Knowing how evapotranspiration (ET) is mediated by abiotic and biotic pathways is essential to understanding how water affects ecosystem productivity. Recent studies have investigated the average transpiration fraction (T/ET) across sites and biomes, but the temporal variability of the partitioning and its controls are less understood. Here, we examine how water availability may regulate the seasonal

Droughts pose a major risk to agricultural production. By comparing the outputs from an ecophysiological crop model (Sirius) with four drought severity indicators (DSI), a comparative assessment of the impacts of drought risk on wheat yield losses has been evaluated under current (baseline) and two future climate scenarios. The rationale was to better understand the relative merits and limitations

Canopy wetness is a common condition that influences photosynthesis, the leaching or uptake of solutes, the water status and energy balance of canopies, and the interpretation of eddy covariance and remote sensing data. While often treated as a binary variable, ‘wet’ or ‘dry’, forest canopies are often partially wet, requiring the use of a continuous description of wetness. Minor precipitation events

Eddy covariance (EC) measurements of ecosystem-atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange provide the most direct assessment of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Measurement biases for open-path (OP) CO2 concentration and flux measurements have been reported for over 30 years, but their origin and appropriate correction approach remain unresolved. Here, we quantify the impacts of OP biases on carbon and

The increase in large-scale land cover change (LCC) in recent decades, particularly in response to climate-driven disturbances, has potential to impact local and regional changes in climate due to modification of carbon sources and sinks, albedo, surface roughness and energy fluxes. Using observational data, we predict the impact of two of the most extensive LCCs occurring in the Southwestern US: drought-induced

Plastic-film mulching in arid fields under drip irrigation has widely been replaced by biodegradable film mulching (BFM) to avoid plastic-film residue pollution. However, existing ET models are not able to accurately represent field evapotranspiration (ET) under BFM due to the disintegration of biodegradable film. Therefore, this study proposed an improved ET model considering BFM (BSW) based on the

Understanding how different tree species consume soil water is critical for land management, especially in areas with limited water resources. This study examined the soil water consumption characteristics of two exotic tree species—economic forest apple tree (Malus pumila) and ecological forest black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)—and the effect of soil desiccation on plant transpiration in the 2018

Due to global climate change in the Republic of Buryatia (Eastern Siberia, Russia), significant transformations of the natural environment are observed. Over the past 20 years, due to abnormally high air temperatures and increased aridity of the territory, the number of forest fires has increased 1.5 times, and the area more than 5 times. The article discusses the differences in the influence of meteorological

Bud-burst and leaf-senescence determine the length of the growing season for deciduous trees and therefore the duration of potential carbon assimilation with consequences on biomass production. In Fagus sylvatica L., leaf phenology depends on both photoperiod and temperature. The future climate is expected to induce more frequent soil water deficits and biotic attacks (possibly resulting in severe

The United States of America ranked first in maize export and second in soybean export in the world. Accurate and timely data and information on maize and soybean production in the Contiguous United States (CONUS) are important for food security at the regional and global scales. In this study, we firstly compare the maize and soybean planted area from cropland data layer (CDL) with NASS area statistics

Increasing forest productivity is important to meet future demand for forest products, and to improve resilience in the face of climate change. Forest productivity depends on many things, but the timing of leaf development (hereafter: “plant phenology”) is especially important. However, our understanding of how plant phenology affects the productivity of managed forests, and how silviculture may in

One potential way to improve crop growth models is for the models to predict energy balance and evapotranspiration (ET) from first principles, thus serving as a check on “engineered” ET methodology. In this paper, we present new implementations and the results of an energy balance model (EBL) developed by Jagtap and Jones (1989) and then implemented in DSSAT's CROPGRO (CG-EBL) model by Pickering et al

Net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (NEE) and soil respiration at field scale can exhibit considerable spatial variability linked to the heterogeneity of soil properties and state variables. In this study, we measured NEE with the eddy covariance (EC) method in a sugar beet field characterized by high spatial variability in soil physical properties. We further measured NEE and soil respiration

Intense spring freezing events can kill the recently produced cohort of leaves, forcing trees to expend additional carbon and nutrient stocks to produce a second cohort of leaves. The future trends in the frequency of late spring frosts will affect the adaptation of some tree species to their current habitats. Here we studied the effect of a late frost which occurred in 2017 on a mixed beech (Fagus

This study aims to develop a high-resolution forecast model for airborne birch pollen concentration in Sapporo. Using results that shows that the bulk of pollen grains was deposited near the source plant, we created a high-resolution birch tree density map from a field survey along public roads and footpaths and Street View on Google Maps. The map was linearly extrapolated to cover an area 10 km from

The clumping of coniferous needles into shoots is widely acknowledged as a structural feature that cannot be ignored in radiation regime models of coniferous forests. However, higher level clumping, i.e. the aggregation of leaves and shoots in tree crowns and forest stands, is still rarely accounted for in the models. Clumping reduces the light interception of and increases the light penetration depth

Leaf optical properties (reflectance and transmittance spectra of a single leaf) are the key to interpreting remote sensing data regarding the structure and functions of vegetation canopies. These properties are determined by leaf biochemical and anatomical traits, which change seasonally in deciduous species. To reveal the species-specific seasonal patterns in leaf optical properties and their relationship

We studied the occurrence of extreme weather events and their effects on the carbon dioxide and water exchange of two subarctic forest stands. One study site was a Scots pine site in eastern Finnish Lapland (Värriö), and the other was a Norway spruce site in western Finnish Lapland (Kenttärova). We compared short-term meteorological data with long-term data and found that the pine forest had experienced

Accurately representing croplands in climate models is important for simulating water and energy fluxes between the land and atmosphere, as well as evaluating the impacts of climate change on agriculture. The recent integration of dynamic crop growth in the Noah land surface model with multiparameterization (Noah-MP-Crop) has the potential to substantially advance Earth system modeling and is included

Understanding how water use and drought stress in woody plants change in relation to compositional, structural and environmental variability of mixed forests is key to understand their functioning and dynamics. Observational and experimental studies have so far shown a complex array of water use and drought stress responses to species mixing, but progress is hampered by the costs of replicating measurements

Hemispherical photography produces the most accurate results when working with well-exposed photographs acquired under diffuse light conditions (diffuse-light images). Obtaining such data can be prohibitively expensive when surveying hundreds of plots is required. A relatively inexpensive alternative is using photographs acquired under direct sunlight (sunlight images). However, this practice leads

Sustained, large-scale wetland reclamation of paddy fields has been implemented since the 1960s in the Sanjiang Plain, northeast China. The investigation of the effect of this reclamation on land-surface energy exchange and the local water cycle is important for evaluating the stability of regional water resources for future agriculture development and ecological conservation. This study used the eddy

The interannual variability (IAV) of CO2 fluxes of temperate forests in continental East Asia was rarely explored via direct measurements. To explore the IAV of net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) and its driving factors, we continuously measured the CO2 fluxes of a temperate deciduous broadleaved forest at the Maoershan site, northeast China with a continental monsoon climate, by eddy covariance over

Seasonal phenological dynamics of vegetation hold important clues on ecosystem performance towards management goals, such as carbon uptake, and thus should be considered in projections of their targeted services. However, in wetlands spatio-temporal heterogeneity due to mixing of open water, soil, green and dead vegetation makes it difficult to generalize ecosystem functioning across different regions

Diffuse fraction, which can be increased by using diffuse films, has been considered to influence light interception and photosynthesis of crops in greenhouses. However, quantifying the influence of diffuse films is challenging owing to the complicated optical interactions between climatic factors inside and outside greenhouses. Thus, versatile methods for evaluating the effect of diffuse films are

The agriculture sector is one of the largest users of water and a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The development of low-GHG-emission and water-conserving agriculture will inevitably be the trend in the future. Because of the physiological differences among crops and their response efficiency to external changes, changes in planting structure, climate and input of production factors

China is experiencing fast afforestation and sensible climate change in recent decades. However, their impacts on regional carbon cycle remain unclear. Here, we explore the effects of climate and land cover change (LCC) on ecosystem productivity and carbon storage in China during 2001-2012 by forcing a dynamic vegetation model with satellite-based land cover and two different climate datasets. The

Plant architectural traits are important selection criteria in plant breeding that relate to photosynthetic efficiency and crop productivity. Conventional manual measures of architectural traits for large breeding trials are labour- and time-consuming. In this study, we proposed a new method to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) canopy architectural models for high-throughput phenotyping of canopy

The paper “Large-scale afforestation significantly increases permanent surface water in China's vegetation restoration regions, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Volume 290, 15 August 2020, 108001” by Zeng et al. (2020) finds that northern China is greening up and that “vegetation cover is an important factor in controlling permanent water changes”. They suggest that afforestation partially caused

How does the CO2 budget in coastal wetlands respond to dynamic and composite agroforestry reclamations is unclear. For six consecutive years, CO2 flux data were measured using the eddy covariance (EC) technique to determine the CO2 budget changes and the key factors controlling the variations of net CO2 ecosystem exchange (NEE) over a reclaimed coastal wetland in the Yangtze estuary, China. After agroforestry

Land cover characteristics can produce changes in spatial and temporal variability in potential temperature (θ) at scales that are relevant to city inhabitants. Using data from 60 sensors positioned in five urban parks and surrounding residential neighborhoods in the semi-arid Salt Lake Valley, we evaluated the effect of turfgrass cover versus tree shading on spatial and temporal variation in microclimate

Latitudinal patterns can reveal important ecological processes. The temporal overlap and divergence in flowering along latitudinal gradients is tightly related to intraspecific gene flow and interspecific interactions. Recent studies have predicted that global warming has led to more uniform spring and summer plant phenology across latitudes, but direct evidence is limited. Here, we test changes in

Snow dynamics are key to understanding tree growth in mountain forests and future response to climate change. However, precise monitoring of microclimate conditions and variables related to tree growth and functioning are lacking. To advance on those issues, snow cover and microclimate conditions, tree phenology, xylogenesis, intra-annual radial growth and the concentration of sapwood and needle non-structural

Terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) is the largest carbon flux from the atmosphere to the terrestrial ecosystems. However, how GPP dynamics respond to vegetation structural change (VSC), climate change, and rising CO2 concentration are still unclear. In this study, we developed a process-based model (i.e., Farquhar GPP Model) to characterize GPP dynamics in China from 2001 to 2016, and further

The intimate connection between roots and soil particles is a prerequisite for the continuous flow of water and nutrients from soil to trees, and carbon flow from roots to the rhizosphere. The soil-root interface has been studied in multiple laboratory and greenhouse experiments. Yet its multiple roles and their differential contributions to tree health have rarely been experimentally studied on mature

Quantifying and distinguishing the contributions of climate change, elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) and human activities to evapotranspiration (ET) and gross primary production (GPP) changes is of great significance for assessment of water shortage and land degradation. Based on the Vegetation Interface Processes (VIP) model, the spatial-temporal changes of ET and GPP in the Three-North

Spatially explicit mapping of the Phenological Transition Zone (PTZ) is the prerequisite to PTZ dynamics monitoring and characterization, and is significant for more effective management of natural resources, biodiversity, and conservation areas in the context of climate change. However, to our knowledge there have been no studies to delineate spatially explicit PTZs and there are some potential issues

The reliability of short-term weather forecast provided by COSMO model in simulating reference evapotranspiration (ET0) was evaluated in 7 study sites distributed in 4 countries (Italy, Norway, Romania and Spain). The main objective of the study was to assess the optimal scenario for calculating ET0, using the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (PM) equation, by separately considering the accuracy in the use of

Soil organic matter (SOM) is important for sustainable agricultural production. Agricultural management can directly or indirectly affect SOM content and associated soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. The SOM content and crop productivity are generally low in the farmlands in the arid and semi-arid regions of China, and are highly sensitive to climate changes. An improvement in SOM content may greatly

Foresight of grain yields prior to harvest would be empowering for many stakeholders along the supply chain from farmers through to bulk handlers, banks and insurance companies. Estimating Australian grain production ahead of harvest is difficult for many reasons including the highly variable year to year rainfall. The rainfall in the final months prior to harvest, can be crucial to final harvest totals

As the eddy-covariance technique enables intensive measurements of evapotranspiration (ET) at the ecosystem level, the interest in further partitioning ET into two main process-based components transpiration (T) and surface evaporation (E) □ is increasing. Although models for partitioning tower-measured ET have been developed, their reliability for different types of ecosystems still requires extensive

The water balance of tropical dry deciduous forests is less well understood than some other forest ecosystems. To help close this knowledge gap, we separately measured the evapotranspiration from the whole ecosystem (ETW), transpiration (TR) and interception loss (IL) from overstory trees, and evapotranspiration from the understory vegetation (ETU) in a tropical dry deciduous forest in Cambodia. It

The temperature and greenness model (TG) demonstrates that the combination of enhanced vegetation index and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) is feasible in obtaining gross primary productivity (GPP) at the landscape, regional, and global scales. However, the input LST data of TG is always available at a coarse resolution (~ 1 km), averaging a relatively

Future projections of climate extremes are expected to become more frequent. Parts of Europe experienced an extensive heatwave and drought during 2018. However, its impacts on terrestrial carbon cycle remain elusive. Here we investigated the vegetation responses to the heatwave and drought during 2018 based on satellite solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) and near-infrared reflectance (NIRv)

Changes in land-use management and natural climate variability has led to significant vegetation greening in China over the past decades, as evidenced by satellite observations. In this study, we used a high-resolution land-atmosphere coupled regional climate model to assess the impacts of recent greening on China's regional summer climate. Our results inferred a country-averged surface cooling of

In many areas, fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) is a sporadic but potentially devastating disease of apples. Infections occur primarily during bloom when warm weather conducive to bacteria multiplication on the stigma of contaminated flowers is followed by a wetting event, facilitating plant entry. Fire blight prediction models which rely on air temperature for disease forecast can help, but currently

Extreme drought events exert both immediate and prolonged influences on terrestrial ecosystems, yet the patterns and mechanisms of the delayed effects of extreme drought on alpine ecosystems remain largely unknown. In this study, we use satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data to examine the legacy effect of severe drought events on vegetation greenness across the Tibetan

Understanding the relationship between fire and weather has important implications for fire danger evaluations, firefighting and fire management. Fire weather indices are mathematical representations of a suite of meteorological variables that are often used as decision-support tools for evaluating the likelihood of fire on a given day. However, these indices are seldom evaluated for their ability

Knowledge about heat acclimation in perennial plants is limited. Our hypotheses were (i) that high temperature during budswell before budbreak elicits acclimation in grapevines that is mediated by greater water transport capacity, and (ii) that water deficit modulates acclimation to high temperature. We compared field grown Malbec grapevines heated before budbreak during 3 or 15 days with untreated

Oil palm plantations have been expanding in recent decades in Indonesia and Malaysia. Carbon-rich tropical peat swamp forest has not been excluded from this expansion, because it was the last frontier suitable for industrial agriculture and more accessible than other undeveloped areas. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission through accelerated peat decomposition is one of the main environmental concerns in

Forest microclimate is strongly affected by local topography and management activities, as these directly alter overstory structure. In the present work we analysed the dependence of observed patterns of spatio-temporal microclimatic variations on topographic, canopy- and management-related factors. A forestry experiment was conducted in managed fir-beech forests in the Dinaric Mountains (Slovenia)