The frequency dependence of soil parameters has been confirmed by many experiments. Most of them are done by the measurement of soil sample in laboratories. Although some studies are based on field measurement, only homogeneous ground or two-layer model are considered. The study of frequency dependence of soil parameters with considering multilayered model is lacking. The frequency dependence of the

The μmWave and mmWave frequencies have been historically associated with niche applications such as space and defense; however in the last years wireless communications have caused a rapid growth of interest in mass-market applications, representing the enabling technology for the new Information Age where all “things” need to be connected. Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, and Smart Cities are portraits

Conventional transmission expansion planning (TEP) has evolved with the increasing influence of distributed generations (DGs) and electric vehicles (EVs). This increases uncertainty in power systems. On the other hand, reactive power plays a key role in voltage stability, so modeling reactive power planning in TEP is very important. The amount of reactive power is a determining factor regarding the

Traps present at the interface of oxide and barrier layers influence the device's DC and RF parameters. An investigation is carried out on the distribution of interface traps present in the AlGaN/GaN/AlInN Metal Oxide Semiconductor-High Electron Mobility Transistor (MOS-HEMT) structures. By incorporating Hafnium Oxide (HfO2) as a dielectric layer, the DC and RF parameters like current drive and Power-Added

Antenna arrays can enhance the performance and reduce the overhead of the wireless communication systems. However, the beam pattern synthesis of antenna arrays are difficult problems since the optimization properties are usually trade-offs that affect each other. In this paper, we formulate a multiobjective beam pattern optimization problem (MBPOP) to simultaneously reduce the maximum sidelobe level

This paper presents an accurate analytical model of surface potential and drain current for a long channel dual material gate (DMG) tunneling field-effect transistor (TFET) with the addition of nonlinear inversion charge developed at the channel/drain interface region, ambipolar characteristic, and quantum confinement. The model includes the effect of dual metal gate work function as it controls the

This paper describes PWLFIT+, an extension to the frequency domain of PWLFIT, a new paradigm in time-domain macromodeling for linear multiport systems, based on a piecewise-linear (PWL) behavioral representation of the S-parameters step response. While the impulse response of each S-parameter is approximated as sum of delayed rectangles (rect) functions, its spectrum is interpolated as sum of the corresponding

In recent years edge finite element method has become quite popular in modeling the three-dimensional rotating electrical machine due to its ability to represent the physical behavior of field along interface correctly. However, modeling becomes complex when significant mesh distortion occurs along a sliding surface due to movement. A remeshing step is needed, which increases computational cost. In

The power distribution network (PDN) is an essential component in high speed circuits, and the impedance calculation of PDN becomes a hot topic. In this paper, we proposed a method to calculate the impedance of power ground grid (PGG), which is one type of the PDN, by using artificial neural network (ANN). First, the PGG is equivalent to a simple power ground plane (PGP). The equivalent PGP has the

This study performed modeling of the scattering (S) and noise (N) parameters of the ATF53189 using the General Regression Neural Network (GRNN) and Multi Layer Perceptron Neural Network (MLPNN) methods based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN). For modeling the linear behavior of the transistor, the optimum design parameters of the GRNN and the MLPNN methods were determined using four different optimization

This manuscript proposes an Internet of Things (IoT) platform for energy management (EM) in multi-microgrid (MMG) system to enhance the power quality with hybrid method. The proposed method is the consolidation of opposition based crow search optimizer (OCSO) and radial basis functional neural network (RBFNN), hence it called RBFNOCS technique. The main aim of this manuscript is to optimally managing

This article presents a detailed study on AlGaN/GaN based HEMT for DC (such as ID − VDS, ID − VGS and gm), RF (such as cut off frequency, fT and maximum oscillation frequency, fMAX) and noise parameters (such as minimum noise figure (NFmin), noise resistance (Rn) and optimum reflection coefficient (Гopt)). AlGaN/GaN based HEMT having gate length 250 nm and 500 nm have been simulated and verified on

In the applications of millimeter and sub-millimeter wave, the conductivity of metal parts in electronic devices can easily degrade when conventional metals like copper are employed. Furthermore, oxidation may arise when such devices are utilized in severe environmental conditions. To avoid this, conventional conductors such as copper can be coated with other non-active materials to inhibit this problem

This article presents a Schrödinger–Poisson based technique to predict characteristics of trigate Si fin field effect transistors (FinFETs). The channel characteristics are modeled by a three-dimensional (3D) Schrödinger wave equation considering quantum-mechanical ballistic transport. Using a nonequilibrium green function and a 3D Poisson equation, drain current associated with source-drain Fermi

This research work proposes a modified sine cosine algorithm (mSCA) to optimize the parameters of a multistage fractional-order PD-PI (MSFOPD-PI) controller for load frequency control of an isolated AC microgrid. Microgrid considered here is a cluster of renewable energy sources like photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine generators (WTG) which diverges from their optimal operating point due to change in

This manuscript proposes a hybrid method for system modeling and optimal allocation of low cost micro-grid. The proposed hybrid method is the joint execution of the enhanced elephant herding optimization algorithm (EHOA) and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) named as EHO-ANFIS. By using MG inputs, such as solar photovoltaic, wind turbine (WT), micro turbine (MT), fuel cell (FC), and battery

The design of portable textile-based asymmetric coplanar strip-fed comb-shaped patch (CSP) antenna is proposed and analyzed for Medical Body Area Network and Industrial Scientific and Medical band applications. A thin sheet of fabric with high conductivity has been embedded on a denim textile to fabricate a flexible conductive wearable antenna. The CSP antenna is validated in both free spaces and on

This work reports on the triple-level NAND flash cell realized from self-amplified (SA) double gate (DG) tunneling-based silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (T-SONOS) memory device. Through calibrated simulations, we show that capacitive coupling between the front gate and back gate can be used to store eight states (or 3 bits), that is, from “000” to “111,” in a T-SONOS memory device with the readable

The recent advancement in WSNs has drawn its attentive toward number of researchers as it is supportive to the wide range of applications. During the routing mechanism in WSN, the tiny sensors powered with batteries can be expired soon. Number of solutions have been proceeded so far to resolve this issue, and the ring routing protocol is one among them. The ring routing protocol is an energy-proficient

The traditional time-frequency analysis (TFA) techniques are instruments for target classification, which can reflect the feature of the target in the time-frequency domain. However, it will lead to a serious decrease in the recognition accuracy as the decline of the sampling rate. To ease this problem, in this article, the sparse time-frequency feature analysis (STFFA) is implemented for aircraft

In recent years, the hybrid branch-line coupler has attracted much attention due to its appealing features such as of low cost and ease in fabrication for wireless communications. The fifth-generation cellular networks promise to support several wireless technologies by capitalizing a multitude of frequencies and increase data rates. To achieve that, the butler matrix technique can be used to enhance

Antenna array makes an increasingly valuable contribution to various fields of communications. The beam pattern synthesis is one of the significant properties of antenna array. In this article, suppressing the maximum sidelobe levels (SLLs) of different antenna arrays is our main objective. Specifically, we first formulate the beam pattern optimization problems of the linear antenna array (LAA) and

The present paper focuses on one-dimensional silicon grating to realise efficient interconnects at three optical communication windows. The mechanism of the present research relies on the diffraction, reflection, absorption and dispersion (RAD) analysis. Further dispersion depends on the polarisation, waveguide and material properties. The reflection loss is analysed through the photonic bandgap analysis

As distribution networks operate in their majority in a radial way, this condition becomes one of the most important constraints of distribution network reconfiguration (DNR) problem. There are diverse ways to represent this in DNR, but a lack of studies that provide an analysis of its behavior is noted, specially regarding its influence in metaheuristics and bio-inspired metaheuristics. This paper

This manuscript proposes a hybrid approach for non-isolated quasi Z-source (QZS)-novel cascaded multilevel inverter (NIQZS-NMLI)-based grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system. The proposed hybrid approach is the combined execution of both the color harmony algorithm (CHA) and woodpecker-mating algorithm (WMA), and hence it is called CHA-WMA method. Initially, the NIQZS-NMLI design is developed to gain

A fast numerical modeling approach based on network characteristic mode analysis (CMA) is presented and investigated for analyzing electrical layouts in miniature RF filters, such as surface acoustic wave filters. In this approach, a generalized eigenvalue decomposition is performed on the Z-parameters of an electrical layout at one or two sampling frequencies that can be computed and extracted with

Wave absorbers are considered main operational block for light manipulation. Numerous optical and electromagnetic systems can be realized via wave absorbers such as wave modulators, filters, and detectors. Here in this work, a highly tunable wave absorber is proposed, which includes three layers of grapheme patterns on dielectric. While whole device is placed on top of a relatively thick metallic reflector

Recent trend indicates that the assessment of low complexity is crucial for an effectual design of digital filter. Earlier the existing algorithms solely focused on reducing the pass band ripples and the stop band ripples in spite of the requirement of low implementation complexity in finite impulse response (FIR) filter design. In this regard, the optimization-based FIR filter using multiobjective

The electron transmission through a system of two orthogonal quantum rings in a magnetic field with one input and two output wires is studied. It is shown that the transmission to only one of the two output leads can be governed by a change in the construction orientation in respect to the field. A model of nonplane quantum graph embedded in three-dimensional space is used.

Optimal harmonic beam steering of the time-modulated linear antenna array (TMLAA) with optimized and pre-defined ON and OFF switching schemes are proposed in this work. Three different approaches are considered to obtain various beam steering behaviors of TMLAA. The first approach is considered for the optimization of ON–OFF switching sequence for the steering of the harmonic beams toward approximately

We report on the electrical behavior of Metal/n-GaAs Schottky structure, using Silvaco-Atlas software. To study the effect of metal work function ϕm on the performance of various parameters such as saturation current Is, ideality factor n, and barrier height ϕb, we examine a large number of contact materials having different ϕm at room temperature (300 K). The results show a significant dependence

In this paper, a Z-shaped gate dielectric modulated (DM) tunnel field-effect transistor-(TFET) based biosensor with extended horizontal n+ pocket in the source region is proposed and different performances were investigated. Effective structural modification has been done by considering the filed induced quantum confinements effects to enhance the various performances of the device in terms of ON current

This paper describes an efficient simulation technique for field-effect transistor devices exhibiting significant frequency dispersive behavior. The device model is formulated such that a single energy function completely describes the channel displacement current, thus imposing charge and energy conservations principles from the outset. It is shown that adherence to energy conservation necessarily

A thorough study of the parameters influencing the operation of devices based on nanowired alumina substrate is presented. The basic structures are realized by growing metallic nanowires inside alumina porous substrate. The control of the areas wherein growth occurs allows building of various microwave devices supported on the filled template. The performances of these devices depend on the material

A broadband, high radiation efficiency graphene-based reconfigurable square spiral antenna for terahertz communication is proposed. The main part of the antenna is the graphene-based square spiral microstrip patch. The proposed antenna is built and simulated using high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS). By applying different combinations of chemical potentials on the graphene layer, the operating

In this paper, a novel hybrid-scaling rule for GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) scalable large-signal model with self-heating effect is proposed. Due to the complex parasitic characteristics of large gate-width GaN HEMT devices, nonlinear scaling rules are used to consider the dependence of the extrinsic inductances, extrinsic resistances, and thermal resistance on the gate width. In

A new small-signal model for carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNFET) is proposed which incorporates the effect of metallic carbon nanotubes (m-CNTs). The effect of m-CNTs is comprehensively modeled by contact resistance between m-CNTs and source/drain (S/D), which also taken into account a parallel RC circuit composed of Cmts, Cmtd, and non-linear resistance Rdsm. An analytical method is presented

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is an emerging technology to design logic circuits at the nanoscale level. It has the potential to replace the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. In this paper, an optimal, single layered, single clocked 1:2 demultiplexer (DeMux) circuit is proposed using 19 QCA cells in QCA technology. Proposed 1:2 DeMux circuit is further utilized for designing

Modern wireless applications necessitate compact handheld devices capable of operating at wide range of frequencies with minimum power. A suitable choice and size of the antenna play a role in reducing the power consumption of the transceivers. Microstrip antenna is usually preferred for such transceivers operating at microwave frequencies because of low profile and easy installation. In this paper

Due to load shedding, circumvent equipment damage, and possible power outages in the electric power system. The continuity of power supply under the Islanded mode of operation in microgrid creates shrink in the power of the tie‐line, and frequency oscillation in the event of small load perturbations. Hence, there needs a sufficient capacity of distributed energy resources, proper power management,

A reconfigurable patch array antenna exhibiting circular polarization as well as pattern switching capabilities is presented in this work. The proposed 2 × 2 series‐fed structure is capable of generating 11 switched beams at a resonant frequency of 2.44 GHz. The work also hypothesis an unsophisticated method polarization and radiation pattern diversity. An effective reduction from 2N to N for feed

In this work, we design and simulate novel 32 nm carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) as well as complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)‐based negative class AB second generation current conveyors (CC) (CNTFET‐CCII and CMOS‐CCII−). The comparative analyses of various performance measuring parameters of both these CCII's have been performed. A significant improvement in current and

The skills of forensic analysts are at risk to process the increasing data in the Internet of Things‐based environment platforms. However, the technical issues like anti‐forensics, variety of traffic formats, steganography or encrypted data, and real‐time live investigation degrades the performance of the cyber forensic framework. Therefore, an effective method named Sunflower Jaya Optimization‐based

A novel design of the polarizer based on a square waveguide with four posts and four irises for Ku‐band 10.7–12.8 GHz is proposed. The main advantage of the developed polarizer design is the option to tune its polarization characteristics by variation of the posts height. The equivalent circuit of the polarizer has been obtained using scattering and transfer matrices technique. Using this model, the

In this manuscript, an energy management system (EMS) is proposed to the distribution system (DS) using Internet of Things (IoT) framework with a hybrid system. The proposed hybrid method is the combination of the Seagull Optimization Algorithm (SOA) and Owl Search Algorithm (OSA), hence it is called SO2SA technique. The principle objective of the SO2SA technique is to optimize managing distribution

Voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs) are used as key components in phase‐locked loop systems for generating stable oscillation signals. Since the digital electronics industry increasingly needs a faster operation, VCOs need to generate signals at higher frequencies. This paper presents a voltage controlled oscillator with a wide frequency range and very low phase noise by using carbon nanotube technology

In order to improve the accuracy of the surrogate model for antennas, a novel two‐level Gaussian process regression (GPR) modeling method is proposed in this paper. A heuristic hypercube sampling method is proposed using the K‐means clustering method to generate the training dataset with high uniformity. Based on the training dataset, the first‐level GPR model is established between the design parameters

The Surface potential model based on 2D Poisson's equation of heterojunction Selective Buried Oxide (SELBOX) TFET has been predicted with appropriate boundary conditions in the rectangular coordinates. The device has been bifurcated into rectangular regions to perform an analysis of the electrostatic potential of the device. The potentials in the source and drain regions have been considered constant

Design optimization of many electromagnetic and multiphysics problems have multiscale issues that require a fast, efficient, and accurate surrogate‐based model to be used. Recently, in microwave engineering field, artificial intelligence–based models are being used for modeling of complex microwave stages. In all the studies, the main aim is to form models inner structure parameters, by using the given

Since the DFIGs have been widely used in the modern electric power system, they must participate in the frequency regulation and active power generation during different internal and external disturbance conditions. The amassed kinetic energy in the rotating components due to acceleration and deceleration operating conditions can appropriately support the active power generation. Loss of the rotor

This paper presents the design, electromagnetic simulation strategies and experimental characterisation of a two‐stage stacked‐FET cell in a 100 nm GaN on Si technology around 18.8 GHz, suited for Ka band satellite downlink applications. A good agreement is found between the electromagnetic simulations and the measured performance on the manufactured prototype, thus demonstrating that a successful

Due to significant growth of the industrial companies and domestic electricity consumers along with appearance of the sensitive electrical and electronic equipment, the proper standard services have been more requested to provide high‐quality electrical energy. Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is a custom power electronic which is located in series with sensitive load and grid to mitigate the voltage

In this paper, the full‐wave electromagnetic (FW‐EM) simulation approach for scalable small‐signal modeling of the GaN HEMT device is proposed. The scalable rules are deduced from the extracted parasitic parameters, which is according to a step‐by‐step parameter extraction method. Moreover, the accuracy is enhanced by considering the temperature‐dependent resistance (TDR) Rs and Rd, which are calculated

Tuning of geometry parameters is one of the essential stages of contemporary antenna design. It is necessary because available design methods, whether based on theoretical considerations or on engineering experience, are only capable of yielding initial designs that need further adjustment in order to boost the performance parameters as much as possible. Numerical optimization is also imperative for

In this work, we propose and investigate a new pocket‐based Si0.55Ge0.45/Si gate normal tunnel FET design employing a gate over source with a single lateral pocket (GSLP) with and without a heterogeneous dielectric (HD) gate oxide. Miller capacitance is significantly reduced with the GSLP design, which is further improved by the HD gate oxide leading to full overshoot/undershoot suppression capability

The exploitation of nondestructive eddy current testing (NDT‐EC) has become a capital necessity. Therefore, the development of a fast tool for the eddy‐current signal inversion is necessary. This paper proposes an inversion of signals coming from the NDT‐EC sensor response using machine learning methods, to reconstruct the length and depth of the defect and obtain its geometric characterization by

The design of a multi‐octave power amplifier (PA) based on a broadband load‐pull X‐parameter model is described for the first time in this work. A 10‐W GaN package transistor is employed for model X‐parameter model extraction. Once the model is extracted, it is compared with the equivalent circuit model provided from the device manufacturer, and it is found that the X‐parameter model accuracy is comparable

A scalable eletrothermal model is necessary for a high‐power amplifier design for accurate accounting of thermal effects. Toward this end, this study presents a scalable large‐signal model of gallium‐nitride (GaN) high‐electron‐mobility transistors (HEMTs) on diamond substrates. First, a three‐dimensional (3D) thermal analysis model was established. Then, a modified eletrothemal expression was proposed

To enable easy integration of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors with digital very large scale integrtaion (VLSI) circuits, the interface circuits need to operate efficiently even at low power supply voltages, consuming minimum power from the limited onboard supply source. Schmitt triggers have higher noise margins and lower delays as compared to conventional static CMOS logic circuits, at low-voltage

In this paper, we have investigated the delay optimization using repeater insertion in folded graphene nanoribbon (FGNR) interconnect systems for different nanometer technology nodes. The mean free path is modeled as a function of GNR width and Fermi energy. The RLC equivalent circuit is modeled for analyzing delay and power for global interconnects. The performance of FGNR is compared to that of multi-layer