequestration has been studied extensively among invertebrates, but relatively few examples have been documented among vertebrates. Nonetheless, the number of described cases of defensive sequestration in tetrapod vertebrates

Drosophila melanogaster is today one of the three foremost models in olfactory research, paralleled only by the mouse and the nematode. In the last years, immense progress has been achieved by combining neurogenetic tools with neurophysiology, anatomy, chemistry, and behavioral assays. One of the most important tasks for a fruit fly is to find a substrate for eating and laying eggs. To perform this

The oviposition preference and larval performance of the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, was studied using Arabidopsis thaliana plants with modified glucosinolate (GS) profiles containing novel GSs as a result of the introduction of individual CYP79 genes. The insect parameters were determined in a series of bioassays. The GS content of the plants as well as the number of trichomes were

Gas chromatography with simultaneous flame ionisation and electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS) of abdominal extracts of adult male Dermestes haemorrhoidalis Kuster (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) revealed the presence of electrophysiologically and behaviourally active compounds to its conspecific males and females. Isopropyl dodecanoate (3)

Anting, the plumage-dipping behavior to which ants (mostly formicines) are commonly subjected by birds (mostly passerines), is shown in tests with hand-raised Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) and the ant Formica exsectoides to be instinctive: the birds displayed typical renditions of the behavior on the first occasion that they encountered ants. Evidence is presented supportive of the view that anting

Beetles of the family Lycidae have long been known to be chemically protected. We present evidence that North American species of the lycid genera Calopteron and Lycus are rejected by thrushes, wolf spiders, and orb-weaving spiders, and that they contain a systemic compound that could account, at least in part, for this unacceptability. This compound, a novel acetylenic acid that we named lycidic acid