Pseudomonas alcaligenes infection is rare in aquaculture. In this study, we firstly reported on the characterization of P. alcaligenes from koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) in China. A Gram-negative bacterium was isolated from the diseased koi carp, and named KCP-516. Morphological and biochemical tests, as well as phylogenetic tree analyses derived from 16S rRNA, gyrA and gyrB genes sequencing all strongly

Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD), causes significant economic losses worldwide, particularly in farmed Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Over the last decade, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has revealed >30 clonal complexes (CCs) globally, comprised of >320 F. psychrophilum sequence types (STs). Despite the large number of CCs worldwide, CC-ST10

The goals of this study were to investigate the potential use of metomidate for one-step euthanasia of ornamental fish species representing commonly sold families in the ornamental fish trade and to determine a baseline euthanasia dose for most species tested. Metomidate hydrochloride, a rapid-acting, water-soluble, nonbarbiturate hypnotic related to etomidate, was tested at various concentrations

In this case study, phage therapy was applied to treat a multidrug-resistant case of septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease (SCUD) caused by Citrobacter freundii in a loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta. Phages were applied topically, intravenously, into the carapace, and into the exhibit water using various phage cocktails specific to the causative agent over an 8-month period. This was performed

Neobenedenia girellae is a pathogenic ectoparasite of many marine fishes, and it causes major epidemics in marine aquaculture. In this study, the efficacy of ethanol extracts of huangqi Astragalus membranaceus (known as milkvetch in North America), guanzhong Dryopteris setosa (known as beaded wood fern in North America), gancao Glycyrrhiza uralensis (known as Chinese licorice in North America), danshen

In August of 2018, a series of large fish kills occurred on the Mississippi River in North Louisiana involving only silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Clinical signs observed in moribund animals included: erratic swimming behavior, such as spiraling and spinning at the surface. A moribund specimen was captured by dip net near the surface at Lake Providence Landing in East Carroll Parish in North

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a virulent disease that disrupts shrimp farm operations throughout the world. While the United States has had only limited outbreaks of WSSV within the past several decades, it is important to ensure that this disease does not infect wild penaeid shrimp populations. In Texas, there is a potential for WSSV to spread to wild penaeid populations in the Gulf of Mexico

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are well-known as powerful regulators of gene expression, with their potential to serve for immunology widely researched in mammals and birds but rarely in fish. To better understand the immunology behavior of fish, we herein investigated 9 immune related miRNAs that were well reported in other animals, as well as 5 related cytokine factors and the Lysozyme (LZM) in the liver, anterior

Tilapia culture is a very promising industry within the aquaculture sector. However, disease outbreaks have continued to threaten the industry, causing serious economic losses among the producers. Streptococcosis has become the major bacterial disease affecting tilapia production in most regions of the world. To combat the disease and minimize its economic impact on fish producers, numerous preventive

Among the bacterial infections that impair the health status of marine mammals, those caused by Brucella spp. are the most reported worldwide. Brucella infections in marine mammals can result in acute or chronic disease and are associated with variable clinical outcomes, depending on the organ involved during the infectious process, infection route, host immunity, and strain pathogenicity. Asymptomatic

One of the major goals in aquaculture is to protect fish against infectious diseases as disease outbreaks could lead to economic losses if not controlled. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), a class of highly conserved peptides known to possess direct antimicrobial activities against invading pathogens, were evaluated for their ability to protect Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus and hybrid catfish (female

Reports of intussusception in sea turtles are generally linked to marine debris ingestion; therefore, only a few cases of the disease are associated with parasitic infestations. The objective of this study was to describe the necropsy findings of the first reported case of colocolic intussusception in a green sea turtle Chelonia mydas, associated with the helminth Octangium sp. A juvenile female green

Populations of the eastern hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis have been declining for decades, and emerging pathogens and pesticides are hypothesized to be contributing factors. However, few empirical studies have attempted to test the potential effects of these factors on hellbenders. We simultaneously exposed subadult hellbenders to environmentally relevant concentrations of either

In March 2017, a wild‐caught female common mudpuppy Necturus maculosus from Iowa, USA, with an enlarged posterior abdomen was submitted for diagnostic assessment. The cause of the abdominal distension was a large fluid‐filled abdominal mass, diagnosed as a nephroblastoma. Parasites and numerous bacteria were isolated and identified from the mudpuppy but were determined to be incidental. Samples of

Serological assays were conducted for anti‐viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) antibodies in four species of fish in Wisconsin (Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, Brown Trout Salmo trutta, Northern Pike Esox lucius, and Walleye Sander vitreus) to examine spatial and temporal distributions of exposure. Sera were tested for non‐neutralizing anti‐nucleocapsid antibodies to VHSV by blocking enzyme‐linked

Despite the utility of blood analyte evaluation as a diagnostic tool to assist in monitoring the health of marine fishes, baseline data are often lacking for many commercially important finfish species. The objective of this study was to compare hematology and plasma chemistry data for adult wild-caught Almaco Jack Seriola rivoliana at time of capture and again following a period of acclimation to

In recent years, n-butanol, a type of alcohol, has been widely used from the chemical industry to the food industry. In this study, toxic effects of n-butanol's different concentrations (10, 50, 250, 500, 750, 1,000, and 1,250 mg/L) in Zebrafish Danio rerio embryos and larvae were investigated. For this purpose, Zebrafish embryos were exposed to n-butanol in acute semistatic applications. Teratogenic

Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha is a keystone fish species in the Pacific Northwest. In 2019, unusual mortalities occurred in two different populations of cultured fingerlings from the same facility in California, USA. The systems consist of outdoor, enclosed, flow-through freshwater tanks that are maintained at 18 ± 1°C. Clinical signs and gross findings were only observed in one population

Recent range expansions of whirling disease impelled us to understand the impacts of its causative agent, the myxozoan parasite Myxobolus cerebralis, on lesser-studied fish hosts. Mountain Whitefish Prosopium williamsoni overlap broadly with M. cerebralis across the western United States and Canada, and populations have experienced widespread declines since the 1990s. To evaluate effects of the parasite

Reference intervals of blood analytes are important diagnostic tools that clinicians use as a basis for making clinical decisions and that have been documented for many fish species. Although the effects of dietary supplementation on hematology and blood biochemistry variables in clownfish have been shown, there are no published reference intervals to date for routine hematology and blood biochemistry

Russian or Danube sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) are an important, critically endangered roe-producing species. Despite a wealth of knowledge pertaining to other members of Acipenseridae there is very limited published information regarding baseline blood analytes in Russian sturgeon. The objectives of this study were 1) to establish reference intervals for a suite of hematological and biochemical

Heterosporis sutherlandae is an invasive microsporidian parasite in the Great Lakes region of North America that infects the skeletal muscle of numerous fish species, rendering the filet unfit for human consumption. Although H. sutherlandae has been identified as a pathogen of concern by state management agencies, there is little information to inform regulation and intervention. We sampled fishes

The Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) can be found along the Brazilian northern and northeastern coasts. Previous studies on the clinical biochemistry of these animals were conducted in North America and the Caribbean, whereas little is known regarding these parameters in South American manatee populations. Accordingly, the objective of the present study was to examine the hematology and

Despite reports that sharks have an exceptional capacity to heal from traumatic injuries, no detailed microscopic observations of integumental wounds have been reported for sharks. This study details the histopathological features of such wounds in a free-ranging shark. An adult male blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus was collected in 2017 during fisheries-independent sampling efforts in the coastal

Myostatin (MSTN) and myogenic differentiation antigen (MyoD) play an essential role in specification and differentiation of skeletal muscle. However, the role of stress in the regulation of MyoD and MSTN has not been fully revealed and more evidence should be provided. Here, we reported the cloning and expressional analyses of MSTN and MyoD in Large-scale Loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus (hereafter PdMSTN

Clarias gariepinus juvenile, mean (± SD) total length and weight, 24.40 ± 0.91 cm and 70.78 ± 2.90 g respectively were exposed to 2.26, 4.52, and 11.30 mg/L NPK (15-15-15) fertilizer for 21 days followed by 7- days recovery to assess its genotoxic effects in the blood erythrocytes. Biomarkers of oxidative stress were evaluated in the liver and gill tissues. NPK fertilizer induced micronuclei formation

Abstract Vaccine efficacy in preventing clinical disease has been well characterized. However, vaccine impacts on transmission under diverse field conditions, such as variable pathogen exposure dosages, are not fully understood. We evaluated the impacts of vaccination on disease‐induced host mortality and shedding of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Streptococcus iniae is a zoonotic pathogen and one of the major aetiologic agents of streptococcosis. In White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus, S. iniae infection typically presents as a necrotizing and heterophilic myositis, causing 30-50% mortality in infected fish. To gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of streptococcosis in White Sturgeon, and to identify the experimental route of

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementation of yeast autolysate (YA) in practical diet on growth performance, immunity and disease resistance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic practical diets were formulated. The relatively high fish meal control diet contained 25% of fish meal without YA supplementation (E1). The other

Monogeneans are parasitic flatworms that may be a threat for finfish aquaculture. In this study, the anthelminthic activity of two terpenes, geraniol and β-citronellol, was tested in vitro against ancyrocephalin and diplectanid monogeneans. Experiments were performed in both water and a culture medium. We observed that monogeneans in culture medium may be more tolerant to treatments compared with bioassays

Bacterial kidney disease (BKD), caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum (RS) is a chronic, often fatal disease of salmonid species, and can be particularly harmful to hatchery reared Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Considerable research has focused on prevention of vertical and horizontal transmission; however, comparatively little research has investigated factors that increase prevalence

Withering syndrome (WS) is a chronic bacterial disease that affects numerous northeastern Pacific abalone Haliotis spp. The causative agent of WS is an obligate intracellular Rickettsiales-like bacterium (WS-RLO) that remains unculturable, thereby limiting our understanding of WS disease dynamics. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the temporal stability of WS-RLO DNA outside of its

The production of tilapia Oreochromis spp. is rapidly growing throughout the world, but atypical motile aeromonad septicemia (MAS) is a current threat to the tilapia farming industry. The etiological agent of this disease is usually Aeromonas hydrophila. Mortality rates due to MAS are frequently high, resulting in a devastating negative impact on this industry worldwide; therefore, proper control measures

Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss are a salmonid fish maintained in aquaculture facilities and used as a source of protein around the world. Veterinarians need accurate, efficient tools and straightforward assessments to evaluate the health status of fish, like the Rainbow Trout, that are cultivated on farms. In this study, two genetically distinct broodstock lines of rainbow trout originally obtained

Serum protein electrophoresis (EPH) is used to assess relative concentrations of blood proteins in clinical and biological studies. Serum EPH fractions have been determined for elasmobranchs using mammalian albumin, alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta-, and gamma-globulin fractions, and have been deemed Fractions 1 through 5 respectively. However, serum EPH fraction concentration reference intervals (RI) have

During recent decades, survey studies have documented the widespread presence of oocytes in the testes of male Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu collected from surface waters throughout the United States. There are few published reports of testicular oocytes (TO) in Smallmouth Bass before the 1990s, so it is difficult to know how long this has been occurring. Consequently, this study was conducted

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3, also known as koi herpesvirus (KHV), is an important pathogen in common and koi carp Cyprinus carpio, varieties. Two main genotypes of KHV have been reported worldwide that are associated with Asian and European origins. In the USA, outbreaks of KHV diseases have been reported in different states since the early 1990s; however, the diversity of KHV is unknown. In the current

Erysipelothrix piscisicarius is an emergent pathogen in fish aquaculture, particularly in the ornamental fish trade. Very little is known on the biology of this pathogen; however, the recurrence of infection and disease outbreaks after removing the fish from a system and disinfecting the tank suggest its environmental persistence. Moreover, biofilm lifestyle in E. piscisicarius has been suspected but

The genetic diversity of Vibrio anguillarum pJM1-like plasmids was investigated. Plasmids were isolated from 18 V. anguillarum serovar O1 strains collected from different geographic locations and fish species. The plasmids were sequenced and compared with the complete sequence of the published virulence plasmid pJM1. All 18 strains contained pJM1-like plasmids with approximately 65 kbp and all plasmids

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is an ongoing cause of disease and mortality in freshwater fishes across the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States. Antibody detection assays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are nonlethal serological methods that can have significantly shorter turnaround times than the current validated viral detection diagnostic methodology for

A viromics study on the intestinal contents of migratory wild ducks of the genera Anas, Mareca, Spatula, and Oxyura during their winter stay in Mexico showed the presence of the virus family Alloherpesviridae. The genus Cyprinivirus is part of this family and includes cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV3). This is the etiological agent of the lethal disease known as koi herpesvirosis, which affects different

Parasites can compromise the health and fitness of individual fish, and it is important to generate baseline information that can then be used to document changes in the abundance and distribution of potentially pathogenic parasites. The ectoparasitic copepod Salmincola edwardsii was assessed with respect to prevalence (percentage of infected fish per site), infection intensity (number of parasites

Carbendazim (CBZ) is a widely used systemic broad spectrum benzimidazole fungicide. It is used worldwide against fungal diseases on wide range of agricultural products and in domestic gardens. The activities of brain oxidative stress biomarkers and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in juvenile Clarias gariepinus exposed to CBZ were investigated. Juveniles of Clarias gariepinus were exposed to sublethal concentrations

The order Saprolegniales (Class Oomycota) is a group of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms that have been associated with infections in fish and fish eggs. Infections with microorganisms from this order are clearly evident because they have a cotton wool-like appearance. The aim of this study was to characterize and identify an oomycete that was isolated from the eye of an Orange Blotched Peacock

The aim of the present study was to characterize two gram-negative bacterial strains that were isolated from diseased Atlantic Horse Mackerel Trachurus trachurus in 2017. Based on the results obtained from the biochemical and chemotaxonomic characterization, the isolates were identified as Lacinutrix spp. The highest similarity of the 16S rRNA gene sequences was obtained with the strain L. venerupis

This study aimed to observe levels of Vibrionaceae, Staphylococcaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae in seawater from juvenile green turtle rearing tanks and in the incoming coastal seawater as the water supply. Bacterial load in water samples were compared from incoming coastal seawater and two different rearing conditions; animal rearing in cement tanks at low stocking density and in fiberglass tanks at

An outbreak of suspected iridovirus disease in cultured hybrid grouper (E. fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂) occurred in Guangxi Province in July, 2018. In this study, grouper iridovirus Guangxi (SGIV-Gx) was isolated from diseased hybrid grouper collected from Guangxi. Cytopathic effects were observed and identified in grouper spleen cells incubated with diseased tissue homogenates after 24 h, and

Macrophage aggregates (MAs) are focal accumulations of pigmented macrophages in the spleen and other tissues of fish. A central role of MAs is the clearance and destruction of degenerating cells and recycling of some cellular components. Macrophage aggregates also respond to chemical contaminants and infectious agents and may play a role in the adaptive immune response. Tissue damage or physiological

Ingestion of infected prey is the most recognizable mode of transmission for Ichthyophonus, but because this mode of transmission is unidirectional, from small prey to larger predators, it cannot sustain the parasite within or among populations, nor does it explain transmission to planktivores. Recently, water-born transmission was demonstrated in cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, which could

Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) is a new emerging bacterial disease that has been recently reported to cause mass mortalities in Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Antibiotics have been used to treat bacterial diseases in shrimp but most of them have been ineffective and have resulted in drug residues in the harvested shrimp products. In this study, an alternative approach

This study describes antibiotic use by small-scale freshwater aquaculture farmers in the upper Mekong Delta in southwestern Vietnam and their knowledge and practices towards disease cause and prevention. Forty-five farmers were included, of which 19 (42%) cultivated tilapia (Oreochromis sp.), 13 (29%) striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and 13 (29%) freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)

Molecular tools such as high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (HT-qPCR) are useful for monitoring multiple infectious agents in wild animal populations (i.e., broad-based screening). If destructive tissue samples cannot be obtained due to experimental design requirements (e.g., bio-telemetry; holding with repeated biopsy) or the conservation status of host species, non-lethally sampled

The study evaluated the potential of three essential oils (EOs) obtained from coriander (Coriandrum sativum; CEO), linaloe tree (Bursera delpechiana; BEO) and lavender (Lavandula hybrida; LEO), as anesthetic agents. Convict cichlid (Amatitlania nigrofasciata, Günther, 1867) were exposed to eight concentrations of anesthetic (50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300 µl L-1 ). After exposure to the anesthetic

Commercially available culture media and supplements were tested for their potential to produce primary cell cultures from tissues of Indian mud crabs Scylla serrata. Eight commercially available culture media from Sigma-Aldrich (Leibovitz's L-15, Medium 199, Grace's Insect Medium, Minimal Essential Medium, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, TC-100 Insect Medium, IPL-41 Insect Medium, and Roswell Park

Flavobacterium psychrophilum produces biofilms under laboratory conditions, and it has been inconclusively suggested that F. psychrophilum biofilms can be a potential reservoir for transmission of the pathogen to a fish population under fish farming conditions. Therefore, there is a need for anti-biofilm compounds. The main aim of this study was to determine the anti-biofilm properties of certain compounds

An analysis of daily water samples collected from an index site on Big Soos Creek, Washington indicated intra-annual differences in the concentrations of waterborne Nanophyetus salmincola. Waterborne concentrations, quantified as gene copies/L, peaked during the fall (October-November 2016), decreased to very low concentrations over the winter (January-March 2017), and then increased in the spring

Coelomic fluid sampling is a noninvasive technique that is used to access the body fluid of sea stars for diagnostics and research. Given recent mortality events including sea star wasting disease, which has killed millions of sea stars along the Pacific coast since 2013, there is a need for validated diagnostic tests to evaluate sea star health. The objectives of this study were to establish coelomic

Henneguya ictaluri is the etiologic agent of proliferative gill disease (PGD) in farm-raised Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus and hybrid catfish in the southeastern United States, and significant annual losses are attributed to this disease. Research suggests that H. ictaluri infection dynamics in Blue Catfish I. furcatus and hybrid catfish (Channel Catfish × Blue Catfish) differ from those in Channel

Fibropapillomatosis of sea turtles is traditionally treated with surgical debulking techniques that are often associated with prolonged healing and tumor recurrence. Electrochemotherapy was recently described for green turtles Chelonia mydas and can be an alternative to surgery and even general anesthesia. The objectives of this study were to replicate an electrochemotherapy protocol from a previous