This study analyzed temporal trends in health-based drinking water quality violations, and both temporal and geographic trends in microbiological drinking water quality violations for U.S. public water systems. We especially focused on microbiological regulations that apply to all public water systems, i.e., the Total Coliform Rule (TCR), which became effective in 1990, and its successor, the Revised

The production of carbon nanomaterials has been increasing due to their outstanding properties and innovation potential in various industrial applications. Hence, their discharge into the aquatic environment from point and non-point sources is inevitable. Therefore, the natural and built aquatic environments that contain thousands of synthetic organic contaminants, would facilitate adsorptive interaction

Among different types of membrane fouling, biofouling is a critical issue which can significantly reduce the process productivity. If the initial phase of the microorganism attachment to the pore wall is prevented, a remarkable reduction in biofilm formation can be obtained. A novel approach to achieve this goal is the infusion of the porous membrane with an infusion liquid (oil) forming liquid-infused

The nanotechnology industry fabricates a wide variety of products used in many areas, such as pharmaceutical, medical, civil and space engineering, and day-to-day life. The application of NMs, however, has encountered significant drawbacks such as the high energy costs involved in NM production processes, or the use of hazardous chemicals. Using biogenic protocols to produce NMs include several advantages

The distinct characteristics of reclaimed versus potable water have important implications for design and operation of reclaimed water distribution systems (RWDSs). Here we operated six simulated RWDSs in parallel to determine the effects of feed water treatment (with and without biologically-active carbon (BAC) filtration) and residual disinfectants (chlorine, chloramine, or no residual) on the distributed

While pipe biofilms in DWDSs (drinking water distribution systems) are thought to affect the quality of distributed water, studies regarding the microbial processes are impeded by the difficulties in accessing biofilm undisturbed by DWDS maintenance. In this study, pipe sections were removed from a fully operational DWDS for biofilm sampling over two years and three months, and before and after start

The presence of manganese (Mn) in drinking water causes aesthetic, operational, and health problems. Removal of Mn(II) by the use of Mn oxidizing microorganisms in biofiltration processes has been studied leading to a more economical and environmentally friendly process than conventional treatments with chemical products. There are multiple reports in temperate regions, but little information under

Microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) consistently remove suspended material and pathogens from drinking water; however, membrane fouling inhibits their application by increasing operation and maintenance costs. Coagulation/flocculation is a commonly used pretreatment method for the reduction of membrane fouling; in this review it has been grouped into three typical configuration types: Type