All rice plant developmental stages are severely affected by soil salinity. Salinity-induced ionic and osmotic stresses affect stomata closure and gaseous exchange, and reduce transpiration and the rate of carbon assimilation, and hence decrease plant yield. Understanding the response of rice plants toward salinity stress at the genetic level and developing salt-tolerant varieties are the vital mandates

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) larger than 200 nucleotides in length are eukaryotic RNAs, and do not encode proteins. lncRNAs are considered to be important regulators in many biological processes in plants. In this review, the latest advances in the roles of lncRNAs in rice were reviewed, and functions of lncRNAs were further summarized and classified. lncRNAs play crucial roles in tolerance to biotic

Persistent tapetal cell1 (PTC1) plays a curial role in pollen development, and is thought to function as a transcriptional activator in rice. However, the molecular mechanism of PTC1 in regulating pollen development and its cis-elements are not well understood. We identified a novel weak male sterility mutant (ms92) which exhibited expanded tapetum and shrink pollen grains. Map-based cloning and allelic

Grain size is one of key agronomic traits associated with grain yield and grain quality. Both major quantitative trait loci GS3 and GL3.1 play a predominant role in negative regulation of grain size. In this study, a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated multiplex genome editing system was used to simultaneously edit GS3 and GL3.1 in a typical japonica rice Nipponbare. In T1 generation, we found that gs3 formed slender

Rice kernel shape affects kernel quality (appearance) and yield (1000-kernel weight) and therefore is an important agronomic trait, but its inheritance is complicated. We identified a long-kernel rice chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL), Z741, derived from Nipponbare as a recipient and Xihui 18 as a donor parent. Z741 has six substitution segments distributed on rice chromosomes 3, 6, 7, 8

As a unique form of abiotic stress, the environmental conditions of outer space are expected to induce changes in plant genomes, proteomes and metabolic pathways. However, the effect of outer space conditions on the overall physiology of plants at the protein level has yet to be reported. To investigate the effects of outer space conditions on the growth- and development-related physiological processes

Soil-emitted nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) in crop production are harmful nitrogen (N) emissions that may contribute both directly and indirectly to global warming. Application of nitrification inhibitors, such as dicyandiamide (DCD), and urea deep placement (UDP), are considered effective approaches to reduce these emissions. This study investigated the effects of DCD and UDP, compared

Rice blast is one of the most destructive diseases affecting rice production worldwide. The development and rational use of resistant varieties has been the most effective and economical measure to control blast. In this review, we summarized the cloning and utilization of rice blast resistance genes, such as Pi1, Pi2, Pi9, Pi54, Pigm and Piz-t. We concluded that three main problems in the current

Plant lesion mimic mutants (lmms) generally possess autoimmunity and hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death in the absence of biotic or abiotic stress. They have attracted much attention because they are useful tools for deciphering the interaction between defense signaling and growth. Recent studies have identified more than 30 lmms involved in the plant immune response and cell death in rice

Alternative splicing can generate multiple mRNAs that differ in their untranslated regions or coding sequences, and these differences might affect mRNA stability or result in different protein isoforms with diverse functions and/or localizations. In this study, we isolated a sterile mutant in rice with abnormal meiosis of microspore mother cells and megaspore mother cells that carried a point mutation

A number of internal signals are required for seed germination. However, the precise signalling responses in the initial imbibition of seed germination are not yet fully understood in rice. In this study, the RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) approach was conducted in 8 h imbibed seeds to understand the signalling responses in the initial imbibition of rice seed germination. A total of 563 differentially expressed

Phytic acid is the principal storage form of phosphorus in plant seeds and an essential signalling molecule in several regulatory processes of plant development. However, it is known as an anti-nutrient compound owing to its potent chelating property. Thus, reducing the phytic acid content in crops is desirable. Studies involving regulation of MIPS and IPK1 genes to generate low phytate rice have been

Present work was undertaken to screen some drought tolerant indigenous aromatic rice cultivars (IARCs), commonly cultivated in West Bengal, India, based on their capacity to produce osmolytes, redox-sensitive phenolic acids and flavonoids, as contrivances for redox-regulation under drought stress. Polyethylene glycol induced post imbibitional dehydration stress mediated changes in redox regulatory

Rice yield reduction due to water limitation depends on its severity and duration and on the phenological stage of its occurrence. We exposed three contrasting rice genotypes, IR64, UPLRi7 and Apo (adapted to lowland, upland and aerobic conditions, respectively), to three water regimes (puddle, 100% and 60% field capacity) in pots during the vegetative (GSI), flowering (GSII) and grain filling (GSIII)

Protein phosphorylation, one of the major post-translational modifications, plays a crucial role in cell signaling, DNA replication, gene expression and differentiation; and alters enzyme activity and other biological activities; and regulates cell proliferation and enlargement, phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling, plant disease resistance, and grain filling and quality during rice seed development

To clarify the complex regulatory relationship between changes in sugar content and leaf senescence during the grain-filling stage of rice, genotype-dependent differences in sugar content and the temporal transcriptional patterns of genes involved in sugar signaling pathways were determined in mutant rice exhibiting early leaf senescence and its wild type Zhefu 142. The effects of exogenous glucose

Weeds and insect pests are two important biotic stresses resulting in yield loss in rice, and wide compatibility is the essential characteristic of breeding inter-subspecific hybrid rice. This study focused on glyphosate resistance, lepidopteran resistance and wide compatibility as well as identification of molecular and some agronomic characteristics of transgenic male sterile line E1C4008S. The results

Rice varieties having high Fe concentration in the endospermic region can be used as a good source for Fe deficit population. In this study, 303 Oryza sativa varieties and 1 Oryza rufipogon accession were assessed for spatial Fe accumulation in grains by Prussian blue staining method. Spatial ferritin protein distribution in grains was visualized by immunohistochemistry, and ferritin expression was

An introgression line RBPH660, derived from wild rice Oryza rufipogon, showed stable resistance to brown planthopper (BPH). Segregation analysis indicated BPH resistance of RBPH660 was controlled by multiple genes/QTLs. By using the bulked segregant analysis (BSA)-seq method, two genomic regions harboring QTLs resistance to BPH were identified from 1.20 to 16.70 Mb on chromosome 4 and from 10.20 to

Grain size is one of the critical agronomic traits governing grain yield and quality in rice. However, the underlying genetic mechanisms that control grain size in rice are poorly understood. We used an introgression line derived from Zhonghui 8015 and Oryza rufipogon Griff. This introgression line was evaluated under two different environmental conditions to dissect the quantitative trait loci controlling

Aromatic rice belongs to a small but important sub-group of rice, which is highly regarded for its excellent aroma and superior grain quality. Aromatic rice, especially Basmati- and Jasmine-type rice, is being traded at a high price in the local and global markets. Genetically, rice aroma is a phenotypical expression of spontaneous recessive mutations of the OsBadh2 gene (also known as fgr/badh2/osbadh2/os2AP

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are about 22 nucleotides regulatory non-coding RNAs that play versatile roles in reprogramming plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, it remains unknown whether miRNAs confer the resistance to necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia solani in rice. To investigate whether miRNAs regulate the resistance to R. solani, we constructed 12 small RNA libraries from susceptible

The quantitative resistance gene pi21 from Sensho was introgressed to an indica breeding line IR63307-4B-13-2, a pyramiding line IRBB4/5/13/21, and a tropical japonica line Kinandang Patong by marker-assisted backcrossing. A total of 192 improved lines at the BC4F3 and BC4F4 generations were developed and confirmed to have the gene introgression via genotyping using a pi21-specific InDel marker. Thirteen

Deeper rooting 1 (Dro1) and Deeper rooting 2 (Dro2) are the QTLs that contribute considerably to root growth angle assisting in deeper rooting of rice plant. In the present study, a set of 348 genotypes were shortlisted from rice germplasm based on root angle study. Screening results of the germplasm lines under drought stress identified 25 drought tolerant donor lines based on leaf rolling, leaf drying

Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are important for plant growth, development and defense responses. The S-receptor protein kinases (SRKs), which represent an RLK subfamily, control the self- incompatibility among Brassica species. However, little information is available regarding SRK functions in rice. We identified a gene OsSRK1 encoding an atypical SRK. The transcript of OsSRK1 was induced by abscisic

P1B-type heavy metal ATPases (HMAs) are transmembrane metal-transporting proteins that play a key role in metal homeostasis. We here reported the characterization of rice OsHMA6, a member of the P1B-type ATPase family. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that OsHMA6 belonged to the Cu/Ag subgroup of the HMA family and had a close evolutionary relationship with OsHMA9. Amino acid sequence alignment showed

Physicochemical properties of endosperm starches in milled rice determine its cooking and eating quality. Amylose is synthesized by granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI), whilst amylopectin is synthesized by the synergistic activities of starch synthases (SSs), branching enzymes (BEs) and debranching enzymes (DBEs). However, the complexes formed by starch biosynthetic enzymes are not well characterized

Two rice cultivars (Xiushui 09 and Chunyou 84) were used to evaluate the effects of various soil oxygen (O2) conditions on soil nitrogen (N) transformation, absorption and accumulation in rice plants. The treatments were continuous flooding (CF), continuous flooding and aeration (CFA), and alternate wetting and drying (AWD). The results showed that the AWD and CFA treatments improved soil N transformation

The functional diversity of plant valine-qlutamine (VQ) proteins is closely associated with their partners WRKY transcription factors, and also with a complex network of signaling pathways that mediated by hormone molecules. We reported genome-wide expression profiles of differentially expressed rice VQ genes under nitric oxide (NO) treatment based on a microarray analysis. Cluster analysis of expression

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses. So far, systematic identification and characterization of lncRNAs have been reported in a few model plant species and major crops, but their roles in abiotic stress response have not yet been reported in common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon). Dongxiang wild rice (DXWR) possesses a high degree of drought

The present study evaluated submergence responses in 88 lowland indigenous rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces from Koraput, India, to identify submergence-tolerant rice genotypes. In pot experiments, variations in survival rate, shoot elongation, relative growth index, dry matter, chlorophyll, soluble sugar and starch contents were evaluated in two consecutive years under well-drained and completely

Two rice genotypes Huanghuazhan (HHZ, heat-resistant) and IR36 (heat-susceptible) were subjected to high-temperature (HT, 40 °C) and normal-temperature (NT, 32 °C) treatments at the spikelet differentiation stage. HT treatment inhibited spikelet differentiation, aggravated spikelet degeneration, reduced spikelet size, and disordered carbohydrate allocation. Meanwhile, HT treatment increased nonstructural

The factors affecting the adoption of modern varieties (MVs) of rice and impact on poverty in Odisha, India were discussed. A total of 363 households from Cuttack and Sambalpur districts of Odisha via multistage sampling technique participated in the survey. The Cragg's Double hurdle model was used to model the determinants of adoption and intensity of adoption of MVs of rice, and the propensity score

Soil drought occurrence during dry season has been the main constraint, besides prolonged flooding during rainy season, in increasing cropping intensity and rice productivity in tropical riparian wetland. Use of drought tolerant rice genotype might be a suitable option for overcoming such problem. This study focused on the effects of gradual soil drying during early vegetative growth stage on morphological

A response surface method was employed to study the effect of α-amylase concentration, hydrolysis temperature and time on the production of high protein glutinous rice flour (HPGRF). The suspension of glutinous rice flour (15%) that contained 6.52% protein was gelatinized and subsequently hydrolyzed by thermostable α-amylase. The hydrolysis yielded 0.144–0.222 g/g HPGRF with 29.4%–45.4% protein content

As a main feature of plant autotrophy, assimilation of inorganic nitrogen (N) is not only of fundamental interest to the crop, but also a crucial factor in crop productivity. N is the main plant mineral nutrient needed for chlorophyll production and other plant cell components (proteins, nucleic acids and amino acids). I highlighted the novel aspects of N responsive sensors, transporters and signaling

Rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) is one of the most important cropping systems in South Asia. However, sustainability of this system is under threat owing to several factors, of which deficiency of micronutrients particularly zinc (Zn), boron (B) and manganese (Mn) is one of the major problems. Continuous rotation of rice and wheat, imbalanced fertilizer use and little/no use of micronutrient-enriched

We here reported the identification and characterization of a novel gain-of-function spotted-leaf 26 (Spl26) mutant from an ethylmethylsulfone (EMS)-induced rice cultivar IR64. Spl26 displayed reddish- brown lesions that firstly appeared on the leaf tips at the early tillering stage and spread gradually downward to cover the whole leaf blades that wilted subsequently. The lesion development was light-

Excavating single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with rice grain shape and predicting candidate genes through genome-wide association study (GWAS) can provide a theoretical basis for discovery and utilization of excellent genetic resources in rice. Based on 16 352 SNPs, 161 natural indica rice varieties with various grain sizes in southern China were used for GWAS of grain

A collection of 167 Thai and exotic rice accessions was subjected for evaluation of genetic diversity and assessment of relationship by simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Among a total of 49 SSR markers, 13 markers distributing over 12 rice chromosomes showed clear polymorphic band patterns, and they were selected for genetic assessment. A total of 110 alleles were detected with an average of 8

Deep placement of controlled-release fertilizer increases nitrogen (N) use efficiency in rice planting but is expensive. Few studies on direct-seeded rice have examined the effects of deep placement of conventional fertilizer. With prilled urea serving as N fertilizer, a two-year field experiment with two N rates (120 and 195 kg/hm2) and four basal N application treatments (B50, all fertilizer was

Exchange of nitrogen and phosphorus across sediment-water interface plays an important role in the management of nutrient recycling in the aquaculture pond. In this study, a plot experiment was conducted to study the effect of rice-catfish/shrimp co-culture on the micro-profile of oxygen (O2), pH and nutrient exchange across sediment-water interface in the intensive culture ponds. The results showed

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important staple food crop worldwide due to its adaptability to different environmental conditions. Because of its great economic and social importance, there is a constant requirement for new varieties with improved agronomic characteristics, such as tolerance to different biotic (such as bacterium, fungus, insect and virus) and abiotic stresses (such as salinity, drought

RNA editing changes the nucleotides at the transcript level of mitochondrial genes which results in synthesis of functional proteins. This study was designed to find the editing sites which could be implicated in male fertility restoration and to develop editing based markers for differentiation of cytoplasmic male sterility and maintainer lines from each other. DNA and RNA from young panicles were

Activators of sesquiterpene synthase (STS) gene expression and sesquiterpene production in Piper betle L. were examined using quantitative real time PCR and gas chromatography mass spectrometry methods, and the allelopathic activity of untreated and Fusarium solani-treated betel extracts was tested on seed germination and on the shoot and root growth of Thai rice variety PSL2 (Oryza sativa cv. Phitsanulok

Echinochloa crus-galli is a major weed in rice fields in China, and quinclorac has been long used for its control. Over-reliance of quinclorac has resulted in quinclorac resistance in E. crus-galli. Two resistant (R) E. crus-galli populations from Hunan, China were confirmed to be at least 78-fold more resistant to quinclorac than the susceptible (S) population. No difference in foliar uptake of 14C-labelled

We investigated the effects of integrated organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of indica rice variety Manawthukha and japonica rice variety Genkitsukushi. In a split-plot design, the two rice varieties were assigned as main plot factors, and the integrated treatments were the subplot factors, including no-N fertilizer (N0), 50% chemical fertilizer (CF) (CF50), 100% CF (CF100),

This study investigated the use of leftover biomass (rice husks) as the raw material for the biotechnological production of platform chemicals and biopolymers. Following the biorefinery concept, different acid hydrolysates were studied and resulted into a wide range of treatment strategies. Chemometrics were applied throughout the procedures in multivariate experimental conditions. By using the best

To identify stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for sheath blight resistance, a recombinant inbred line mapping population consisting of 219 lines was developed by crossing Lemont and Yangdao 4. Average disease rating, average lesion length, maximum disease rating and maximum lesion length were assayed in six different environments. A total of 128 minor effect QTLs were detected by multiple

Rice false smut disease, which is caused by the fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, is currently one of the most devastating rice fungal diseases in the world. Rice false smut disease not only causes severe yield loss and grain quality reduction, but also threatens food safety due to its production of mycotoxins. In this review, the most recent progresses regarding the life cycle, infection processes, genome

Salinity is a major abiotic stress affecting plant growth and productivity. Considerable genetic variation is present in rice in response to salt stress, with higher sensitivity during early seedling and reproductive stage. In this study, physiological changes in leaves and developing panicles of rice genotypes (IR686, Sadri, Rc222, CSR28, IR670 and Pokkali) contrasting in salt tolerance at the reproductive

Thousand-grain weight (TGW) is a key component of grain yield in rice. This study was conducted to validate and fine-map qTGW1.2a, a quantitative trait locus for grain weight and grain size previously located in a 933.6-kb region on the long arm of rice chromosome 1. Firstly, three residual heterozygotes (RHs) were selected from a BC2F11 population of the indica rice cross Zhenshan 97 (ZS97)///ZS97//ZS97/Milyang

A total of 10 000 M4 individuals in Jao Hom Nil (JHN) mutant population was treated with high temperature (40 °C to 45 °C) during the day time (6 h) from the booting to the harvesting stages, and ambient temperature (33 °C to 35 °C) was used as the control. The results of screening and yield trials found that the mutant line M9962 had a high spikelet fertility of 78% under heat stress. In addition

The introgression of wild chromosomal segments into popular rice varieties is one of the potential approaches for developing varieties for drought stress condition. Sixteen genotypes, including nine indica, two tropical japonica and five chromosome segments substitution lines (CSSLs) with different levels of tolerance/susceptibility to drought stress, were selected for diversity study. Sixty-three

Endogenous reference genes (ERGs) provide vital information regarding genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The successful detection of ERGs can identity GMOs and the source of genes, verify stability and reliability of the detection system, and calculate the level of genetically modified (GM) ingredients in mixtures. The reported ERGs in rice include sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS), phospholipase

We carried out photocatalytic treatment of a lignin-free solution of rice husk alkaline hydrolysate [pH of 2, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 12.8 g/L] using photo-Fenton process in the ultraviolet (UV, wavelength of 365 nm) and visible spectrum. Oxidation of lignin was performed at a constant mass ratio of COD:H2O2 as 1:2 and Fe2+ concentration of 80 mg/L. It was established that for the destruction

Genetic transformation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) by introducing beneficial traits is now a central research instrument in plant physiology and a practical tool for plant improvement. Many approaches are verified for stable introduction of foreign genes into the plant genome. The review examined the different constraints that limit the success of rice genetic transformation via Agrobacterium-mediated

The discovery of thermo-sensitive genic male sterility (TGMS) has led to development of a simple and highly efficient two-line breeding system. In this study, genetic analysis was conducted using three F2 populations derived from crosses between IR68301S, an indica TGMS rice line, and IR14632 (tropical japonica), Supanburi 91062 (indica) and IR67966-188-2-2-1 (tropical japonica), respectively. Approximately

The efficacies of some next-generation insecticides against the rice yellow stem borer (YSB), Scirpophaga incertulas (Walk.), and their compatibilities with natural enemies were investigated during 2014 and 2015. Three newer insecticides, chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G, dinotefuran 20% SG, and methoxyfenozide 24% SC, and two commonly used insecticides, carbufuran 5 G and quinalphos 25 EC, were evaluated

Submergence is a serious environmental condition that causes large loss in rice production in rain fed lowland and flood affected area. This study evaluated morphological and physiological responses of rice roots to submergence using two tolerant rice genotypes FR13A and Swarna-Sub 1 and two sensitive ones Swarna and IR42. The tolerant genotypes had higher survival rate and less shoot elongation but