A large part of the energy for heating and cooling is consumed due to human needs for thermal comfort in the living environment. It is important to use a suitable method to design an energy-efficient building to satisfy the thermal comfort of residents throughout the year. This paper focuses on the implementation of the sensitivity analysis in the area of energy analysis of a prefabricated timber building

This article analyses the cause of the freezing phenomenon on the tip and body of the end part of the injector (EPI) assembly in a LPG injection system. Based on the physical properties of LPG, fuel injection conditions, environmental conditions, material parameters, shape and size of the EPI of the LPG injector assembly, and thermodynamic process taking place in the EPI tube, we established a calculation

This paper provides a descriptive analysis of repayment performance for pay-as-you-go solar lamps, based on pilots conducted in six countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia during 2014 and 2015. In our sample, 95% of accounts were eventually paid off by the end of the observation period, and the median time to ownership was one week less than the nominal repayment term. Default rates of 11% and 7%

The discovery of natural gas resources across the African continent has inspired debate on how such resources should be developed and best utilized. In several African countries, the discovery of commercial quantities of natural gas reserves has led governments to explore a number of strategies, investments, and policy directions. Two contrasting cases are that of Nigeria, which has pursued policies

This paper reviews available power supply options for off-grid remote communities in equatorial regions such as Sarawak, Malaysia, with particular focus on hydrokinetic turbines (HKTs) which have potential for the many villages located on rivers where topography does not favor conventional micro-hydro. Cost is a critical factor, as these communities rarely have the purchasing power to acquire expensive

This study develops a new national-scale bottom-up energy system optimization model called Kenya-TIMES. The model evaluates the implication of greenhouse gas emission's reduction on the techno-economic and environmental evolution of Kenya's power system under three government-projected electricity demand levels, which covers the 2020–2045 period. To assess the implications of greenhouse gas emission

Solar energy is immensely available during daytime on the earth. It is a sustainable, renewable and green energy. Improvement in efficiency of harnessing solar energy is the utmost concern of the present research due to its renewable nature. This article presents a complete utilization of solar irradiation over the broad spectrum of solar energy efficiently. The design, development and implementation

Distributed solar plants are widely used in the power supply of the factories and the residences. To increase the power generation, it is inevitable to model the efficiency of the distributed solar plant and diagnose its efficiency performance. In this paper, a practical 3 MW distributed solar plant is taken as an example. The data analysis reveals the performance ratio (PR) of the plant is around

Degradation performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules by real weather conditions has become increasingly problematic. In the desert climate, dust accumulation is one of the main concerns that may cause a significant deterioration of PV efficiency. In the present work, experimental investigations were carried out to understand the effect of dust on the electrical performance of PV modules under Toujounine

The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), launched in India in 2016, is the world's largest program to provide cleaner cooking fuel to poor households. The PMUY may yield large health benefits because of increased LPG use, and more importantly, reduced chulha use, and thus may significantly reduce household air pollution exposures. This research, conducted in a tribal, difficult-to-reach area of Pune

This study attempts to investigate the potential role of renewable energy-based rural electrification to reduce poverty in remote non-grid villages and outermost islands, through the use of the renewable energy-based village-grids (RVGs) program in Indonesia. As the geographical characteristics of such areas are often the main inhibiting factors for electricity supply, this study assesses whether renewable-based

There are currently more than 500 million people without access to electricity on the African continent alone. With an expected strong population growth and the global goals for reducing carbon emissions, the challenge of providing electricity for all is tremendous. We present an approach that tackles electrification bottom-up in a decentral approach from so-called electrification seeds: Business owners

Achieving universal electricity access in sub-Saharan Africa – a milestone of SDG 7 – requires about $30bn annually until 2030 on the top of baseline investment. The private sector plays a key role in supplying these investment flows, given the governmental budgetary constraints. Yet, private players face numerous sources of risk in their infrastructure investment decisions. This risk is usually factored

This paper presents a detailed techno-economic assessment along with a performance analysis of various configurations of the solar-assisted desiccant air-cooling system. In holistic integration, multiple configuration variants of solar-assisted desiccant cooling system were considered involving: (1) direct evaporative cooler on both process and regeneration sides; (2) direct evaporative cooler on the

There is abundant literature about the impact of residential insulation on energy consumption using different methods. However, ex-post evaluation methods have not been used yet, which are helpful when the participants in a program are not chosen randomly. Therefore, this study performs the first ex-post evaluation of a residential insulation program using the “matching with differences-in-differences”

Renewable energy mini-grids can have significant impacts on livelihoods and improved business performance and productivity in rural parts of Africa, particularly where electricity grid extension is technically or financially unviable. However, designing mini-grid business models that balance affordable service provision with acceptable cost recovery remains a challenge. Research on how to design effective

The Philippines encounter a rapidly growing electricity demand which is planned to be met mainly with coal. The build-up of coal-fired electricity generation is the result of a complex interplay of political economy factors. This analysis follows a novel political economy framework to shed light on actors, their objectives and how they influence policy-making given the country's context factors, such

Water heating is a major component of domestic electrical energy usage, in some countries contributing to 25% of the residential sector energy consumption. Demand response strategies can reduce the time-of-use costs and overall electrical energy consumption. We present a method to reduce the electrical energy usage itself. Our novel heating schedule control minimises the electric water heater's energy

Sub-Saharan Africa has a long way to go to ensure reliable and affordable power for all. Currently, over half of the population lacks access to electricity and many of those with access face reliability issues, affecting their ability to get electricity when needed. Sub-Saharan Africa is also a region confronted with very high supply costs, significantly contributing to the lack of access. Increased

Mini-grids are the lowest-cost solutions for electrifying many homes and businesses in rural communities with low energy access. Estimates of the electricity demand of unelectrified customers are a crucial input to selecting mini-grid sites, projecting revenue, and sizing system components to provide adequate capacity while minimizing capital costs. Typical customer survey-based demand estimates for

This paper presents the performance analysis of a 2.4 kWp grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system installed in August 2018 at the Institute University of Technology (IUT) in Mulhouse, France. The analysis covers the results obtained from system monitoring from August 2018 to May 2020. Various performance parameters in accordance with the International Energy Agency IEC 61724 standard were calculated

Although developing countries typically deal with the challenge of mobilizing investments for adding new generation and transmission capacity to cope with high demand growth, there are often opportunities to enhance operation of existing generators and extract significant cost reduction as well as the ability to meet greater demand. This is particularly relevant for the Nigerian power system that has

Many studies have discussed the links between household income growth and energy consumption. However, the analysis of impacts on household consumption behavior and its effects on the energy sector has not yet been explored in significant depth for developing countries. Thus, this paper proposes an input-output structural decomposition analysis methodology for identifying the main determining factors

The increasing energy demand in developing countries has jeopardised energy security, necessitating the employment of solar energy to augment conventional energy sources. It is important to assess the annual performance parameters of solar power plants to understand its place in energy generation. This study analyses the performance and economic viability of a large-scale solar power park located in

Indian coal power capacity has doubled in the last ten years, and its coal pipeline is the second largest on the globe. This paper analyzes the political economy determinants of India's reliance on coal in the power sector. We base our analysis on a novel theoretical framework to assess how actors having different objectives shape coal investment decisions in India. Our results are based on the analysis

Hydropower may be a low-carbon option to increase power generation in developing countries, but these countries are some of the most vulnerable to climate change. Climate change can affect hydropower generation through changes in the timing and magnitude of precipitation, rising temperatures, and glacier mass changes. Evaluating climate impacts on hydropower generally requires detailed local input

This paper explores several renewable energy sources to help Malaysia reduce its carbon footprint. Accordingly, this study employs a partial equilibrium model to examine the potential of the Malaysian agricultural sector to supply biodiesel, bioethanol, and bioelectricity on a commercial scale to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG). The model includes the fourteen agricultural commodities of Malaysia. The

In many developing countries, fuelwood can contribute to 50–90% of all household energy, largely driven by the 2.6 billion individuals dependent on it to meet their daily household cooking energy requirements. This dependency can have negative impacts on forest stocks and climate change. Both, a transition to cleaner cooking and sustainable management of forest resources to ensure long-term supply

The initiatives taken by Algeria to tap its renewable energy potential have been exceptional in recent years. Therefore, the Algerian government aims to ensure a large portion of electricity demand with clean and sustainable resources. In this sense, many projects and large-scale PV plants were installed in the southern regions. This work explores and evaluates the performance of one of the largest

The present study investigates the effects of a deflector on the self-starting speed and power performance of two-bladed and three-bladed Savonius rotors for hydrokinetic applications under low water flow speed conditions. The rotors were tested inside a closed-circuit wind tunnel both with and without a deflector with air as the flow medium. The air data obtained from the experiment were used to calculate

In this study, a water electro-mobility concept has been analyzed in the Amazon using the case study of the native communities in the Yarinacocha district in Peru. Multi-Attribute Tradespace Exploration (MATE) methodology is applied to identify the various stakeholders' objectives, generate the designs, and evaluate them. This methodology captured the intention of assessing not only technical aspects

Woodlands in the Sudanian zone are under different management regimes, including total protection and controlled use mainly for feeding livestock and collecting fuelwood. This study conducted in Sudanian woodlands of Benin, around the Biosphere Reserve of Pendjari (BRP) aimed to: (i) determine the effect of selective stem thinning and branch pruning on the production of standing biomass of the woodlands;

In this study, the commercial woodfuel consumption at 119 markets within 30 km of the border of Lawachara National Park (LNP) in northeastern Bangladesh was examined. The study included interviews with a total of 587 commercial woodfuel consumers, representing restaurants, tea stalls, and food manufacturers. The way in which the market attributes (travel distance to LNP, elevation, degree of urbanisation

This paper presents an Agent-Based Model that determines the minimum cost strategy for rural electrification delivery systems and associated decentralized generation focusing entirely on renewable resources. The model creates generalized scenarios examining stakeholders' preferences for renewable resources to deploy and preferences between centralized and decentralized generation. Literature suggests

Concentrated in the northern region of Brazil, the country's 250 isolated systems represent around 1% of the national energy consumption and have been historically supplied by diesel power plants, an expensive solution that relies on complicated logistics and is responsible for high GHG emissions. Although many publications indicate that renewables are already a cost-effective solution, especially

This paper presents an analysis of the path towards a clean energy transition in rural areas, from the time that households do not have electricity access from any source, to when they get access to the national electricity; considering the intermediate access to an off-grid renewable technology, as well as the post-electrification years. For this, field household-level data are collected through surveys

This study contributes to the design, assembly, and heat distribution test of the Injera bakery in Ethiopia for the clean energy and proficient cookstoves sub-sector of Ethiopia. Accordingly, an improved burner manifold, composite clay baking pan, and optimum design and assembly information are provided. Additionally, the thermal distribution throughout the baking pan (local name: ‘Mitad’) is tested

Empirical studies have shown that internal temperatures in refugee shelters are impacting morbidity, and possibly mortality. Within a displacement setting, solutions are often constrained by time, cost, material availability and local requirements. This often results in “deemed suitable” designs rather than optimal solutions. In this study, we ask which route is most appropriate to optimise thermal

In this paper, we study the recent energy use intensity (EUI) in kWh/m2/year of Hong Kong's secondary schools. We found a 22% increase of EUI from, 2003 (86 kWh/m2/year) to 2017 (105 kWh/m2/year) approximately. It may be due to the increase in the number of air-conditioned classrooms. We then use a novel two-stage regression-based approach to analyse the most important set of statistically significant

As lots of the total energy was used by buildings, the number of residential buildings has dramatically increased in South Korea. Thus, it is imperative to pay more attention to energy consumption by residential buildings. In addition, it is important to predict energy consumption in residential buildings accurately. While several studies have currently focused on the data-driven method to predict

Despite global progress towards improving energy access, major challenges remain for closing the energy access gap between ultra-poor and better off households, and for reaching ultra-poor and last mile populations. Using data from Malawi, we explore the energy access gap between ultra-poor (N = 900) and better-off households (N = 2666) from the same communities. Compared to better-off households,

Off-grid systems, and mini-grids in particular, are expected to play a significant role in improving electricity access to one billion people until 2040. One of the major challenges for mini-grids is associated with their high costs, low financial viability and local development impact. Productive use of electricity can be an important driver of local development and impacts the total load in a mini-grid

Chinese investment and technology will play an important role in meeting growing global demand for new low carbon energy infrastructure, and Chinese companies are increasingly looking outward for market development opportunities. This outward expansion is directly connected to larger trends within China to promote overseas investments, primarily through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Using an

We propose a scalable computational framework to examine the effects of settlement patterns on the electrification of an entire country. We first propose a data processing strategy to convert structure locations, identified from satellite imagery, to estimated household locations using census data. Then, we present a computational framework that involves a two-level network design algorithm to find

Lack of access to electricity is one of the major impediments to economic development and the provision of public services in rural/off-grid areas of developing countries. This study examines the drivers and impacts of rural electrification with Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems in Ethiopia from a cross-sectional study of 605 rural households and direct field examination of 137 solar PVs/lanterns. Multiple

Differing estimates have emerged about how much land or water area is used by existing wind farms and how much power can be obtained from that area. Whereas, no single unique method exists to define wind farm spacing area, the spacing area (thus installed and output power densities) of a wind farm can be determined in a way to meet specific logical criteria, This study proposes a new, intuitive, data

One of the pressing challenges to economic development in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is access to electrical power. In Nigeria, there is a large gap in electricity access between rural and urban areas; only about 40% have access in rural areas as compared to almost 60% in urban areas. A potential solution is the use of off-grid solar electricity to meet their needs. This article seeks to assess the tradeoffs

The aim of this paper is to present a novel concept for control of hybrid photovoltaic-thermal systems: a Maximum Exergy Point Tracker. It operates by evaluation of the exergetic and energetic performance of a solar photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) system, to find the maximum cell temperature that produces at least the same exergy as the system without cogeneration. This maximum working temperature is a

Household consumption is not sufficiently studied in climate change research, despite the fact that it is a variable related to GHG emissions. The objective of this paper is to assess the amount, structure, and intensity of total GHG emissions (direct and indirect) related to Mexican household consumption by income level by means of an Input-Output analysis. Our study produced the following three main

Energy efficiency of domestic refrigerators has markedly improved over recent years. Despite these improvements, low-income households in Australia still tend to own older and less energy-efficient refrigerators. Replacement of old refrigerators with energy-efficient appliances presents an important opportunity to reduce both greenhouse gas emissions and the electricity bills of households for sustainable

The rural electrification-based literature reports a limited modelling knowledge concerning the long-term dynamics of the nexus between electricity access and local development in rural areas of developing countries. This can hinder the achievement of the Agenda 2030 goals related to sustainable access to electricity for all. In order to overcome this literature gap and support the implementation of

This research assesses the transition of a fossil fuel-based electricity production jurisdiction to a renewable-based electricity jurisdiction through an extensive scenario analysis. This fills a knowledge gap where a wide-range of fossil-to-renewable electricity generation pathways is compared within a single analysis framework. To conduct this study, a novel data-intensive electricity system model

In Tanzania, fuelwood availability for cooking is an increasing challenge for rural households struggling to meet this need. Here, a possible pathway for smallholder farmers to reduce their dependency on off-farm fuelwood is evaluated. We compare the cooking performance of on-farm produced fuels, like wood from Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. and Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeon pea stalks)

Reaching universal access to electricity by 2030 requires a massive deployment of mini-grids in rural areas of developing countries. Among the many challenges hindering this process, there are the high uncertainties in assessing demand patterns in rural communities, the costs of field survey campaigns, and the absence of ample and reliable datasets coming from existing projects. This paper tries to

Knowledge on the effects of climate change in a system can contribute to the better management of its water and energy resources. This study evaluates the consequences of alterations in the rainfall and temperature patterns for a hydroelectric plant. The methodology adopted consists of four steps. First, a hydrological model is developed for the chosen basin following a semi-distributed and conceptual

Located deep in the Kelabit Highlands in Malaysian Borneo, the remote town of Bario offers us a natural laboratory of rural electrification projects through which to understand end-user perceptions of success and failure, and the factors that contribute to these perceptions. We use a case-study based approach and focus on three off-grid energy projects: a 110 kW mini-hydro power plant; a 12 kW wind