The production of avocado in Peru has been increasing over the last five years and it represents a major export commodity. However, dieback symptoms, typical of Botryosphaeriaceae, have been observed in avocado orchards throughout the country, leading to economic losses. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the diversity and pathogenicity of species associated with dieback of avocado trees, in the Peru’s

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a major devastating soil-borne disease impeding eggplant cultivation worldwide. The present investigation was conducted to recognize and assess bacterial wilt resistant rootstocks among Solanum melongena (Haritha, Surya, SM 1, SM 2, SM 3, SM116, and SM 398), Solanum torvum (St TNAU 1 and St KAU 1), and Solanum sisymbrifolium (SS 1) for vigor, yield

In the period 2016–2018 the susceptibility to fire blight of seven apple genotypes, including four recently bred was assessed. The studies showed that two of the genotypes (J-2003-05 and ‘Early Szampion’) are highly resistant to the disease. The indicator of assessment was evaluated by the size of necrotized part of terminal shoots after their inoculation with strain Ea659 of Erwinia amylovora. The

Ektaphelenchids are entomophilic nematode species, commonly found in association with insects. In the present study, an alien and a native Chinese ektaphelenchid species were described based on integrative taxonomic approaches. Both species have three lateral lines and excretory pore at the same level or posterior to nerve ring. The alien species to China is Ektaphelenchus apophysatus sp. nov. which

A new stubby-root nematode belonging to the Trichodorus sparsus complex was found in association with serious damage to Hill’s Yew hedges (Taxus x media ´Hillii´) in Oslo in 2017, characterised by chlorosis, wilting and loss of needles. T. hellalae n. sp. is about 800 μm long with medium-sized onchiostyle (55 μm, average), characterized in male by two ventromedian cervical papillae located beyond the

The stem nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci, is a severe pest in European sugar beet production. In France, Germany, and Switzerland, D. dipsaci damage in sugar beet varies among specific geographic areas. In this study, the reproduction potential of four geographically distinct D. dipsaci populations was determined using sterile carrot disc cultures. In addition, virulence and pathogenicity were investigated

The resistance level of 90 single lesion conidial isolates of Venturia inaequalis collected from multiple commercial orchards in Shaanxi and Gansu Provinces and Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China to the demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide difenoconazole and quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide pyraclostrobin was examined. The EC50 values of the 90 isolates to difenoconazole and pyraclostrobin

Even though the potential of the fungus Ampelomyces quisqualis against powdery mildew has been largely demonstrated, the efficacy of the commercialised product AQ10 Biofungicide is not consistent. Recently, a solid formulation of A. quisqualis strain CPA-9 that included biodegradable coatings on its composition was developed to overcome the major shortcomings of the biocontrol agents applied under

During 2015–18, surveys were conducted in the main eggplant growing areas of Iran and in all areas phytoplasma-type symptoms were observed. A total of 350 symptomatic eggplant plants were collected and tested for the phytoplasma presence on 16S rDNA. Diversity of the detected phytoplasmas was verified by molecular analyses, dodder and graft transmission on experimental test plants. Phytoplasmas were

Pectobacterium parmentieri (former Pectobacterium wasabiae) is an emerging pectinolytic bacterial pathogen causing losses in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) worldwide. Until now, there are no effective measures to protect crops from infections caused by P. parmentieri. Likewise, little is known about lytic bacteriophages that can infect and kill P. parmentieri, and that could be used in the (bio)control

Sex determination is a key developmental event in all organisms. The pathway that regulates sexual fate has been well characterized at the molecular level in the model free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. This study aims to gain a preliminary understanding of sex-determining pathways in a plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita, and the extent to which the roles of the sex determination

Knowing the patterns of Black Sigatoka development is essential to propose adequate disease management practices and evaluate their effects, which can be achieved through temporal analysis by integrating the evolving interactions of the pathosystem components, expressed by data on cumulative incidence and severity, and summarizing these data in a disease progress curve. Airborne spores are essential

Plum pox virus strain Recombinant (PPV-Rec) is hypothetically considered as homologous recombinant between strains PPV-M and PPV-D. The nucleotide position 8450 up to end of genome is considered to come from PPV-M, and the remaining major genomic part is PPV-D-derived. It is regarded as third major PPV strain due to its wide distribution and prevalence in Europe. However, among over a thousand PPV

Peach bacteria leaf shot hole is a commonly occurring foliar disease of economic importance, which severely affects the host photosynthesis and contributes to substantial losses in yield each year. To date, however, the causal agents of this disease have yet to be conclusively identified. Based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, and the results of multi-locus sequence

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) is one of the main diseases affecting tomato plants. Three races (races 1, 2 and 3) of the pathogen have been described around the world, including in Brazil. Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro State, is one of the leading tomato producing regions. During summer, farmers have reported severe losses caused by wilt disease. The present work

Abnormal vertical growth (AVG) causes significant yield losses to the Australian macadamia industry and the cause is unknown. Studies on the spread of AVG and molecular analysis of trees with AVG symptoms suggest the involvement of a slow spreading pathogen that does not produce copious amount of inoculum nor is spread by flying insects. The possibility that Bacillus megaterium, elements of a bipartite

Bremia lactucae is a devastating pathogen causing heavy yield losses in lettuce production worldwide. Long time it was thought to infect various members of the Asteraceae but recent phylogenetic investigations revealed that B. lactucae is restricted to cultivated Lactuca sativa and its wild progenitor Lactuca serriola. Many of the Dm resistance genes in cultivated lettuce were crossbred from L. serriola

Under Egyptian conditions, the white rot disease, caused by the soil borne fungus Stromatinia cepivora, causes a major problem in the production of onion and garlic crops. The current study aims to control this disease using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), biologically synthesized by Fusarium oxysporum. In in vitro assays, carried out on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) media

Rust fungi are generally considered low-risk pathogens in terms of resistance to fungicides. However, Puccinia horiana, which causes white rust in chrysanthemum, has developed resistance to various fungicides via mutations in genes encoding the target proteins of fungicides. We investigated cytochrome b haplotypes of 15 Japanese isolates of P. horiana. Among them, two were wild-type, and the others

Meloidogyne graminicola is responsible for large yield losses in flooded rice, a problem that is mainly associated with the limited efficacy of nematode management tactics. This study aimed to assess the efficiency of different products applied by seed treatment in controlling M. graminicola in flooded rice grown from polymer-coated and uncoated seeds. Greenhouse experiments were designed to investigate

Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) is a serious pine disease present worldwide caused by the ascomycetous fungi Dothistroma septosporum and Dothistroma pini. Based on multiplex PCR analysis of 11 microsatellite markers screened on 253 D. septosporum isolates obtained from 32 sites across Slovakia, a total of 137 unique multilocus haplotypes (MLHs) were detected. The majority of MLHs (n = 91) were represented

Bacterial spot is a disease that affects tomato worldwide reducing its yield and quality. It is caused by different Xanthomonas spp., among which is Xanthomonas vesicatoria. Copper-based bactericides are generally used to control this disease, although nowadays sustainable strategies are being searched to efficiently replace their use. Our aim was to select native bacteria from tomato rhizosphere with

S. sclerotiorum is the causal agent of the white mould disease on common bean crops, one of the most threatening fungal diseases occurring across major bean production regions. Currently, there are no commercial cultivars with high levels of genetic resistance to white mould. The aim of this study was to analyse the population structure of 109 isolates of S. sclerotiorum from six dry bean fields in

Anthracnose is a major disease of common bean in Parana and other Brazilian states. The changing virulence of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum complicates breeding for anthracnose resistance. An objective of this study was to characterize the virulence and genetic diversity of 19 isolates of C. lindemuthianum from Parana. Virulence was characterized by inoculating each isolate on an international set

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields are commonly affected by foliar infection by fungal pathogens. Of these, three wheat leaf blotch fungal diseases, septoria nodorum blotch (SNB), tan spot (TS) and septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by Parastagonospora nodorum (Pn), Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr) and Zymoseptoria tritici (Zt), respectively, induce major yield losses. Infection results in necrotic

Ascochyta blight epidemics have been observed in many countries since the early 1900s but studies on an interaction between the amount of inoculum, environmental factors and the spatiotemporal development of Ascochyta blight are rare due to the historic emphasis on developing resistant cultivars and chemical control of the disease. I used generalised linear mixed models to investigate key environmental

Endophytic bacteria have attracted a great attention because they produce chemicals that increase the resistance of host plants against diseases. In the current study, 40 strains of endophytic bacteria from Kobreasia capillifolia of an alpine grassland were screened for the inhibitory effect against the tomato leaf pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. The endophytic bacterium strain 262XY2’ developed a clear

Fusarium verticillioides causes Fusarium ear rot (FER) of maize and contaminates the grain with mycotoxins called fumonisins. Structural barriers that prevent infection include a closed stylar canal of kernels, which has been suggested to contribute to resistance to FER. In this study, the stylar canal architecture of nine maize inbred lines, characterised for their response to F. verticillioides,

Chitinase-producing Trichoderma species have been recognized long ago against the phytopathogenic fungi. In this study, we evaluated the production of chitinase enzyme for seventeen isolates of Trichoderma isolated from onion growing districts of Punjab and assessed their bio-efficacy against damping-off in onion. In vitro, these Trichoderma isolates were screened for their antagonistic activity against

The vertical migration of second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne floridensis and M. incognita was investigated in segmented 14-cm long PVC soil columns having their top ring in contact with soil of a potted plant. Both bottom and top rings were screened appropriately to allow only upward nematode movement and preventing root penetration from the potted plant into the soil in the column. Plants

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02275-y

Bauhinia forficata is an important plant commonly used in traditional medicine, and as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens. Its use as an ornamental plant is compromised by the symptoms of anthracnose. Although anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is a widespread plant disease and observed across several Brazilian regions, the species associated with this disease are unknown for most host

Stem rot, incited by Sclerotinia trifoliorum Eriksson is one of the most devastating soil borne fungal pathogens of berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) inflicting significant fodder and seed yield losses. Eleven plant extracts, six organic inputs, one elicitor and five organic and inorganic salts were assayed for their effectiveness against S. trifoliorum under in vitro conditions. Extracts of Aegle

Para-aminobenzoic (PABA) is reported to induce resistance against a range of plant pathogens in different crops in a salicylic acid-dependent manner. However, factors affecting its efficacy are not well understood. Foliar PABA applications on tomato seedlings reduced lesion incidence caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) in a dose-dependent manner in distal leaves up to 18 mM under controlled

Black rot of crucifers is one of the most important diseases of wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia L. (D.C.)) caused by the seedborne pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. From 2005, it frequently affected this cultivation in the south of Italy, leading to heavy crop losses. In the present work, we aimed to describe the physiological and molecular characteristics of twenty X. campestris pv

Olive anthracnose caused by C. acutatum, C. gloeosporioides and C. boninense species complexes, is the most widespread and economically important olive disease worldwide. The most traditional symptom is fruit rot, but more recently a high incidence of blossom blight emerged in some olive world regions as Uruguay, causing significant losses. In this work, a collection of Colletotrichum isolates obtained

Plants rely on RNA silencing (RS) as a major layer of innate defense to neutralize invading viruses. In an opposite way, plant viruses evolved a survival mechanism, based on viral suppressors of RS (RSS), able to hinder the host RS activation system. In the present study, the sequences of the barley yellow striate mosaic virus (BYSMV) proteins P3, P6, P9 and of Phosphoprotein (P), from Chahar Mahall

Detection of chitinase activity after electrophoresis in native polyacrylamide gels containing glycol chitin showed that Streptomyces macrosporeus VTCC 940003 produced several chitinases. Chito-oligosaccharides (COS) were produced from commercial chitosan using these chitinases. The degree of polymerization (DP) of the produced COS was confirmed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of

Recent agricultural expansion into regions of the Brazilian savannah or Cerrado has improved agricultural knowledge and management practices. Under this biome’s favorable conditions, the incidence of diseases such as gummy stem blight (GSB) could be a limiting factor for some crops (i.e., Cucumis melo L.), due to high losses in productivity and fruit quality. We conducted field experiments to assess

Cestrum species are being used as hedge and ornamental plants in Turkey. In this study, a Cestrum elegans plant showing chlorotic spots, rings and reddening was subjected to high throughput sequencing of small RNAs, in order to clarify its etiology. Results suggested the presence of tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), which was further confirmed by RT-PCR using two specific primers amplifying RNA-dependent

The application as soil drenches of three commercial products containing metalaxyl, phosphorous acid or potassium silicate, were studied as a means of controlling Phytophthora in chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) seedlings. In the metalaxyl treatment no plant deaths were recorded, whereas with the phosphorous acid and potassium silicate applications, and in the untreated control, the mortality rate

Walnut blight (WB), caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis,continues to be a serious disease of walnut in northern China, where weather conditions favor disease development. From 2013 to 2017, WB incidences in walnut cv. ‘Liaoning 1’ were investigated in three areas (Dalian,Suizhong and Jianchang areas) in the Liaoning province, northeastern China. WB incidence was high in Dalian

Worldwide, most isolates of Macrophomina (Botryosphaeriaceae) have been attributed to the generalist phytopathogen M. phaseolina. Since 2014, three cryptic species of Macrophomina have been recognised by molecular methods. This study elucidates the taxonomy of Macrophomina species associated with broadacre and horticultural crops in Australia. A five-locus phylogenetic analysis of 80 isolates of Macrophomina

Fusarium fujikuroi (teleomorph Gibberella fujikuroi) is the main seed-borne pathogen of rice, the causal agent of bakanae, a disease that in the last years has become of increasing economical concern in many Italian rice growing areas. A virulent F. fujikuroi isolate was tagged with the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene using Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation, and the virulence of

The ongoing global spread of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) poses an endemic threat to tomato production in all tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. In Oman, TYLCV evolved into the new species Tomato leaf curl Oman virus (ToLCOMV) by recombination with Papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV). In March 2017, during a field survey of Sindh province of Pakistan, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum

The distribution and frequency of potato leaf roll virus in the four most important potato growing regions in Serbia were studied during the seven years (2012–18). One hundred randomly collected potato tubers were sampled from each seed lot. The young leaves that developed in three weeks were sampled and tested to record infection rate. The presence of potato leaf roll virus was detected by double-antibody

The fig rust (Cerotelium fici) is the upmost important disease in fig but there are few studies on the effect of temperature and wetness period on the pathogen and on the disease. To improve the epidemiological knowledge of this pathosystem the germination of urediniospores and monocycle components were studied: incubation period (IP), latent period (LP) and number of pustules/leaf area, comparing

The Protected Geographical Indication Fuentesaúco-Chickpea (F-C) is a legume crop that was developed in the south of the province of Zamora (Spain). It has great agronomic, economic, and cultural importance worldwide. Its cultivation is threatened mainly by the fungal diseases Fusarium wilt (causal agent Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri) and Ascochyta blight (causal agent Ascochyta rabiei). By conducting

Downy mildew is a major disease of boysenberries in New Zealand, caused by Peronospora sparsa. Most boysenberry plant material, including tissue culture propagated plants are systemically infected and this pathogen also presents as a latent infection. The current nested PCR method to detect latent infection of P. sparsa in asymptomatic boysenberry plants is time consuming as it employs two separate

Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infects many plant species, being the only potyvirus able to infect brassicas. TuMV isolates have been classified into 12 pathotypes according to symptoms induced in lines of Brassica napus, and molecularly clustered into six lineages (basal-B, basal-BR, Asian-BR, world-B, Iranian and OMs). Despite being considered one of the most important viruses infecting brassicas worldwide

During the 2016 growing season, melon fruits were severely affected by rind necrosis and rot and nearly 80% of the fruits were unmarketable in a field in Koçarlı district of Aydın. In order to determine occurrences of the fruit infections in the following year, surveys were conducted in 2017. Isolations were made from the symptomatic fruits and bacterial growths were observed consistently. In this

In this study, we report on the development of two quantitative PCR assays for the detection and quantification of the soilborne plant pathogen Phytophthora cactorum causing root and crown rot of strawberry. The assays rely on the use of SYBR Green I chemistry and use the internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) and the Ras-related protein gene Ypt1 as detection markers. An extensive list of Phytophthora

Soybean (Glycine max) is an important commodity for the Brazilian economy. However, Colletotrichum truncatum is considered to play a significant role in reducing germination and vigor of soybean seed. This study aimed to determine the optimal temperature for pathogen growth, to verify the effect of different seed inoculum potentials in soybean seed germination and pathogen incidence under controlled

Rhizoctonia solani is one of the major fungal pathogens associated with root rot in alfalfa that severely limits commercial alfalfa production worldwide. Host resistance is considered the most cost-effective and sustainable way to manage diseases caused by this pathogen. This study aimed to determine whether any host resistances to R. solani exist among a wide-ranging alfalfa collection and whether

The passion fruit woodiness disease, caused by the cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), is the most important disease and represents a limiting factor for culture. Cultivars with resistance levels are being developed from backcrosses associated with a recurrent selection program. Studies showing how segregating populations respond to infection over time and describing resistance are necessary and

Most of the 26 viruses that infect globe artichoke are detrimental to the crop’s production, quality, and nutritional value, hamper the development of a nursery activity in the respect of current EU legislation and pose risks for the new plantings. Worldwide movement of virus-controlled plant propagative material require fast, accurate and feasible methods to guarantee reliable results and detection

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02222-x

Beetroot plants cv. Boro exhibiting multiple root galls similar to those symptoms associated with root-knot nematodes (RKNs) were detected in the municipality of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The nematode identification was based on an integrative taxonomy. Perineal patterns of females were similar to Meloidogyne arenaria and M. incognita whereas isoenzymatic phenotypes α-esterase A3

Knowledge of the ecological survival niches of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff), the causal agent of bean bacterial wilt, is essential for the efficient disease management. Our study evaluated the survival of Cff in the phyllospheres and rhizospheres of barley, black oat, canola, common bean, forage turnip, maize, pearl millet, ryegrass, sorghum, soybean, sunflower, velvet bean

Resistance of anthurium cultivars to infection by Acidovorax anthurii, the causal agent of bacterial leaf spot disease was investigated using seven inoculation methods, four inoculum concentrations and two different plant ages towards developing a screening method for identification of disease resistance. Injection of 1 mL of 1.5 × 109 CFU mL−1 three-quarter way down the intact petiole from the intact