Rice is a major kharif cereal crop cultivated in Punjab. Over the past five decades the rice yield has increased from as low as 1800 kg/ha during 1970–4815 kg/ha during 2017, i.e., an overall increase of 167.5% or increase @ 3.5% per year. One of the major reasons for this increase has been the introduction of improved and high-yielding varieties (PR 106, PR 111, PR 116, PR 118, PR 121, PR 122, PR

The Mekong Delta produces 55% of Vietnam’s rice (Oryza sativa L.) through double or triple cropping each year. It accounts for a large proportion of Vietnam’s anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions. Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is a paddy water management practice recognized as a promising CH4 mitigation option and may increase rice yield. However, AWD may also increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions

The dependencies of the planting date on rainfall and soil moisture in paddy fields in Cambodia were analyzed to quantify farmers’ empirical knowledge regarding their decision of the planting date. Remote sensing data from multiple satellites covering the 2003–2019 period were analyzed. The planting dates in rain-fed paddies ranged from April to August, with large spatial variations and year-to-year

The process of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission processes is substantially affected by soil factors. Here, an intensive experiment was conducted to observe the effects of pore structure and water management on agricultural soil GHG emissions, total soil carbon, and nitrogen. Masa and paddy soils were prepared with/without macropores and with/without compost application. The Masa soil was exposed to u

The need of providing a farmer friendly and cost-effective option for the paddy straw management is a major challenge. The present study investigated the performance of happy seeder technology for in situ paddy straw management under different mechanical field treatment T2 (harvesting and straw management in two operations) and T3 (harvesting and straw management in one operation) alongwith the yield

Climate change is expected to exacerbate damage to agricultural production from natural disasters. Examination of measures to adapt to the damage represents an urgent matter for agriculture. A multidisciplinary research project aimed at providing effective information related to development a weather index insurance (WII) system was conducted for rice farmers in a coastal region of Myanmar to achieve

Climate change is an underlying cause of many extreme events such as enormous cyclones and erratic torrential rains. These phenomena threaten farmers in coastal regions of Myanmar. Self-insurance through means such as crop diversification is insufficient for sustainable farm management. Weather index insurance (WII) is receiving much attention because of its low management costs. An optimum WII contract

Existing agro-hydrological models to explore the effects of paddy management practices on hydrology and water quality suffer from multiple shortcomings because they were developed using upland characteristics. The Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX)-Paddy model was recently developed to improve the agro-hydrological characteristics of paddy ecosystems. This study explores the hydrology

Drainage is a profitable water management operation in waterlogged soils, particularly in hot, arid environments where waterlogging is caused by irrigation and salts may build up when water evaporates from the soil surface. While drainage can reduce the buildup of salts, it may cause unwanted depletion of plant nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) from the soils. In this study, soil phosphorus (P),

Slag-based gypsum (SBG) is a synthesized product of steel industry. SBG has better plant nutritional value in terms of sulphur (S), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), silicon (Si) and traces of other micro-nutrients. Field experiments were conducted with randomized complete block design (RCBD) to evaluate the effect of SBG over commercial gypsum (CG) on nutrient availability, uptake and yield

In the last 40 years, the rice-cropping system has considerably changed in the Ayeyarwady Delta. The large archive of satellite imagery provides a history of how land and water resource managements have changed in the face of growing populations, resource demand, and climate change. This study aimed to assess the decadal changes in the rice-cropping system in the Ayeyarwady Delta by using the large

Characterization of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes was investigated in tropical lowland flooded rice ecology using open path eddy covariance (EC) technique during dry season of 2009–2010. Select environmental variables like air and soil temperatures, soil moisture, net radiation, photosynthetically active radiation, vapour pressure deficit and soil heat flux were monitored throughout the season and correlated

Predicting adaptation and the response of agricultural water resources to climate change is a challenging. As changes in future climate will change agricultural environments, agricultural conservation practice (ACP) assessments are needed as a response strategy to reduce water pollution and preserve crop yield in agricultural watersheds. This study used coupled SWAT and APEX-Paddy models (SWAPX) to

Reclaimed land and coastal soils have characteristics of poor drainage and high salinity because they are adjacent to the ocean. As salty soil hinders growth of crops, it is necessary to improve drainage performance and desalinize the soil for efficient use of reclaimed land. Bottom ash and oyster shells are produced in significant amounts as by-products and wastes in Korea each year and, if left unattended

Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) for growing rice improves water productivity (WP), minimize methane emission and net ecosystem carbon balance (CO2), but might be responsible for increased nitrous oxide emissions. The combined effects of water management and different organic manure application on methane emission, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide fluxes, emission factor (EF) and WP are not well

The alternate wetting–drying (AWD) irrigation method in paddy improves water productivity over conventional (CON) irrigation practice. However, the seasonal consumptive water footprints (CWFs) in AWD practice have not been studied extensively for different transplanting dates. In this study, the effect of transplanting date on CWFs of paddy was studied using field experimental data and a crop model

Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) practice in rice cultivation can save a significant amount of irrigation water compared to conventional practice. This practice involves a soil moisture stress-based irrigation scheduling and possibly affects the nitrogen transport in the farm fields. In this study, non-weighing lysimeter plots were used to understand the nitrogen transformation, transport and balance

The rubber-based intercropping management system (RBIS) land management using chemical fertilizer and herbicides cause heavy metal accumulation in soil. Rice is a good heavy metal bioindicator to monitor soil quality and often integrated with RBIS while rubber trees are young as subsistence farming. Heavy metal accumulation in soil and hill paddy grown on former rubber land and specialized paddy field

This study examines farmers’ preferences for weather index insurance (WII) in the Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar, using discrete choice experiments. It employs data taken from a survey of 317 rice farmers in the district of Labutta in the Ayeyarwady Region, which was conducted in March 2019. After being informed about WII and the trigger conditions, farmers were asked to answer discrete choice questions

The present paper is aimed at investigating the effects of land use (particularly reducing conditions of paddy fields) on soil structural stability as characterized by the high energy moisture characteristic (HEMC) method and finding the relationship between soil structural stability and available water (AW) in Amol city in Mazandaran province, Iran. Land use conversion led to a change in the soil

Accurate estimation of the spatial pattern of annual soil erosion and sediment yield is of paramount importance in watershed conservation measures, design of sedimentation dams, reduction of reservoir storage capacity, integrated watershed management, flood problems, and alteration of ecosystems’ locations. One of the most widely used empirical/ conceptual methods for estimating soil erosion and the

Puddled transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) followed by intensively tilled wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (R–W) is the most predominant cropping system and the lifeline for billions of people in South Asia. The cultivation of R–W system requires high amounts of water, nutrients and energy, resulting in increased production costs and increased emissions of greenhouse gases. There are also increasing concerns

From ancient times, the economic growth of India is mainly based on agricultural output. Agriculture is demographically the broadest economical sector and acts as an important part in the entire socio-economic fabric of India. Nearly half of the population of our country are connected to agriculture as their industry and make a livelihood out of it. At the same time, the crop productivity depends upon

Farm and crop diversification is an important farm business strategy from the viewpoint of avoiding uncertain crop failures and loss of income, intensive cultivation of a single crop such as rice and wheat, indiscriminate use of chemical inputs and ensuring farm sustainability. However, the question remains whether farm diversification helps farmers reduce the extent of input use and cost with an improvement

The system of rice intensification (SRI), advocates new ways of rice cultivation which challenges farmers’ knowledge and skills to the extent that they are required to learn, experiment and integrate new principles to suit their specific needs and agro-ecological conditions. This study was conducted to evaluate farmers’ appropriation to SRI; first, a survey was conducted to explore farmers’ adjustments

Important aspects for understanding the effects of climate change on tropical cyclones (TCs) are the frequency of TCs and their tracking patterns. Coastal areas are increasingly threatened by rising sea levels and associated storm surges brought on by TCs. Rice production in Myanmar relies strongly on low-lying coastal areas. This study aims to provide insights into the effects of global warming on

In the past, the aquatic pteridophyte Marsilea quadrifolia L. was considered as a weed in paddy fields of southern Europe. The systematic use of herbicides as a crucial component of intensive agronomic approach has led to a dramatic decline in M. quadrifolia populations in European countries, mostly in the Mediterranean area. However, the introduction in recent years of sustainable rice cultivation

A semi-empirical Boltzmann model is proposed to describe the relationship between the rate of temperature increase and soil moisture content, which can replace the existing complicated numerical iterative algorithm. The proposed method greatly simplifies the calculation process and improves the applicability of the passive distributed temperature sensing (PDTS) technology. A field test was performed

Rice monocropping underutilizes the productive potential of lowland soils. A major challenge in cropping low-drainage soils, particularly in wetter-than-normal years, is improving drainage conditions of paddy soils to allow rotation with upland crops. The hypothesis tested was that chiseling and ridging improve soil physical environment in lowland soils for upland crops growth, development and yield

Summer rice cannot be grown near the coast of the Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar, because of the high salinity in river water during the dry season. This means that saline intrusion should be monitored to manage the irrigated rice-growing area. The aim of this study therefore is to develop a model to estimate the salinity of river water using satellite imagery. The imagery of Sentinel-2 was suitable for

Bamboos have expanded their distribution in Japan in recent decades due to the abandonment of forest management practices following depopulation and aging in rural communities. Developing effective uses for bamboo biomass resources is highly desirable. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of ground bamboo as a new organic mulching material for agrochemical-free rice farming. Specifically, we

A method is presented for comparing the effect of corn-stalk biochar, rice-husk biochar and pine biochar on the migration and leaching of phosphorus in black soil. The process involves the addition of different biochar contents to black soil and research on soil column simulations. The results showed that pine biochar has a better effect on reducing the leaching volume, and the cumulative leaching

Direct-seeded rice (DSR) is an emerging resource-saving rice production practice. It can be alternative to input-intensive conventional transplanted puddled rice, which has encountered problems, relating to water, nutrients, energy, and environment. DSR can save water, labour, and energy, reduce greenhouse gases emission and improve soil properties. But, weeds are major constraint, which can cause

In this study, we report the damage characteristics of conduits in irrigation earth dams based on the surveys conducted on four dams with different conduit types (cast-in-place and precast types) and diameters (600–1000 mm). The damage condition (cracks, leakage, and joint separation) and the deformation of conduits were observed using a self-propelled measuring system with an inertial measurement

The impacts of crop rotation systems on the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) spore density, mycorrhizal colonization of rice roots, soil C fractions and C stocks in seasonally dry climatic zone of Sri Lanka were examined in Rice–Soybean (RS) and Rice–Onion (RO) crop rotation systems during the subsequent rice cultivation season and, compared these with a rice monoculture, i.e. Rice–Rice (RR). The

Considering the very important role of climatic parameters on the yield and biomass of plants (especially in rain-fed agriculture), in this research, using data series of 9 stations during 1968–2017 the influence of 6 climatic parameters including the average of annual maximum and minimum temperature (Max-T and Min-T), the average of annual sunshine (Su-Sh), the average of annual relative humidity

The Ayeyarwady Delta in the Bay of Bengal, the rice bowl of Myanmar, depends on natural conditions, especially rainfall. During the dry season, the delta’s coastal zone experiences saline water intrusion due to its low-lying topography. On May 2, 2008, Cyclone Nargis made landfall and crossed Ayeyarwady Region and Yangon City, affecting more than 50 townships and causing massive destruction of personal

Controlled-release urea fertilizer (CRUF) consists of urea granules intercalated within the lattice of a superabsorbent composite to control urea release thereby improving nitrogen supply and minimizing environmental hazards. In this work, new formulations for controlled-release urea were prepared based on biodegradable polymers and agricultural waste. Following CRUF preparation, the release behavior

Due to the pressure on water resources, especially in agricultural sectors, evaluation of the effective strategies on decrease in water consumption has an applicable and important role in field water management. In this research, the effectiveness rate of the 7 climatic parameters on the water requirement of barley (amount of potential evapotranspiration of barley (PETB) during the growth period) using

Excessive sediment deposition in eco-friendly physical structures introduced in agricultural canals sometimes damages the function of these structures as fish habitats. This study reports the spatial and temporal changes in bed elevation in a canal section where a set of six fish nests and one fish pool were installed. Field observations and numerical simulation using the two-dimensional hydrodynamic

We investigated seasonal changes in the δ13C levels of particulate organic matter (POM), which mainly consist of phytoplankton and microphytobenthos from three flooded rice fields treated with different types of fertilizer (chemical NPK, chemical PK, or organic fertilizers) in northeast Japan. Generally, microphytobenthos in lentic freshwater systems show higher levels of δ13C (about− 26‰) than phytoplankton

Rice was grown in soil co-amended with coal fly ash (FA) with municipal biosolids (MBS) to study the accumulation of heavy metal (HM) in rice seeds from FA with the co-amendment of MBS. Element-analyses of soil samples, plant-roots and seeds revealed the accumulation of HMs, Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Cu and Pb proportionate to the FA doses. For ascertaining some suitable amendment-doses for maximal grain

Accurate and reliable forecasting of reservoir inflows is crucial for efficient reservoir operation to decide the quantity of the water to be released for various purposes. In this paper, an artificial neural network (ANN) model has been developed to forecast the weekly reservoir inflows along with its uncertainty, which was quantified through accounting the model’s input and parameter uncertainties

The subsurface compact layer found in medium- to coarse-textured soils of rice-grown areas hampers the root growth of crops. Moreover, the puddled transplanted rice is being faced by water and labour shortages in the region. It is thus imperative to study the effects of deep tillage and irrigation regimes on crop performance of direct seeded rice (DSR) and wheat. A 2-year field experiment was conducted

Although Tokyo daruma pond frogs (Pelophylax porosus porosus) were once commonly observed throughout paddy fields in Japan, their populations have recently declined. The mode by which frogs survive during the overwintering period is largely unknown. In this study, we observed the underground behavior of 12 free-living Tokyo daruma pond frogs that overwintered in paddy soil and a dry field by periodically

Regardless of being useful in many ways, at the moment paddy stubble has turned out to be a nuisance in northwestern India, especially Haryana. Therefore, this study tried to access the scale of stubble burning, discover underlying causes, the existing condition of different in situ as well as ex situ utilization and management practices. Charting reasons for lower adoption of management techniques

To study the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission with biochar amendment in two or more soils with different textures, an incubation experiment was carried out with two paddy soils (developed from granite-weathered red soil (S1) and from quaternary red clay (S2)) with different textures in flooding condition. The soils were subjected to the following three biochar (derived from wheat straw) treatments: 0%

Improving the productivity of limited land and water resources is necessary to meet the increasing demand for food and feed. A 2-year (2016–18) field study was conducted in a humid climate in the north of Iran to examine the effect of different drainage systems on green water-use efficiency (GWUE), economic water productivity (EWP) and yield and growth indices of winter canola. The treatments consisted

Shallow-water temperature is an essential factor in various ecosystems, particularly in paddy fields, as damage to paddy rice due to high temperatures may severely affect grain yields. Here, a calculation scheme of paddy field water temperature is proposed to calculate water temperature dynamics in paddy fields and comprises three components: (1) the two-layer heat balance model, which is adopted to

This research attempted to evaluate the soil loss-prone zones and affecting key factors in a suburb agricultural area in the western Mashhad city, northeastern Iran, using the universal soil loss equation model. All erosion factors and components were produced in GIS grid-based modeling. Therefore, the required data, such as topography, climate, and soil characteristics, were collected from global

Paddy fields provide a broad range of habitats to wintering waterbirds as natural wetlands have declined worldwide. However, the intensification of farming practices has altered the microclimates of the wet agricultural soil, the composition of soil invertebrates, thus indirectly affecting the avifauna. This study evaluated the importance of paddy fields as wintering grounds for two avian indicators

Soil hydraulic conductivity (\(K\)) is an important soil property that exhibits relatively large uncertainty. The temporal variability of \(K\) is often ignored when calculating water movement in soil. Various factors such as tillage, rain, temperature, wetting/drying, soil surface crusting, solution concentration, and biological activity can influence field \(K\). We investigated soil \(K\) in a central

Phytoremediation method, in combination with porous concrete and some additives, has been examined in order to reduce the contamination of unconventional water resources. This treatment system is economically cost-effective and easy to apply, compared to other treatment methods. The current study was focused on evaluating the effects of arrangement of vetiver grass and porous concrete specimens (four

In this research, a method was proposed to estimate the potential evaporation in polytunnel fields. In order to calculate the potential evaporation by the Penman method, as part of an irrigation plan, the climatic conditions inside the tunnels needed to be accurately estimated by adjusting the climatic conditions outside the tunnels. Measurements taken in two polytunnels of watermelon plants from April

Nutrient management has led to unprecedented increase in crop production, but with significant carbon (C) trade-off that has close nexus with energy flow. We quantified the impacts of nutrient management on emission of greenhouse gases, net ecosystem C budget (NECB) and energy flow in three cropland ecosystems (rice–wheat, maize–wheat and cotton–wheat). Carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O)

Rice fields may represent an important habitat for biodiversity conservation. Unfortunately, rice farming intensification reduced the value of rice crops as a surrogate habitat for many species. Currently, major threats for wildlife in rice fields derive from cultivation techniques in dry soils. In this paper, we aim to describe the effect of water management techniques in rice paddies on the flight

The present study was conducted to investigate the relationships between meteorological conditions and the disinfection effect of soil solarization in five greenhouses (located in Kaizu City, Gifu, Japan). The specific analysis focused on soil temperature, the population density of Ralstonia solanacearum before and after soil disinfection, the air temperature inside and outside the greenhouse, the

Present study was carried out to develop multiple linear regression (MLR) model of surface CH4 flux emission from monthly atmospheric clearness index (8 km), day-night land surface temperature (LST) at 1 km and surface soil moisture (25 km) from Kalpana-1, MODIS TERRA and GCOM-W1 satellites, respectively. All these products were aggregated to GOSAT level-4A product resolution. 2° × 2° grids representing

In Pb-factored soils, soil application of appropriate inorganic amendment along with cultivation of salt-tolerant crop species/genotypes for Pb immobilization can be a good choice. Hence, in saline-sodic and non-saline/sodic Pb-factored soils, Pb immobilization was observed as influenced by exogeneously applied inorganic amendments. Salt-tolerant rice cultivar Shaheen basmati was grown in present study