Although many app-based textbooks are available for students, reading have not been thoroughly outlined. This study aimed to understand how changes from paper to electronic textbooks have affected the academic reading task, investigate student users’ perceptions of in-app components and screen sizes, and identify issues affecting in-app components and task requirements. A mixed factorial design experiment

Many studies have shown the benefits of augmented reality (AR) to improve manufacturing and control processes in industry. However, the presentation of AR content through optical see-through head-mounted displays may induce unnatural viewing conditions, which consequences on the user’s visual system have not been investigated yet. This study aimed at assessing whether using AR instructions to guide

The proliferation of higher quality connected sensors is consistently increasing the amount of information available to operators, increasing the complexity of displayed information. Coupling this increase in information with larger, higher addressability displays may lead to increasingly complex visual search paradigms. The current research explored the effect of both display size and distractor symbol

Simulator sickness has been a pervasive problem as head-mounted displays (HMDs) grow in popularity. Recent work showed that people can adapt to constant latency in an HMD, but latency that varies has not been examined. In this study, participants performed a shooting task while wearing an HMD during three sessions separated by 48 h under conditions of constant or varying latency. Performance was assessed

This study investigated the effect of age (elderly and young participants), input methods (keyboard and handwriting), and input tools (finger and stylus) on participants’ performance in operating handheld devices. The correct ratio and execution time for device operation served as the criteria for performance evaluation. The study results revealed that the interaction between age, input method, and

The manipulation of colour in display symbology design has been recognised as a method to improve operator experience and performance. An earlier paper by the authors demonstrated that redundantly colour coding head-up flight symbology supported the manual flying performance of both professional and non-professional pilots during low-workload flying scenarios. In this study the workload and performance

Geometric models are tools used to analyze geometric distortions in S3D viewing. For standard geometric models, 3D perception is predicted by calculating the intersection between the two projection lines from the left and the right eye to two corresponding onscreen points. However, standard geometric models fail in two conditions: (1) S3D images are captured by converging cameras (toe-in) and displayed

Highway tunnel lighting environments include sidewall, pavement, ceiling, etc., their surface luminance were affected by the distribution of luminous flux of the lamps. While driving through a highway tunnel, the driver needs to complete a series of visual tasks. The spatial distribution of the luminance and color on the road surface and sidewall, as well as the correlated color temperature, influence

We analyzed several model designs that have been subjected to incremental increase in the isotropically distributed strain for an elastomer component which is integrated into a four-actuator microelectromechanical system (MEMS) with a hybrid configuration in this study. Based on the fundamental configuration in which a cross-shaped polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structure was placed above the symmetrically

Large-field optic flow generates the illusory percept of self-motion, termed ‘vection’. Smoother visual motion displays generate a more compelling subjective sense of vection and objective postural responses, as well as a greater sense of immersiveness for the user observing the visual display. Research suggests that the function linking frame rate and vection asymptotes at 60 frames per second (FPS)

In this human subject study about interaction with head-up displays (HUDs), the impacts of three types of HUDs (flag, perspective, and flag and perspective) on experienced and inexperienced drivers were subjectively and objectively measured. The driving experiment divided 60 participants into two groups (experienced and inexperienced) and assessed their driving experiences in real high- and low-level

Light reaching the retina elicits ocular symptoms that lead to some changes of human physiology and performance. However, its influence on ocular system is still unclear due to the lack of comprehensive analysis of ocular parameters. This study investigated the effects of corneal illuminance and display area on the oculomotor system based on eye-tracking technology, and a visual display unit was used

When viewing stereoscopic 3D (S3D) displays, excessive binocular disparity is one of the major sources for the induced visual fatigue. Limiting the disparity within a certain range termed ‘comfort zone’ is a useful approach to alleviate the negative impact of viewing the S3D displays. Using the event-related potential (ERP) approach, we have previously showed that the differential P3 (DP3) signal evoked

A light field display (LFD) can provide high immersion three-dimensional (3D) visual experience by accurately reconstructing the light field information of 3D objects, which usually require a large number of views and high resolution. However, the information capacity provided by the LFD is limited, so the view number and the view resolution are mutually constrained. Few effective standards or methods

We examine the effect of the (luminance) ratio of ambient luminance to tablet surface luminance on text legibility and fatigue over 1 h of long-term reading with a tablet PC in low-ambient-luminance environments limited to 45 cd/m2 (illuminance ~230 lx). Four reading-pattern subject experiments are carried out at ambient-luminance-to-tablet-surface-luminance ratios of 1:1, 1:3, 1:6, and 1:9 at 15 and

In order to correctly read and interpret interface information shown on the interface of vital signs monitor, the challenging problems of misreading and misinterpreting the information must be addressed. Therefore, a visual search experiment that the text characteristics of the interface is carried out in this study to categorize parameterized information and encode parameterized numbers on a monitoring

The manipulation of colour in display symbology design has long been recognised as a method to improve operator experience and performance. Recent developments in colour head-up display (HUD) and helmet-mounted display (HMD) technology underline the necessity to understand the human factors considerations of symbology colour coding against conventional monochrome symbology formats. In this low-fidelity

The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has developed a standard set of colors for coding information on air traffic control (ATC) displays. A significant complication was that the air traffic controller population includes people who have color-vision deficiencies (CVDs). We wrote a software tool to assist the FAA in selecting a preliminary color set. It accepts a set of luminances and chromaticity

Drivers’ visual performance is closely related to traffic safety in a real driving environment. In order to improve the traffic safety of road tunnel lighting, the effect of LED lighting on human visual performance was investigated using reaction time as a parameter. The experiment was performed with a scale model that can simulate a road tunnel lighting environment. Reaction times were measured under

The purpose of this study was to determine how latency in a head-mounted display (HMD) affects human performance. Virtual environments (VEs) are used frequently for training. However, VEs can cause simulator sickness. Prior work in our laboratory has examined the role of varying latency in simulator sickness. However, the effect of varying latency on task performance has not been examined. Subjects

This study examines the essential effects of visual feedback on users’ perceptions of time and on their evaluations of waiting time for a mobile application user interface. The two variables adopted in this experiment are wait indicator visual feedback and waiting time. Three types of visual feedback were used: bar indicator, pie indicator, and cartoon indicator. Three waiting times were used: 2 s

In this paper, a new backlight dimming method using weighted mean-square-error (MSE) based on joint edge-saliency characteristics is proposed. In contrast to conventional backlight dimming methods that cannot accurately evaluate the saturation error and determine the optimal clipping point to achieve the best trade-off between image quality and power consumption, the proposed method, with consideration

With the advances of human-machine systems, tactile displays have become one of the important features for modern products. Tactile feedback can increase working efficiency and help humans to explore new environments or objects by the sense of touch. This study used a 3 × 3 electromagnet array and a ferrofluid bladder to build a tactile display module, which can create smooth and continuous real-time

Sensory conflict theory explains that motion sickness in virtual reality (VR) systems can be caused due to the mismatch between visual and vestibular senses. This study examines whether coupling physical motions to visual stimuli in VR could reduce this discomfort. A motion-coupled VR system developed on a motion platform, providing vestibular cues to supplement visual roll from a head-mounted display

Recently, TVs with a wide field of view, high spatial resolution, and 8k ultra high-definition have started test broadcasting in Japan. People who viewed the test broadcasting programs often commented that they felt rich depth perception from 8k scenes. Rich depth perceptions from two-dimensional 8k broadcasting have not been confirmed experimentally. Here, we identified 8k UHDTV scenes in which viewers

Background Virtual reality (VR) use is limited by the potential side effects of prolonged exposure to vection, leading to motion sickness. Air temperature (Ta) may exacerbate the severity of such side effects through a synergistic interaction. This study assessed the individual and combined impact of a hot Ta and VR on motion sickness severity. Method Thirteen healthy volunteers were exposed to a 20 min

This study evaluated the feasibility of using a ‘self-calibrating’ display (EIZO CG277) to perform screen-based threshold perimetry. Such displays incorporate their own integrated photometer, so could potentially be used ‘straight out of the box’, without the need for time-consuming and costly luminance calibration by skilled experts. Concerns remain, however, due to the fact that the internal calibration

Cybersickness is common during head-mounted display (HMD) based virtual reality. This study examined whether it is possible to: (1) identify people who are more susceptible to this cybersickness; and (2) find general ways to reduce its occurrence and severity. Our participants were exposed to HMD-based virtual reality four times over two different days (using “Freedom Locomotion VR”). During these

The current study applied Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze the interrelationship among index of difficulty (ID), environment, saccade duration (SD), revisited fixation duration (RFD), number of fixation (NF), pupil size (PS), eye gaze accuracy (AC), and symptoms simultaneously. SD, RFD, NF, PS, and AC were measured by utilizing the Tobii eye tracker system. Twelve participants were recruited

One of the main factors for improving movement execution and motor performance in competitive sports is the availability of useful feedback. While coaches can communicate verbally with athletes in most sports, swimming is different. Because the swimmer is underwater most of the time, any type of real-time feedback is difficult. Since the presentation of acoustic information through sonification has

It is a great challenge to present realistic light sources in a virtual environment given the limited luminance range of an electronic display. Previous studies show that a glare illusion can enhance the perceived luminance of an area, which is an effective way to improve the realism of light sources in virtual environments. However, it is unclear what kinds of luminance gradients are appropriate for

Recent advances in virtual reality (VR) technology have ushered in a new era of VR gaming. While VR gaming experience represents a burgeoning area of research within human-computer interaction circles, the role of cybersickness, physiological repercussions of VR exposure to users characterized by a multitude of symptoms, such as nausea, lightheadedness, and dizziness, in the effect of VR gaming on

A method based on grayscale expansion for improving measurement accuracy in phase-measuring profilometry (PMP) is proposed. Digital light projector (DLP) has been widely used for projecting phase-shifting sinusoidal grating in PMP. However, due to its international standardization, DLP can only project at most 256 grayscales for all gray patterns. Moreover, the gray digitalization error may cause lower

Conventional video coding standards, such as MPEGx and H.26x, use a hybrid architecture of block-based motion compensation and discrete cosine transform (DCT) within the structure of a complex encoder and a simple decoder. Contrary to conventional video codecs, Wyner-Ziv (WZ) video coding, which is a practical application of distributed video coding (DVC) based on the Slepian-Wolf and WZ theorems,

A series of Sm3+-doped KPb4(PO4)3 phosphors have been successfully synthesized by high-temperature solid-state reaction method, and the structure, morphology and luminescent properties were investigated. The SEM images suggest that the prepared phosphor has an irregular morphology with a diameter of about 10 ~ 20 μm. Under near-ultraviolet (NUV) light (404 nm) excitation, all prepared phosphors KPb4-xSmxP3O12

Low-cost technology is essential to integrate Virtual Reality (VR) into educative institutions around the world. However, low-cost technology usually refers to low-end technology, which may compromise the level of immersion of the VR system. This study evaluates whether low-end and high-end VR systems achieve a comparable learning outcome regardless their immersion level. We also analyze the relationship

This paper proposes a global backlight dimming algorithm based on structural similarity that controls the local distortion level of the output image for preserving overall image quality. Unlike existing methods, the proposed method non-iteratively determines a global clipping point that maintains structural similarity for each pixel above the desired level. The proposed method consists of three steps:

Touchscreens are now commonplace around the world, and easy-to-clean (ETC) coatings are integral in ensuring an enhanced usability and interactivity with these devices. In the present work, we evaluate the durability and study the wear mechanisms of a fluorine-containing easy-to-clean coating on glass using an in situ tribometer (TribTik). The TribTik is equipped with a microscope lens and camera system

Designing of touchless user interface is gaining popularity in various contexts. Users can interact with electronic devices using such interfaces even when their hands are dirty or non-conductive. Also, users with partial physical disability can interact with electronic devices with the help of touchless interfaces. In this paper, we propose a Leap Motion controller-based methodology to facilitate

Changing head orientation with respect to gravity changes the dynamic sensitivity of the otoliths to linear accelerations (gravitational and inertial). We explored whether varying head orientation and optic flow direction relative to gravity affects the perception of visually induced self-motion (vection) in two experiments. We confirmed that vertical optic flow produces stronger vection than horizontal

The use of 3D stereoscopic display technology in all aspects of life has attracted considerable research attention. However, only few studies have simultaneously considered the effects of stereoscopic display technologies on visual fatigue and operating performances. This study with 36 participants (50% females; mean age = 23.17 years, SD = 3.3) analyzed the effects of display technologies, task complexity

The quality of stereoscopic 3D cinematic content is a major determinant for user experience in immersive cinema in both traditional theatres and cinematic virtual reality. One of the most important parameters is the frame rate of the content which has historically been 24 frames per second for movies, but higher frame rates are being considered for cinema and are standard for virtual reality. A typical

When a viewer watches a virtual image through a see-through augmented reality (AR) device and an outside view simultaneously, the viewer’s attentiveness is affected. In this study, the authors examined the relationship between the viewer’s attentiveness and viewing distance of the outside view. The virtual image in the see-through AR device was at a fixed distance of 2.5 m, while a TV at distances

This work proposes a method to scientifically quantify the quality of normally distributed visible spectra from the viewpoint of energy concentration: high transmittance, narrow spectral width, and small deviation from the target wavelength in the target region. In the proposed method, the spectral width of the spectrum is compared with that of a reference spectrum before its deviation from the target

In this work, we developed a wearable system using a commercial stereoscopic head-mounted display. We compared depth first-then contour (df-tc) and contour first-then depth (cf-td) algorithms in terms of images processed per second rate versus the window size and sweep values. Likewise, we performed a comparison of several edge detection methods in the same terms. The developed technical aid was clinically

Car handling, and hence, safety, is affected by the way we estimate speed. Speed, however, is often underestimated in degraded visual environments, including virtual environments such as driving simulators. In simulators the visual and physical motion are typically incongruent as limited by quality and amplitude, respectively, which may cause a negative transfer of training. To improve the (training)

When typing on smartphones or palm tablets, users generally make an effort to type correctly while simultaneously checking the small keyboard and the text display. Unlike physical keyboards that allow users to perform typing based on long-term muscle memory, virtual keyboards typically require more frequent eye movements between the keyboard and the text display areas. This study proposes a new way

In this paper, we propose an effective real-time image enhancing technology for transparent displays based on polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC). The image enhancing technology consists of both global and local enhancement functions. It not only removes the affected haze but also sharpens the edge regions for transparent PDLC displays. This technology can improve the image quality such as contrast

Background Visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) is commonly experienced when visual motion information is in conflict with motion information provided by the vestibular system and/or tactile and kinesthetic senses. According to some studies, women experience higher levels of VIMS than men, whereas other studies do not find this to be the case. Hypothesis This study investigated whether gender differences

Among the techniques developed to enhance the resolution of a projector beyond its native resolution, a number of techniques use sequential superimposition of low resolution images with sub-pixel shift to produce a resulting high-resolution image on the wall. This work investigates different low-resolution subframe image generation techniques used for this purpose. Along with that, two new subframe

Color has been argued to exert a powerful effect on motivation and behavior. This has led researchers, most notably in social psychology, to examine the effects of color on perceptions of (sexual) attractiveness. Building on a body of work on the ‘romantic red effect’, Lin (2014) found evidence that the color of a laptop influenced ratings of a woman’s sexual attractiveness. If this holds true, then

The vertical parallax of both eyes, caused by tilting the head when watching three-dimensional (3D) television or movies, can induce visual fatigue or visually-induced motion sickness. The purpose of the present study was to investigate levels of discomfort and fatigue and eye movements induced by viewing a 3D movie with vertical parallax. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship

In combination with Internet-of-things (IoT) technology, realistic media will continue to evolve with more smart and intelligent media services via interactions between users and displays. Therefore, it is important to efficiently compress smart contents on low-power and low-complexity hand-held displays. High efficiency video coding (HEVC) is the latest video coding technology that can achieve excellent

We propose adaptive tone mapping for display enhancement under ambient light using constrained optimization. To deal with the visibility reduction caused by ambient light in displays, we perform different operations for display enhancement according to the intensity of ambient light. Since weak ambient light has little effect on displayed images, we only perform contrast enhancement for them. However

This paper presents a novel algorithm to classify complex-rendered text images by examining the color levels of the adjacent sub-pixels. The proposed algorithm is different from the previous approaches in that it uses the combined characteristics of RGB sub-channels, whereas the previous approaches use independent characteristics of RGB sub-channels. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed

This paper focuses on using the augmented reality (AR) technology to create visual-aids through display for early childhood learning. The proposed methodology works on the principle of augmenting 3D virtual objects over the English alphabets that are used as printed markers. The important steps of a typical marker-based AR application are, (i) detection of markers in the field of view (FOV) of the

Vection, i.e. a visually induced illusory sense of self-motion, is assumed to play an essential role in visually induced motion sickness (VIMS). However, its precise role is unknown. Following the sensory conflict theory, a constant state of vection is not expected to lead to a visual-vestibular conflict whereas variability in vection, i.e. change in vection strength over time, would. In this study

Visual motion stimuli can induce the perception of self-motion in stationary observers (known as vection). In the present study, we investigated the sensory processing underlying vection by measuring the human event-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by the movement onset of a visual stimulus. We presented participants a visual stimulus consisting of alternating black-and-white vertical bars

Cloud security is a major concern to the current research community. Existing solutions are vulnerable to various threats and can easily be forged. Electroencephalography (EEG) signals can provide unique identification that is being explored by various research groups for the development of biometric solutions. In this paper, we present a person authentication framework suitable for cloud environment