The Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) can be found along the Brazilian northern and northeastern coasts. Previous studies on the clinical biochemistry of these animals were conducted in North America and the Caribbean, whereas little is known regarding these parameters in South American manatee populations. Accordingly, the objective of the present study was to examine the hematology and

Russian or Danube sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) are an important, critically endangered roe‐producing species. Despite a wealth of knowledge pertaining to other members of Acipenseridae there is very limited published information regarding baseline blood analytes in Russian sturgeon. The objectives of this study were 1) to establish reference intervals for a suite of hematological and biochemical

Myostatin (MSTN) and myogenic differentiation antigen (MyoD) play an essential role in specification and differentiation of skeletal muscle. However, the role of stress in the regulation of MyoD and MSTN has not been fully revealed and more evidence should be provided. Here, we reported the cloning and expressional analyses of MSTN and MyoD in Large‐scale Loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus (hereafter PdMSTN

Reference intervals of blood analytes are important diagnostic tools that clinicians use as a basis for making clinical decisions and that have been documented for many fish species. Although the effects of dietary supplementation on hematology and blood biochemistry variables in clownfish have been shown, there are no published reference intervals to date for routine hematology and blood biochemistry

Despite reports that sharks have an exceptional capacity to heal from traumatic injuries, no detailed microscopic observations of integumental wounds have been reported for sharks. This study details the histopathological features of such wounds in a free‐ranging shark. An adult male blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus was collected in 2017 during fisheries‐independent sampling efforts in the coastal

Vaccine efficacy in preventing clinical disease has been well characterized. However, vaccine impacts on transmission under diverse field conditions, such as variable pathogen exposure dosages, are not fully understood. We evaluated the impacts of vaccination on disease‐induced host mortality and shedding of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish,

Streptococcus iniae is a zoonotic pathogen and one of the major aetiologic agents of streptococcosis. In White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus, S. iniae infection typically presents as a necrotizing and heterophilic myositis, causing 30–50% mortality in infected fish. To gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of streptococcosis in White Sturgeon, and to identify the experimental route of

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementing the practical diet with yeast autolysate (YA) on the growth performance, immunity, and disease resistance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic practical diets were formulated. The relatively high‐fish‐meal control diet contained 25% fish meal without YA supplementation (E1). The other

Monogeneans are parasitic flatworms that may be a threat for finfish aquaculture. In this study, the anthelmintic activity of two terpenes, geraniol and β‐citronellol, was tested in vitro against ancyrocephalin and diplectanid monogeneans. Experiments were performed in both water and a culture medium. We observed that monogeneans in culture medium may be more tolerant to treatments compared with bioassays

Bacterial kidney disease, caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum (RS), is a chronic and often fatal disease of salmonid species, and can be particularly harmful to hatchery‐reared Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. A considerable amount of research has focused on the prevention of vertical and horizontal transmission; however, a comparatively little amount has investigated factors that increase

Juvenile African Catfish (also known as Sharptooth Catfish) Clarias gariepinus were exposed to 2.26, 4.52, and 11.30 mg/L NPK (15‐15‐15) fertilizer for 21 d followed by 7 d of recovery to assess the genotoxic effects of the fertilizer in erythrocytes. Biomarkers of oxidative stress were evaluated in the liver and gill tissues. The fertilizer induced micronuclei formation with maximum effects on day

Withering syndrome (WS) is a chronic bacterial disease that affects numerous northeastern Pacific abalone Haliotis spp. The causative agent of WS is an obligate intracellular Rickettsiales‐like bacterium (WS‐RLO) that remains unculturable, thereby limiting our understanding of WS disease dynamics. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the temporal stability of WS‐RLO DNA outside of its

The production of tilapia Oreochromis spp. is rapidly growing throughout the world, but atypical motile aeromonad septicemia (MAS) is a current threat to the tilapia farming industry. The etiological agent of this disease is usually Aeromonas hydrophila. Mortality rates due to MAS are frequently high, resulting in a devastating negative impact on this industry worldwide; therefore, proper control measures

The Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss is a salmonid fish that is maintained in aquaculture facilities and used as a source of protein around the world. Veterinarians need accurate, efficient tools and straightforward assessments to evaluate the health status of fish, like Rainbow Trout, that are cultivated on farms. In this study, two genetically distinct broodstock lines of Rainbow Trout originally

Serum protein electrophoresis (EPH) is used to assess relative concentrations of blood proteins in clinical and biological studies. Serum EPH fractions have been determined for elasmobranchs using mammalian albumin, alpha 1‐, alpha 2‐, beta‐, and gamma‐globulin fractions, and have been deemed fractions 1 through 5, respectively. However, serum EPH fraction concentration reference intervals (RIs) have

During recent decades, survey studies have documented the widespread presence of oocytes in the testes of male Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu collected from surface waters throughout the United States. There are few published reports of testicular oocytes (TO) in Smallmouth Bass before the 1990s, so it is difficult to know how long this has been occurring. Consequently, this study was conducted

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3, also known as koi herpesvirus (KHV), is an important pathogen in common and koi carp Cyprinus carpio, varieties. Two main genotypes of KHV have been reported worldwide that are associated with Asian and European origins. In the USA, outbreaks of KHV diseases have been reported in different states since the early 1990s; however, the diversity of KHV is unknown. In the current

Erysipelothrix piscisicarius is an emergent pathogen in fish aquaculture, particularly in the ornamental fish trade. Very little is known on the biology of this pathogen; however, the recurrence of infection and disease outbreaks after removing the fish from a system and disinfecting the tank suggest its environmental persistence. Moreover, biofilm lifestyle in E. piscisicarius has been suspected but

The genetic diversity of Vibrio anguillarum pJM1‐like plasmids was investigated. Plasmids were isolated from 18 V. anguillarum serovar O1 strains collected from different geographic locations and fish species. The plasmids were sequenced and compared with the complete sequence of the published virulence plasmid pJM1. All 18 strains contained pJM1‐like plasmids with approximately 65 kbp and all plasmids

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is an ongoing cause of disease and mortality in freshwater fishes across the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States. Antibody detection assays such as enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are nonlethal serological methods that can have significantly shorter turnaround times than the current validated viral detection diagnostic methodology for

A viromics study on the intestinal contents of migratory wild ducks of the genera Anas, Mareca, Spatula, and Oxyura during their winter stay in Mexico showed the presence of the virus family Alloherpesviridae. The genus Cyprinivirus is part of this family and includes cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV3). This is the etiological agent of the lethal disease known as koi herpesvirosis, which affects different

Parasites can compromise the health and fitness of individual fish, and it is important to generate baseline information that can then be used to document changes in the abundance and distribution of potentially pathogenic parasites. The ectoparasitic copepod Salmincola edwardsii was assessed with respect to prevalence (percentage of infected fish per site), infection intensity (number of parasites

Carbendazim (CBZ) is a widely used, systemic, broad‐spectrum benzimidazole fungicide. It is used worldwide against fungal diseases on a wide range of agricultural products and in domestic gardens. The activities of brain oxidative stress biomarkers and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in juvenile African Catfish Clarias gariepinus exposed to CBZ were investigated. Juveniles were exposed to sublethal concentrations

The order Saprolegniales (Class Oomycota) is a group of fungus‐like eukaryotic microorganisms that have been associated with infections in fish and fish eggs. Infections with microorganisms from this order are clearly evident because they have a cotton wool‐like appearance. The aim of this study was to characterize and identify an oomycete that was isolated from the eye of an Orange Blotched Peacock

The aim of the present study was to characterize two gram‐negative bacterial strains that were isolated from diseased Atlantic Horse Mackerel Trachurus trachurus in 2017. Based on the results obtained from the biochemical and chemotaxonomic characterization, the isolates were identified as Lacinutrix spp. The highest similarity of the 16S rRNA gene sequences was obtained with the strain L. venerupis

In this study, levels of Vibrionaceae, Staphylococcaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae were observed in seawater from juvenile green turtle Chelonia mydas rearing tanks and in the incoming coastal seawater (the water supply). Bacterial loads were compared between the incoming coastal seawater and two different rearing conditions: in cement tanks at a low stocking density and in fiberglass tanks at a high

An outbreak of suspected iridovirus disease in cultured hybrid grouper (♀Tiger Grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ Giant Grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus) occurred in the Guangxi Province in July, 2018. In this study, grouper iridovirus Guangxi (SGIV‐Gx) was isolated from diseased hybrid grouper that were collected from Guangxi. Cytopathic effects were observed and identified in grouper spleen cells

Ichthyophonus occurred at high prevalence but low intensity in Pacific Halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) throughout the west coast of North America, ranging from coastal Oregon to the Bering Sea. Infection prevalence in adults was variable on spatial and temporal scales, with the lowest prevalence typically occurring on the edges of the geographic range and highest prevalence consistently occurring

Serum from Kemp's ridley and loggerhead sea turtles was collected in summers of 2011, 2012, and 2013. Serum IgY recognition of lysate proteins from nine bacteria species and whole bacteria-specific IgY titers to these pathogens were quantified. Serum and purified IgY recognized proteins of all bacteria, with protein recognition in some species more pronounced than others. Circulating IgY titers against

Decontamination of watercraft and/or equipment following exposure to zebra mussels with the use of chemicals is one method of decontamination that has been recommended in the United States by multiple government agencies. The ideal chemical to be used for decontamination would be inexpensive, easily obtained, have no or limited effect on nontarget species, and relatively environmentally friendly. Two

Ammonia concentrations in water can affect the severity of Flavobacterium columnare infections in fish. Two trials lasting 7 d each were conducted to determine the effect of a single immersion flush treatment of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN; 15 mg/L) on the survival of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus infected with E columnare; the chemical was added while the water flowed continuously through the

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the presence of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in the west Aegean region of Turkey and to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of F. psychrophilum (isolated from the fry of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) to seven antimicrobial agents, as determined by the disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. A total of 250 rainbow trout fry (weight = 2-5 g; total length

Proliferative gill disease (PGD) was first reported in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus at commercial farms in 1981 and is caused by the myxozoan parasite Henneguya ictaluri. The disease affects the gills and is characterized by severe branchial inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, lamellar fusion, and lysis of chondrocytes. Presumptive diagnosis is based on the presence of lytic areas in the cartilage

In the late 1960s, Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from the Green River, Washington, were successfully introduced into Lake Michigan. During spring from 1988 to 1992, large fish die-offs affecting Chinook salmon occurred in the lake. Multiple ecological factors probably contributed to the severity of the fish kills, but the only disease agent found regularly was Renibacterium salmoninarum,

Viruses with the morphological and biochemical characteristics of the family Paramyxoviridae (paramyxoviruses) have been isolated from adult salmon returning to rivers along the Pacific coast of North America since 1982. These Pacific salmon paramyxoviruses (PSPV), which have mainly been isolated from Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, grow slowly in established fish cell lines and have not been

The epidemic process of the parasite Ichthyophonus hoferi in cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was quantitatively estimated by both the cohabitation experiment and two standard models (the Kermarck-McKendrick model and the Reed-Frost model). For analysis of the parasite transmission by cohabitation, fish in two replicate tanks were exposed to 1, 5, or 10 infected fish, and daily mortality

The biflagellated, single-celled parasite Ichthyobodo necator can cause significant losses among fish populations, particularly those cultured in tanks. Treatments of KMnO4 and CuSO4 were evaluated against a naturally occurring I. necator infestation on sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops x male striped bass M. saxatilis) raised in tanks. Four-hour static treatments with 3 mg of KMnO4/L

Wild striped bass Morone saxatilis in Chesapeake Bay are experiencing a high prevalence of mycobacteriosis, which produces granulomatous lesions of the skin and visceral organs. Culture-based studies have indicated that the newly described species Mycobacterium shottsii and M. pseudoshottsii are the dominant isolates from diseased fish. The classical fish pathogen M. marinum is also found, albeit at

A simple and reproducible microdilution method was developed to test the susceptibility of the bacterium Flavobacterium columnare to antibiotics in vitro. The testing was conducted at 28 degrees C for 44-48 h at two dilutions of Mueller-Hinton broth (DMHB) using a standardized inoculum, a reference isolate of Escherichia coli ATCC25922 as a quality control organism, positive and negative control wells

The effect of oxytetracycline (OTC) treatment on intestinal bacterial populations in juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar was evaluated. Oxytetracycline was administered by way of medicated feed to fish held in experimental tanks. Restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing of 16S rDNA from isolates were used to analyze the intestinal microbiota before, during, and after OTC administration

Aeromonas hydrophila is a ubiquitous and opportunistic bacterial pathogen that produces ulcerative dermatitis under stress conditions and inflicts severe losses on global fisheries and fish culture. This study evaluates the antimicrobial potency of aqueous and ethanolic decoction (individual extract) and concoction (mixed extract) of three common medicinal herbs, turmeric Curcuma longa, Tulsi plant

During 2004 and 2005 a survey was conducted to investigate the presence and geographic distribution of largemouth bass virus (LMBV) in New York State. This iridovirus is widely distributed across the eastern United States; however, it had not previously been reported in New York State. Two hundred and eighty-three wild largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and 8 smallmouth bass M. dolomieu were collected

Sediment, water, and fish gut samples taken at three sites near the headwaters of the San Marcos River, Texas, were analyzed for salmonellae Salmonella spp. by culture and molecular techniques. While enrichment cultures from sediment and water samples from the two uppermost sites were negative for salmonellae in polymerase chain reaction analyses, both sediment and water samples were positive at the

Myxobolus cerebralis, the myxozoan parasite responsible for whirling disease in salmonids, was first introduced into the United States in 1958 and has since spread across the country, causing severe declines in wild trout populations in the intermountain western United States. The recent detection of the parasite in Alaska is further evidence of the species' capability to invade and colonize new habitat

Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus from a commercial farming operation in the Mississippi Delta were submitted for examination for the presence of infection by the trematode Bolbophorus damnificus. The fish were instead found to possess skin nodules suggestive of Henneguya pellis, a species previously described in the blue catfish I. furcatus. Despite the dermal location and distribution of lesions

The effects of freezing, drying, ultraviolet irradiation (UV), chlorine, and a quaternary ammonium compound on the infectivity of the myxospore stage of Myxobolus cerebralis (the causative agent of whirling disease) for Tubifex tubifex were examined in a series of laboratory trials. Freezing at either -20 degrees C or -80 degrees C for a period of 7 d or 2 months eliminated infectivity as assessed

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of electric field strength and current duration on wild-caught Atlantic herring Clupea harengus stunned with sinusoidal 50-Hz AC in seawater. The fish were exposed to electric field strengths ranging from 16 to 142 V/m and current durations from 1 to 12 s. We recorded the elapsed times between the point at which each fish became unconscious and the points

Initial phylogenetic comparisons based on a region of the DNA polymerase of seven herpes-like viruses found in sturgeons in North America and Europe indicated the presence of three distinct clades. A revised phylogenetic analysis of the same viruses, based on corrected DNA polymerase sequences and newly obtained sequence data from the putative ATP subunit of the terminase gene, indicate only two clades

The effect of reduced feed ration on infestation levels with the sea louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis and gene expression in juvenile pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha was tested in three laboratory trials. Body weight was significantly lower among fish on the reduced ration for 27, 34, or 65 d than fish on the full ration. Neither the prevalence nor the abundance of L. salmonis differed between fish

Fluorescein has been used for rapid and sensitive detection of fish skin and corneal ulceration. Effective use of the fluorescein test requires knowledge of conditions that might cause misleading interpretations or otherwise interfere with test reliability. Examination of fish health and the clinical workup often require tricaine as one of the most commonly used anesthetics. However, tricaine may interfere

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of two molecular techniques, repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR) and repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR), as epidemiological tools with which to discriminate among genetically distinct strains within two bacterial fish pathogens, Pseudomonas anguilliseptica and Aeromonas salmonicida. A total of 30 A. salmonicida

No consistent explanation has been found for the variability in the thiaminase activity of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus despite the role of alewife thiaminase in large-scale salmonine mortality in the Laurentian Great Lakes. We conducted experiments to evaluate the effect of two stressors, reduced salt content in the water and food limitation, on alewife thiaminase activity. Alewives were subjected

This report details findings of an investigation into complaints by commercial fingerling producers of low-grade mortalities, poor reproductive success, emaciation, skin lesions, and severely arched backs among broodstock of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Gross lesions involved the jaw, fin bases, and vertebral column. Jaw and fin lesions consisted of small hemorrhagic ulcers and exudate-filled

Fertilized eggs collected from broodfish infected by Ovipleistophora ovariae were tested by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and found to be positive for the O. ovariae genome at 7.77 X 10(2) to 3.26 x 10(7) copies per microgram of host DNA. Fry hatched from these eggs contained from 1.37 X 10(2) to 9.89 X 10(6) copies of the O. ovariae genome per microgram of host DNA. Surface treatments

Enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), caused by the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri, is the most significant bacterial disease affecting channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Withholding feed during outbreaks of ESC is a widely accepted industry practice used to control losses from the disease. Scientific evidence concerning the validity of the practice is contradictory. Two studies were conducted to

We investigated the feasibility of enhancing the reproduction of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss and landlocked Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in lakes where the consumption of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus and other forage fishes containing thiaminase can cause them to become thiamine deficient and thereby reduce the survival of their fry. We evaluated feeding fingerling steelhead excess thiamine hydrochloride

Fish translocations are an important tool in fisheries management, yet translocating fish carries the risk of introducing unwanted pathogens. Although pathogen screening can be a useful tool for managing the risk associated with fish translocations, screening cannot eliminate this risk. This paper addresses these problems by demonstrating that two elements must be considered when designing efficient

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) has been found to cause disease in cultured salmon of the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Diagnosis of IHNV by virus isolation (VI) can take over 2 weeks. Recently, a rapid reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test on fish tissues has been used for diagnosis. Test performances of the VI and RT PCR assays were compared using