The ongoing global spread of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) poses an endemic threat to tomato production in all tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. In Oman, TYLCV evolved into the new species Tomato leaf curl Oman virus (ToLCOMV) by recombination with Papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV). In March 2017, during a field survey of Sindh province of Pakistan, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum

The distribution and frequency of potato leaf roll virus in the four most important potato growing regions in Serbia were studied during the seven years (2012–18). One hundred randomly collected potato tubers were sampled from each seed lot. The young leaves that developed in three weeks were sampled and tested to record infection rate. The presence of potato leaf roll virus was detected by double-antibody

The fig rust (Cerotelium fici) is the upmost important disease in fig but there are few studies on the effect of temperature and wetness period on the pathogen and on the disease. To improve the epidemiological knowledge of this pathosystem the germination of urediniospores and monocycle components were studied: incubation period (IP), latent period (LP) and number of pustules/leaf area, comparing

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02222-x

Beetroot plants cv. Boro exhibiting multiple root galls similar to those symptoms associated with root-knot nematodes (RKNs) were detected in the municipality of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The nematode identification was based on an integrative taxonomy. Perineal patterns of females were similar to Meloidogyne arenaria and M. incognita whereas isoenzymatic phenotypes α-esterase A3

Knowledge of the ecological survival niches of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff), the causal agent of bean bacterial wilt, is essential for the efficient disease management. Our study evaluated the survival of Cff in the phyllospheres and rhizospheres of barley, black oat, canola, common bean, forage turnip, maize, pearl millet, ryegrass, sorghum, soybean, sunflower, velvet bean

Resistance of anthurium cultivars to infection by Acidovorax anthurii, the causal agent of bacterial leaf spot disease was investigated using seven inoculation methods, four inoculum concentrations and two different plant ages towards developing a screening method for identification of disease resistance. Injection of 1 mL of 1.5 × 109 CFU mL−1 three-quarter way down the intact petiole from the intact

Leaf blotch diseases (LBD), such as Septoria nodorum bloch (Parastagnospora nodorum), Septoria tritici blotch (Zymoseptoria tritici) and Tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) can cause severe yield losses (up to 50%) in Norwegian spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) and are mainly controlled by fungicide applications. A forecasting model to predict disease risk can be an important tool to optimize disease

Phytophthora sojae can cause soybean phytophthora blight, and greatly reduce soybean production. It is helpful to understand the pathogenic mechanism of P. sojae to prevent soybean phytophthora blight and ensures food security. Glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) disintegrate plant cell walls for nutrition and invasion, and they may act as an important virulence factor during P. sojae infection. To reveal the

The results of the studies carried out over the last 50 years have not provided a clear answer to questions concerning the interaction between Clavibacter sepedonicus (Cs), potato and the environment. The reason is insufficient knowledge of the biology of the causal agent of ring rot, problems of research methodology and the influence of many environmental and biotic factors on the degree of plant

Endophytic fungal hitch-hikers have been difficult to detect in the past, and have potentially spread these latent pathogens via the global plant trade. The African genera Protea, Leucospermum and Leucadendron, commercially referred to as proteas, form the basis of a global flower production industry. The largest producers of proteas are Australia and South Africa, followed by Portugal and Spain. In

Verticillium wilt is a vascular disease caused by Verticillium dahliae, which has a serious impact on the yield and quality of eggplant. MiRNAs regulates plant growth, development, environmental adaptation and other life activities by controlling the expression of target genes. Although miRNAs have been systematically studied by high-throughput sequencing in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), their target

Brown spot is the most important disease for the culture of cactus prickly pear (Nopalea cochenillifera (L) Salm-Dyck; Cactaceae family), and in many countries, Alternaria spp. are commonly associated with the disease. In Brazil, only three species of Alternaria are associated with brown spot: A. alternata, A. tenuissima, and A. longipes. However, other Alternaria spp. may be involved in the etiology

Copper sprays are the most important measure for control of citrus canker. Mechanical wounds caused by cultural practices are entry points for the causal bacterium, Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, and exacerbate the disease. It is not known whether additional applications would protect mechanical wounds from infection by X. citri. This study aimed to assess the predisposition of mechanical wounds to

The transmission characteristics of members of the genus Allexivirus to leek (Allium porrum L.) by its eriophyid mite vector, Aceria tulipae (Keifer), were studied. Prior to conducting transmission tests, colonies of nonviruliferous A. tulipae were established on healthy leek seedlings. A single A. tulipae transmitted the viruses with up to 50% efficiency but transmission efficiency increased when

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02272-1

During a field survey in Tamil Nadu (2014–16), chilli plants showing chlorotic and necrotic ring spots and necrotic streaks on leaves and stems were observed. Disease incidence ranged between 5 and 50% among five surveyed districts. RT-PCR assay using species specific primers detected 25% of samples infected with Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) and 50% of samples infected with groundnut bud necrosis

The recent introduction of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and spread of the resulting maize lethal necrosis disease (MLN) in East Africa presents a threat to maize production in all Southern African countries. As MLND is the result of the synergistic action of MCMV and various cereal-infecting potyviruses, the existing virus status of maize in KwaZulu-Natal, a province of South Africa bordering

Leaf mold caused by the fungus Cladosporium fulvum (syn. Passalora fulva) has been a serious disease in greenhouse tomatoes in Cuba, but less damage is seen in outdoor grown plants. This study was conducted to identify races of the causal agent of tomato leaf mold. A total of 36 single conidial isolates obtained from different provinces in Cuba and the reference strain race 0 were inoculated on a differential

The aim of the study was to test in vitro and in vivo the efficacy of triazoles and biocontrol agents (BCAs) against Fusarium proliferatum and F. oxysporum, the former signaled as the main causal agent of garlic dry rot and the latter also involved. In vitro trials were organized using potato dextrose agar with added chemicals or BCAs inoculated with selected F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum. Garlic

Plum pox virus (PPV) was detected in Argentina for the first time in 2004. After eradication of the initial outbreaks, establishment of quarantine areas and strict control of nursery stock plants, no evidence of disease spread was recorded. During spring 2018, symptoms, consisting of chlorotic rings, were observed on leaves of an ornamental plant of the Rosaceae family “Bridal Crown” (Spiraea sp.)

Fusarium verticillioides laboratory isolates resistant to carbendazim were readily obtained after mutagenesis with UV-irradiation. Three resistant phenotypes that included highly (HR, Resistant factors>30), moderately (MR, Rf: 14–25) and low (LR, Rf: 2–5) resistant isolates to carbendazim were identified by fungitoxicity tests in vitro. Mutant isolates were simultaneously resistant to thiabendazole

Foot rot caused by Phytophthora is one of the major diseases of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). Accurate and timely diagnosis of the disease is crucial for its successful management. Although PCR and qPCR assays are used for detection, the cost and time required to perform these assays are high. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay has the advantage of minimal assay time and it is performed

In 2008, a fungal pathogen causing severe necrotic leaf and stem lesions on Euphorbia paralias (commonly referred to as sea spurge) was collected in France. The fungus has recently been described as Venturia paralias and offers potential for the classical biological control of sea spurge in Australia, where the plant is invasive in dune and foredune ecosystems. To explore the host range of V. paralias

Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli (Lxx) is a pathogenic bacterium that causes Ratoon Stunting Disease (RSD) in the sugarcane crop. Disease symptoms caused by Lxx have been associated with hormonal imbalance, which may be intensified when plants are under water deficit conditions. However, up to date there are no studies showing that Lxx colonization decreases water status in sugarcane. The objective of this

We determined the species composition of 219 isolates of potato blackleg or soft rot pathogens in Japan collected after 2000 from potato plants by species-specific PCR. Of the total, Pectobacterium wasabiae (Pw) and P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense (Pcb) comprised 88% (Pw: 94 isolates, Pcb: 98 isolates) of the isolates and Dickeya dianthicola (Ddi) 12% (27 isolates). P. atrosepticum (Pa) was not detected

Epicoccum species are ubiquitous ascomycetes. Several species are known to cause plant diseases and some species act as biological control agents against a range of plant pathogens. Accurate identification of Epicoccum species is paramount to a successful disease management program and successful development of biological control products. There are 18 Epicoccum species that are associated with diseases

The downy mildew pathogen Pseudoperonospora humuli is a major disease of cultivated and wild hop (Humulus lupulus) in many hop-growing areas of the world. Despite its frequent occurence and economic impact, so far very little is known with respect to its population structure, which would be a prerequisite for understanding population dynamics and for successful resistance breeding efforts. We collected

In phytopathogenic fungi, the Hog1 MAPK pathway plays roles in osmoregulation, oxidation responses, fungicide sensitivity, among others. However, how fungi depend on the HOG MAPK pathway to regulate their functions is poorly understood. To further elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the HOG MAPK pathway, a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system was adopted to screen interacting proteins of two key components

In Brazil, Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) control in soybean depends primarily on application of the fungicides carbendazim, fluazinam, and procymidone. While these fungicides can provide effective control of the disease, their protection period, which is crucial for timing their optimal application, is poorly understood. In the present study, the protection period of carbendazim, fluazinam and procymidone

Badnaviruses are plant pararetroviruses that infect economically important crops worldwide, and several badnaviral species have been reported causing significant economic losses in cacao plantations in West Africa. Based on the available full-length genome sequences of cacao swollen shoot disease (CSSD)-associated badnaviruses (n = 66), four primer pairs (CSSD1-CSSD4) were designed to amplify a fragment

Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree) is well known as the tree of life for its by-products such as wood and latex. The introduction of super clones with high yield potential such as RRIM 3001 is among the efforts to improve latex and timber yields. However, the RRIM 3001 super clone is prone to a disease known as trunk bulges. The appearing of bulging on the tapping panel causes difficulties during the

Two populations of Xiphinema persicum n. sp. belonging to the X. americanum-group, were recovered from Semnan province, and described and illustrated based upon morphological, morphometric and molecular data. The type population of the new species is characterized by 2233–2736 μm long females, offset lip region, anteriorly flat to slightly rounded and separated from the rest body by constriction, 82–87 μm

The current research aims to evaluate the susceptibility of the tomato of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivars 65,015 (CV1), Basma (CV2), Dalia (CV3), 320 (CV4), and 844 (CV5) to early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani, A. alternata, and Curvularia lunata under greenhouse conditions. All five cultivars were inoculated with the tested pathogenic fungi. The results showed that CV1 was

Citrus melanose is an important disease that seriously damages citrus production. It is caused by Diaporthe species, which are known as important pathogens, endophytes or saprobes with broad host ranges. Over 170 species of Diaporthe were reported around the world and the complexity of species structures makes it hard to be identified. Phylogenetic analysis based on translation elongation factor 1-ɑ

Apple blotch (Marssonina coronaria) is a foliar disease of increasing importance globally. Methods to quantify the disease and knowledge about epidemiology are required for new studies on the disease. The objectives of this study were to develop a standard area diagram set (SADs) to assess apple blotch severity and to describe the temporal progress of the disease under field conditions on older and

Five populations of a new dagger nematode species were recovered from natural grasslands and forests of north and northwest Iran, and described based upon morphological and molecular data in present paper. Xiphinema hyrcaniense n. sp. is characterized by 3.9–5.5 mm long females, having 102–142 μm long odontostyle, 64–88 μm long odontophore, guiding ring located at 115–147 μm distance from anterior

Cytokinin (CTK)-mediated pathways play essential roles in plant stress responses. How CTK receptors affect plant resistance to viral pathogens remains unclear. Tobacco mosaic virus [recombinant TMV encoding green fluorescent protein (TMV-GFP)] was used to investigate the role of Nicotiana tabacum CRE1 (CTK receptor 1) in modulating virus susceptibility in N. tabacum. CRE1 deficiency enhanced the susceptibility

Our study aimed to assess the structure and distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] in the south of Brazil. High taxonomical diversity was found, with records of 10 genera of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), including important pests, such as Meloidogyne (mostly M. javanica with small esterase variability), Pratylenchus (mostly P. brachyurus) and Helicotylenchus

Xanthomonas wilt of banana (XW) is a major disease affecting banana throughout East and Central Africa (ECA). Initial control was through complete diseased mat uprooting (CDMU), which had limited adoption due to high labour demands and cost. Further research demonstrated single diseased stem removal (SDSR) was an effective, less labour intensive and less costly alternative to CDMU. A comparative assessment

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) causes Fusarium wilt in banana (Musa AAA). Foc Race 1 devastated the subgroup Gros Michel during the first half of the twentieth century. The Gros Michel was largely replaced by the resistant subgroup Cavendish in the 1950s. However, in the 1980s, Foc Tropical Race 4 started to spread affecting Cavendish bananas. No proper control measures have been found to

The suppressive effects of soil bio-solarization, which is a new method of soil disinfestation that combines soil bio-fumigation with soil solarization, against the sclerotial viability of Stromatinia cepivora and the subsequent control of white rot disease of onion and garlic were evaluated. Soil was bio-fumigated with fresh amendments of cow manure, chicken manure, horse manure, cruciferous plant

Specific mechanisms contributing to the antifungal activity of α-thujone, one of the main compounds of essential oils in herbs, against Fusarium graminearum, which causes various diseases of cereals, were studied for the first time. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of α-thujone was 3.2 μg μL−1 for F. graminearum. Its toxigenic effect was confirmed by WST-1-based cytotoxicity assay. Due

A panel of 48 of Italian rice varieties recently released and mostly included in the Common Catalogue of Agricultural Species was evaluated for susceptibility to panicle blast disease (Magnaporthe oryzae B. Couch) in open field conditions. Trials were performed under highly favourable conditions for the pathogen, and visual assessments focused on the severity and incidence of panicle blast symptoms

In this study we investigated the secA gene as possible marker to supplement the classification scheme based on 16S rRNA sequences. We cloned and sequenced secA gene and its flanking region of ‘Ca. P. asteris’ CPh strain phytoplasma, as well as 1997 bp length secA gene fragment of Canada peach X-disease CX and 1327 bp fragment of ‘Ca. P. ziziphi’ JWB. This helped us to select a primer pair for a single

Fusarium verticillioides is a soil-borne plant pathogen of maize plants (Zea mays L.) responsible for major yield losses by causing root, stalk, and ear rot and quality losses due to mycotoxin accumulation on grains. Recently, biological control practices have proven to be effective in controlling plant pathogens and the selection of distinct biocontrol agents with new competitive abilities is essential

Plant antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as a part of plant defense responses, are small soluble defense molecules which can inhibit the growth of pathogens. This study evaluates the effect of an antimicrobial peptide obtained from Allium sativum (AsR416) on Rhizoctonia solani (AG1-IA) the causal agent of rice sheath blight, in vitro and in vivo conditions. Firstly, the obtained results revealed that AsR416

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02244-5

There are few studies of cucumber roots at the seedling stage infected by Pseudomonas amygdali pv. lachrymans (Pal). We used growth chamber assays to determine the infection of cucumber seedling roots by Pal following artificial substrate inoculation. Symptoms on cucumber roots, leaves, and stems were observed over time. We used real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) to obtain accurate numbers

Bacterial wilt triggered by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the major devastating diseases causing significant yield reduction in eggplant. F1 hybrids (18 CARI-1 based F1 hybrids and 12 publicly available hybrids/varieties) were evaluated for bacterial wilt resistance, yield, and yield attributing traits. CARI-1 based F1 hybrids showed superiority in yields, however showed a varied level of resistance

Trichoderma aggressivum, a mycopathogen causing green mould disease, is a major problem in Agaricus bisporus cultivation due to crop loss, and resistance to chemical fungicides. There is an urgent need for novel biological ways to control mycopathogens without affecting the growth of A. bisporus. Bacteria from the mushroom-casing environment were identified and tested for antagonistic effect on T.

The cultivars of most Brazilian Arabica coffee plantations are susceptible to root knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp. By planting resistant rootstocks of the species Coffea canephora, a successful strategy in some producing regions, coffee can be cultivated in RKN-infested areas. However, the only currently available rootstock cultivar in Brazil has a segregation rate close to 20% for susceptibility

Maize rough dwarf disease (MRDD) is one of the most important viral diseases around the world. Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) and maize rough dwarf virus (MRDV) cause MRDD in East Asia and Mediterranean regions, respectively. RBSDV and MRDV are similar in many features such as host range, disease symptoms, vector, and serological relationships, which make it hard to differentiate them based

Pathogens are generally expected to evolve faster than their hosts and are therefore likely to be locally adapted. However, some pathogens might lag behind in the co-evolutionary arms race because they do not have some of the advantages shared by most other pathogens (e.g., high mutation or recombination rates, short generation time, high dispersal ability). This is the case of Microbotryum fungi that

Anthracnose is a severe disease of common bean that, under favorable conditions, can cause a 100% yield loss. For effective resistance breeding, the virulence and genetic variability of the causal pathogen, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, must be understood and the emergence of new races monitored to ensure the development of broad-spectrum, durable resistance. In the present study, 28 isolates of C

Temple trees, including the gymnosperm Platycladus orientalis and the angiosperm Styphnolobium japonicum, have been planted in China for thousands of years. Tree age thus varies widely from young to ancient trees. Foliar endophytes of P. orientalis and S. japonicum were surveyed in this exploratory study that was based on isolation into culture and sequencing of fungi from trees varying in age from

A four-year survey (2012–2015) was carried out to examine the genetic diversity of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) isolates infecting tomato, as well as the presence and diversity of their satellite RNAs (satRNAs), collecting a total of 226 samples throughout the most important growing regions in Serbia. Besides CMV-like symptoms, the collected samples also exhibited more severe symptoms, such as systemic

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the possible nematicidal effect of the four terpenes, carvacrol, geraniol, eugenol and thymol, against the stem and bulb nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn, 1857) Filipjev, Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 3, 80–82, 1936, isolated from infested garlic cloves. In in vitro tests the observed nematicidal activity of terpenes

Seedlings of 431 accessions representing six and five Armenian natural populations of the wild Lactuca georgica and L. altaica, respectively, and 32, 23, and 20 populations of L. saligna, L. serriola, and L. aculeata, respectively (mostly Israeli natural populations), were screened at seedling stage for resistance to six highly virulent races of Bremia lactucae - the causal of lettuce downy mildew

Fruit rot diseases are the serious problem in durian production for domestic consumption and export. Fungicides are commonly applied to reduce postharvest loss caused by postharvest diseases. The objective of this research was to study the efficacy of fungicides for controlling durian fruit rot diseases. Diseased durian cv. ‘Monthong’ were collected from three orchards from Tha Mai district, Chanthaburi