Abstract Latin American studies have entered the period of scientific maturity. This connotation is valid both for the global context and for domestic practice. The results are obvious: tens of thousands of book titles in the bibliography on Latin American issues in the world count, far beyond the thousands of titles of monographic publications and thematic collections published in total in the Soviet

Abstract The historical roots and economic factors of temporary internal labor migration of the population in Russia are considered. An overview of studies of otkhodnichestvo (temporary internal migrant labor) in historical retrospective is presented. The process of renewing this form of union of labor and capital in the recent history of Russia amid functioning market relations, in general, and the

Abstract The phenomenon of political liberalism and its genesis and evolution are explored. This phenomenon is studied using interrelated methodological principles at the crossroad of political philosophy, political theory, and international relations theory. The author analyzes the discourse of the “decline of Europe” and, more broadly, of the Western-centric world through the prism of changes in

Abstract The accumulated experience of Soviet‒African cooperation is analyzed, and the existing possibilities of using it to strengthen the economic and political positions of Russia on the African continent are demonstrated. According to the authors, this will help Russia to become one of the five largest economies in the world, ensuring high rates of economic growth and creating in the basic branches

Abstract The possible responses of Russia to modern challenges to the legislative regulation of navigation along the Northern Sea Route are analyzed against the background of climate change in the Arctic. The authors focus on identifying the best ways to harmonize the status of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation and the statutory regime of navigation along the Northern Sea Route with the rules

Abstract Atherosclerotic lesions of the brachiocephalic arteries are one of the main causes of death and disability in the world population. The diagnosis of patients with atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid arteries and their division into symptomatic/asymptomatic are described in detail, and recommendations are given for the prevention of such lesions and on the treatment of such patients. The

Abstract Iran is the world’s fourth largest holder of oil reserves, and the costs of producing Iranian oil are relatively low. The dynamics of oil production has a pronounced cyclical character, and these cycles are set by political factors exogenous for the oil sector. The peak was reached in 1974, and since then Iran’s share in world oil production has declined. The authors show that, in a series

Abstract The dynamics of the growth of foreign trade turnover of the People’s Republic of China over seven decades is shown, and the main features of the modern trade and geographical structure of exports and imports are identified. The author focuses on China’s trade in services, Beijing’s attraction of foreign investment, and the export of Chinese capital. The features of the leading territorial

Abstract The withdrawal of the United States from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty) in 2019 threatens the collapse of the entire nuclear weapons control system created over the past 50 years. This may lead to an uncontrolled multilateral arms race. This dangerous turn of events is assessed differently by politicians and experts. One of the growing trends of thought postulates

Abstract A military alliance between China and Russia does not currently appear to be justified in terms of the broadly understood security interests of the Russian Federation. Such an alliance would significantly reformat the structure of world multipolarity, causing significant radicalization and increased tensions in it. This alliance would probably exacerbate the security problem of the Russian

Abstract Currently, the number of works that study body aging mechanisms is rapidly growing in the world. This problem occupies not only philosophers, biologists, and physicians but also representatives of the exact sciences—physicists, chemists, and mathematicians. Experimental studies are being conducted at various levels of the structural organization of living matter, as well as theoretical studies

Abstract The main directions and preliminary results of the policy of President D. Trump in the foreign economic sphere are analyzed. The reasons for and main goals of the ongoing radical reforms in US foreign economic relations are shown. China occupies a special place in US foreign economic policy. The essence of US claims against China is analyzed, and an assessment of the economic relations between

Abstract Although the COVID-19 crisis has hit the Chinese economy hard, China’s Internet companies have benefited from the quarantine. However, the long-term consequences of the 2020 crisis for the development of the innovative potential of Chinese Internet corporations, primarily the largest platforms such as Alibaba, Baidu, Tencent, and JD.com as integrators of the Chinese Internet economy, are still

Abstract Using the methodology of assessing the risk from carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic substances to public health, algorithms to estimate the standards for the quality of atmospheric air and potable water are considered. The acceptable levels of risks for various countries and impact groups are analyzed. It is shown that the levels of maximum permissible concentrations of these substances, calculated

Abstract Reviews are essential for the sustainable development of research, as evidenced by their higher citation rates compared to other types of publications. The literature on the typification of reviews is analyzed; the role of reviews in the general flow of scientific publications is characterized, including by scientific trends; and hypotheses about factors affecting the citation of scientific

Abstract On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom, a country with a population of 67 mln people and the fifth largest economy in the world, left the European Union. The case when a state ceased to be an EU member is the first in the history of European integration. Except for the episode with Greenland, which left the EEC in 1985, the group had invariably expanded before that. The currently available

Abstract In modern conditions, legal consciousness has acquired the role of a dynamic factor in lawmaking and law enforcement. The development of the legal space, the understanding of law as a “moment of rest,” and its anticipatory impact on the processions and stages of the development of legal consciousness in the context of socioeconomic and other changes are characteristic features of the present

Abstract This article is dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the classic author of Russian literature, Honorary Academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the Category of Fine Literature, the first Russian Nobel Prize laureate in literature I.A. Bunin (October 10 (22), 1870–November 8, 1953). The parallel of the category of the “national” as the “universal,” open to the world, capable of

Abstract— The results on the informativeness of the widely known and easy-to-use Hirsch citation index are described briefly, and the advantages and disadvantages are noted. As an alternative, four new three-dimensional citation indices are presented: the M-index, the weighted M-index, the G-index of superhigh citation, and the weighted G-index. For ease of comparing the publication activity of scientists

Abstract— The possibility of identifying or creating a system of moral requirements that regulates the reaction of society to possible threats is discussed. First, an attempt is made to verify the ability of the basic normative programs of morality to form the basis for such a system. The author argues that the ethics of absolute prohibitions, the ethics of human rights, and the ethics of virtue are

Abstract— The relationship and interaction between natural science and sociohumanities knowledge and methods of studying global and regional climate changes and their socioeconomic consequences are analyzed. It is argued that the methodological and instrumental basis of the interaction above involve risk theory and modeling. The key results include a comprehensive assessment and forecast of climatic

Abstract— “Soviet life” is examined as an integral model of a prospective study of the social history of Russia/Soviet Union during the Soviet period. The need for methodological and substantive synthesis in the study of the phenomenon of the Soviet is due to both the tasks of developing historical knowledge and the challenges of post-Soviet nostalgia and the collective memory of the Soviet past. What

Abstract— The results of study of the acts and office work of the central government system of Russia in the 16th–17th centuries are presented. It is shown that, due to the large territory, multiethnicity, and polyconfessionalism of Russia, a strong centralized power is an inevitable factor of its existence. In turn, the 17th century was a time of choice and the last attempt to restore the symphony

Abstract— Questions concerning the criteria for assessing the material presented in the annals are considered. The main problems that have always faced researchers of the ancient Russian annals are analyzed: the reliability of the chronicle as a historical source (a review of the works of a number of researchers, including the recent book by A.P. Tolochko) and the search for the hidden meaning of the

Abstract— Obituaries and articles published in 1924, the year of V.I. Lenin’s death, by his contemporaries, who at different times were his partners and opponents in revolutionary activities, are analyzed. The selection of literature as an object of research was determined by the fact that a significant part of the authors knew Lenin personally and often belonged to critics of his views and actions

Abstract— The results of a scientometric analysis of publications of scientific chemical organizations for 2015–2019, presented in the Web of Science database, are given. Seven groups of scientific categories are considered in the analysis: chemistry, electrochemistry, green & sustainable science & technology, materials sciences, nanotechnology, polymers, and quantum calculations. For each group, the

Abstract— September 28, 2017, marked the 75th anniversary of the issuance of the Resolution of the State Defense Committee (SDC) On Uranium Mining, which laid the foundation for the Atomic Project, one of the most ambitious projects in the history of the Soviet Union. This article is dedicated to reconstruction of the factors that ensured its successful implementation. The completion of the project

Abstract— The collective work The Formation of a Welfare State and the Prospects of a Social State in Russia: Realities and Projects, prepared by the Center for the Study of Sociocultural Change (CSSCC) of the RAS Institute of Philosophy under the general editorship of RAS Corresponding Member N.I. Lapin, is discussed. The relevance of this work is emphasized. Theoretical innovations, including the

Abstract— The little-studied phenomenon of the combination of centralization and decentralization in the management of the Soviet economy during the Great Patriotic War is analyzed. Decentralization of management is considered as a mechanism to adjust contradictions between centralized planning and the expansion of producers’ independence. The problem is investigated using the example of the operational

Abstract— The Paris Agreement within the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change to keep global warming within 1.5–2°С has been effective since November 4, 2016, and will come into force in 2020. According to the calculations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, to achieve the above goal, it is necessary to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions by three times, to the level of 2019

Abstract— Human losses during the Great Patriotic War are assessed. To this end, on the basis of a significant corpus of historical and demographic sources (population censuses, data on the natural movement of the population, migration registration), the dynamics of the population of the RSFSR, its oblasts, krais, and autonomous republics is investigated. The authors attempt to present the most accurate

Abstract— Through the prism of the historical experience accumulated by mankind, the debatable problems of the essence and periodization of the Russian Civil War, as well as its general and special features, are examined in comparison with the civil wars in Europe, America, and Asia. Concepts existing in the domestic and foreign historiography are analyzed, and new assessments and definitions are proposed

Abstract A wide range of topics associated with the challenges of ensuring solid and lasting peace on the Korean Peninsula is considered. The issue of a peace treaty to replace the Armistice Agreement is the cornerstone in building a new nonconfrontational system of relations in Korea that will ensure the security of all parties involved and their equal cooperation. According to the authors, the implementation

Abstract The Borissiak Paleontological Institute of the RAS, created in 1930 with the goal of studying the diversity of extinct organisms that lived on the Earth millions and billions of years ago, has been successfully solving this task for nine decades, and in a number of areas it has been holding world scientific leadership for a long time. The current generation of researchers, who make up the

Abstract In this article the history of the Joint Russian‒Mongolian Paleontological Expedition (JRMPE) and its work and main results are described. The organization of the expedition (Soviet-Mongolian at that time) in 1969 was preceded by a hard and lengthy work to promote this idea in academic and state institutions. The joint expedition was planned as a complex one by both the tasks and the tactics

Abstract In the 2010s, it was impossible not only to increase but also to maintain at a previously achieved level one of the key indicators of technological development—Russia’s place by the number of patent applications filed in the world and its share in license payments for granting the right to use intellectual property results. In the course of studying the global dynamics of granted patents in

Abstract The practice of assigning geographical names to undersea features on the bottom of the World Ocean and standardization of terms and names at the national and international levels are discussed. The development of underwater research technology, an increase in the number of sea expeditions, and the implementation of international projects—all this contributes to new discoveries. As for the

Abstract The main aspects limiting the widespread development of nuclear energy—the consequences of possible severe accidents and the problem of radioactive waste management—are considered. It is shown that modern computational tools and digital technologies can successfully solve the problems of substantiating and ensuring the safety of nuclear facilities, including modeling the states and processes

Abstract The results of a bibliometric analysis of the evolution of domestic basic energy research compared to other countries for 2008–2017 are presented. The main sources of statistical information are the WoS information system and the analytical tools InCites and SciVal. The highest growth rate of scientific products in the world was found in the energy sector (Research Area “Energy & Fuels” (E&F))—3

Abstract Several environmental and economic indicators of anthropogenic impacts on Russia’s water resources are considered. These, in particular, are the ratio of water consumption to gross domestic product and gross regional product; specific indicators of water consumption in individual sectors of the economy; the ratio of volumes of water used to water resources, taking into account the environmental

Abstract Shifts in the global competition in the market of world-class universities (WCUs) are analyzed; the long-term restructuring of this market is considered in three geopolitical centers—the United States, Europe, and Asia—over the past 18 years of the 21st century. Nine of the most authoritative global university rankings were used as an information base. Calculations show that even though the

Abstract A wide range of issues related to the safety of nuclear energy was raised in the speeches of the participants in the RAS Presidium meeting on February 25, 2020. This is one of the main problems of the industry—the disposal of radioactive waste and the optimization of this process, promising technologies related to the closed fuel cycle, the development of atomic hydrogen energy, the radiological

Abstract The current relations between the United States and China, which are largely defined by the phrase trade war, are analyzed. The authors place an emphasis on the economic, political, and legal aspects of these relations and the direct and indirect consequences of the trade war for both its participants and the world community. Attention is focused on the first months of 2020, when, in particular

AbstractThe existing system of monitoring and assessing the performance of scientific organizations is analyzed, and the expediency of the transition from monitoring scientific organizations to monitoring the status of and trends in civil-purpose research, design, and technology is substantiated.

AbstractThe problems of transformation of Russia’s land ecosystems amid climate change and anthropogenic impacts were discussed at a meeting of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences on December 10, 2019. Its participants recognized that the current condition of land ecosystems increases the environmental risks and economic consequences of such changes. At the same time, the discussion participants

AbstractThis article, based on a report at the meeting of the RAS Presidium on December 10, 2019, discusses the possibilities and problems of the development of the Russian circular forest bioeconomy, which is considered an effective response to modern global challenges. The concepts of the programs on science and technology, Ecological and Socioeconomic Threats of Forest Degradation in Russia under

AbstractProblems of the conservation and use of plant resources in the context of climate change and socioeconomic challenges are considered. Particular attention is paid to the conservation of crop wild relatives and traditional crop varieties as sources of genetic diversity, which had been lost by the modern gene pool of cultivated plants first in the process of domestication and then during the

AbstractIn connection with the 200th anniversary of the Moscow Society of Agriculture (MSA), the first agricultural society in our country, this article describes its activities over the years of its existence (1820–1930) in developing advanced agricultural theory and practice in Russia and their productive synthesis. Particular attention is paid to the role of the Moscow Society of Agriculture in

AbstractToday, changes in terrestrial ecosystems—forests, marshes, tundras, meadows, steppes—as a result of increasing anthropogenic pressures and climate warming, transform the evolutionary structure of Russia’s vegetation cover on a large scale, which increases environmental and economic risks. A comprehensive study of all the components and mechanisms of the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems

AbstractTwo ways of considering science—as a cultural phenomenon and as a sociocultural project—are analyzed through the prism of the sociophilosophical program of science development that was proposed by A.A. Bogdanov, a thinker and public figure. The premises of Bogdanov’s approach to the analysis of the stage of science development in his lifetime are revealed, making it possible to highlight the

AbstractThe problems that have accumulated in the Russian energy sector are systemic in nature and require serious scientific analysis. The transition of this country to a market economy was accompanied by a sharp drop in electricity consumption and the commissioning of new electricity generating capacities and, as a result, led to the degradation of domestic power engineering and the collapse of the

AbstractThe geological structure of the deep-sea part of the Arctic Ocean and its shelves is considered. Various models of the geological and tectonic history of the Arctic are proposed. Particular attention is paid to the structure of the Alpha‒Mendeleev Rise, which emerged with the formation of the volcanic continental passive margin. The history of the water mass, climate, and hydrocarbon potential

AbstractConceptual provisions on the assessment and prediction of radiation effects on biota are discussed. Interconnected components of radioecological assessments are identified with account for the redistribution of radionuclides in the environmental components and the associated levels of exposure in living organisms. An approach to solve problematic issues in developing migration and dosimetric

AbstractRecent changes in public consciousness have inevitably led to the greening of thinking in all spheres of human activity. The most illustrative reflection of this phenomenon is the growing interest in naturelike technologies, which are associated with the main hopes for the settlement of the global environmental crisis, generated by a long-term antagonistic confrontation between the technosphere

AbstractThe axiological foundations of modern constitutionalism are considered. The conclusion based on a study of world experience in constitutional development is made that there is a general trend to replenish the value catalog of constitutions, taking into account the historical experience accumulated by states and national priorities. The perception of national values in the constitutional evolution

AbstractThis paper discusses the scientific foundations of spatial planning for the disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW), which has been intensively accumulated in Russia. It is noted that the chaotic, uncontrolled disposal of waste leads to contamination of atmospheric air, soil, rocks, and groundwater, the most important life-supporting resources of the biosphere, which causes a decrease in the

AbstractThe need to create councils on the priority directions of scientific and technological development as part of the implementation of the Strategy for the Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation following the example of the implementation of the Soviet national level nuclear project in which the cooperation of hundreds of scientific and production structures was important

AbstractIn recent decades, the interest of Russian society in historical science has grown immeasurably. The first reason for this increased interest is because in an era of global cataclysms people turn primarily to the past to find psychological support and thereby restore the connection of times. The second motivation is that, with the emergence of new states on the territory of the former Soviet

AbstractThe dynamics of the development of the Russian economy from 2013 to the first half of 2019 is considered. The potential of future economic growth until 2024 is estimated by an average annual GDP growth rate of 4%. The main drivers of growth are the population’s demand for durable goods, postponed due to lower incomes, as well as investments in fixed assets and human capital, the current level

AbstractRussia possesses enormous raw material resources sufficient to meet fully the internal demand for rare-metal, rare-scattered, and rare-earth elements. However, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, production of many metals from this group has ceased almost completely, while the demand for these metals is satisfied mainly by importing them. There is a vital need to accelerate recovery of