The expansion in the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to a shift towards smart technologies. IoT focuses on integrating networks to facilitate smooth services to humans. The interface between the mobility patterns and the routing protocols is considered to increase the performance of the network. However, incorporating security in the IoT network has been a major issue that continues to nurture with

The LC circuit with a nonlinear capacitor is analyzed using the symplectic conservative perturbation method based on the symplectic matrix. By treating the electric charge and the flux linkage as dual variables, the LC circuit system can be transformed into a Hamiltonian system. Then we solve the nonlinear Hamiltonian matrix equation by the perturbation method. The Hamiltonian matrix can be cast into

In this paper, we carry out the calculation of eigenvalues including cutoff wavenumbers and propagation constants in rectangular waveguides filled with inhomogeneous double‐negative (DNG) dielectrics whose permittivity varies along one transverse direction by using a semianalytical approach. Eigenequations for waveguides containing arbitrary continuously or discontinuously varying dielectrics are formulated

Design of contemporary microwave circuits is a challenging task. Typically, it has to take into account several performance requirements and constraints. The design objectives are often conflicting and their simultaneous improvement may not be possible; instead, compromise solutions are to be sought. Representative examples are miniaturized microwave passives where reduction of the circuit size has

In the current work, we consider the nonlinear one‐dimensional stochastic Sine‐Gordon equation with appropriate initial and boundary conditions. The main goal of this work is presenting a numerical scheme based on radial basis functions (RBFs) and finite difference method to provide the approximate solution of mentioned equation. For approximating the solution, finite difference idea is used to overcome

In this article, we consider an anomalous diffusion model in a planar polymeric matrix as a space fractional diffusion problem with moving boundary conditions. An iterative implicit finite difference method with variable time‐steps is established to solve the proposed problem. The stability and consistency of the numerical method are proved and the estimation of the numerical error is conducted. The

In this paper, a new method‐of‐moments‐based approach is proposed for the analysis of non‐uniform lossy substrate integrated waveguides (SIW) transmission lines. The approach incorporates Chebyshev expansion in the frequency domain to compute the scattering parameter matrix of the line. To validate the proposed approach of non‐uniform structures are analyzed where two of them have been fabricated and

In this paper, a sensitivity analysis and uncertainty estimation of small‐signal model for InP HBT is presented. Analytical expressions for sensitivity are derived in terms of the measured S‐parameters based on the direct intrinsic parameters extraction. Furthermore, the uncertainties of the intrinsic parameters vs frequency are discussed to give more reliable extraction results. The optimal solutions

Internet of Things (IoT) is a ubiquitous network that assists the system to monitor and organize the world by processing, collection, and analysis of produced data by IoT nodes. The IoT is susceptible to numerous attacks, wherein the sinkhole attack is the most destructive one, which affects the communication amongst network devices. The security of the IoT is affected due to the lack of dynamic network

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), the sensor nodes aggregate the environment and transmit the aggregated data to the Cluster Head (CH) or aggregator. Even though various data aggregation model is introduced, the resource‐constrained issues in WSN are complex to solve in the research community. Therefore, the authorization and verification‐based data aggregation model is proposed in this research to

The exponential time differencing (ETD) formulation for the stretched coordinate perfectly matched layer (PML) is proposed through the Taylor expansion. This general D and B formulation can be used to truncate arbitrary media in the FDTD simulations. The numerical experiments validate the effectiveness of the ETD schemes. The computational efficiency of the ETD algorithm is identical to that of simple

A Vivaldi dipole rectenna system for infrared (IR) energy harvesting is investigated. First, a parametric study on the Vivaldi dipole antenna is performed to collect the maximum electric field between the Vivaldi poles. The antenna arms were optimized to achieve a high‐efficiency rectenna system. The two arms of the antenna were formed using two different metals, that is, gold and titanium. These two

The transistorless technology, quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) becomes one of the potential candidates of nanotechnology for signal processing circuits because of its ultra‐low power requirement, high frequency of operation, extreme‐low area requirement, and short channel effect (SCEs) immune at nanoscale circuits. Quasi‐adiabatic switching of QCA makes its data transfer faster. This work reports

We present a comprehensive and variational approach to the coupling of electromagnetic field models with circuit‐type models. That coupling relies on integral nonlocal quantities like voltage and current for electric ports, magnetomotive force, and magnetic flux for magnetic ports, and linked currents and fluxes for “tunnels” in the field domain. These quantities are closely linked to nonbounding cycles

Wideband reflector antenna feeds are a geometrically complex class of antennas, requiring a variety of design parameters to describe their form. This casts the optimization of such structures as a high‐dimensionality problem. The antenna responses are also difficult to predict and must be determined via computationally expensive full‐wave electromagnetic simulations. This paper proposes a surrogate‐based

This paper combines the numerical mode‐matching (NMM) method with the element‐free Galerkin (EFG) method for the efficient modeling of electromagnetic waves in cylindrically layered media with multiple horizontal beds. In the implementation of the conventional NMM scheme, finite element method (FEM) is commonly used to discretize the radial direction. To improve the efficiency for the discretization

V‐shaped thermal actuators are popular in many types of microelectromechanical systems' (MEMS) devices. In the rapidly growing applications of V‐shaped thermal actuators, there are usually complex driven structures, in which the Joule heat may transfer, connecting to the V‐beams. However, their influence on the temperature distribution has not been included in existing analytical models. An electro‐thermo‐mechanical

The inclusion of conductor temperature variations for numerous power system planning and operational studies has long been recognized in the literature. The conductor temperature is majorly affected by environmental factors such as the ambient temperature. An efficient forecasting technique for forecasting ambient temperature is the need of the hour to prevent unexpected hazards in power systems and

A cooling system composed of a thermal redistribution layer (TRDL) and a thermal through‐silicon via (TTSV) is proposed for three‐dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs). According to the Fourier heat flow analysis theory, the heat flow model of the proposed cooling system is established and verified by finite element analysis (FEA). It is shown that the maximum error between the heat flow model and

This paper aims to make a trade‐off between performance and robustness in stochastic control systems with probabilistic uncertainties. For this purpose, we develop a surrogate‐based robust simulation‐optimization approach for robust tuning and analyzing the sensitivity of stochastic controllers. Kriging surrogate is combined with robust design optimization to construct a robust simulation‐optimization

In this article, two kinds of shielded carbon nanotube (CNT) through‐silicon vias (TSV) are proposed and investigated for high‐density three‐dimensional integrated circuits (3‐D ICs). First, vertical aligned CNT array is inserted into a single hole, and two isolated metal pads, that is, the central circular and outer annular pads, are deposited onto the surface to make distinct conduction paths. The

In this work, physical parameter‐based modeling of small signal parameters for a metal‐semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MESFET) has been carried out as continuous functions of drain voltage, gate voltage, frequency, and gate width. For this purpose, a device simulator has been used to generate a big dataset of which the physical device parameters included material type, doping concentration and

In this paper, we have modeled the folded graphene nanoribbon (FGNR) interconnect and analyzed the performance for nanometer technology nodes. The mean free path is modeled as a function of GNR width and Fermi energy. The RLC equivalent circuit is modeled further for analyzing delay and RF response. The performance of FGNR is compared to that of multi‐layer horizontal graphene nanoribbon (ML‐HGNR)

The design of a compact, wideband flexible monopole antenna printed on a flexible Kapton polyimide substrate is presented. The proposed antenna consists of two rhombic elements embedded within a square plane as the radiating element. The wide bandwidth is aimed at alleviating potential performance degradations due to its application in an on‐body environment. The proposed antenna is designed using

In this article, the tuning rules of fractional order PID controller are derived using Indirect Design Approach‐1. In Indirect Design Approach‐1, the plant is shifted in the frequency domain using the shifting parameter ψ. The tuning rules of stochastically optimized fractional order PID controllers exist in literature for the fixed values of maximum sensitivity. Maximum Sensitivity or robustness of

This manuscript proposes the optimal power quality reinforcement in grid‐connected hybrid renewable energy sources like solar photovoltaic, wind turbine, battery storage using an intelligent approach. The proposed hybrid approach is the consolidation of Egyptian vulture optimization algorithm (EVOA) and random forest algorithm (RFA); hence, it is known as EVORFA technique. The major objective of this

In this paper, a new method using hyperbolic basis functions is presented to solve second kind linear Volterra‐Fredholm integral equation. In other words, our method approximates the solution of a Volterra‐Fredholm integral equation by the hyperbolic basis functions, which produce block‐pulse functions. Hence, the new method reduces the linear Volterra‐Fredholm integral equation to a system of algebraic

In this manuscript, the optimal location and capacity of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) based on chaotic krill herd (CKH) with runner root algorithm (RRA) for dynamic stability improvement in power system is proposed. The proposed technique is the combined execution of CKH and RRA hence it is known as CKHRA technique. Here, CKH is utilized to optimal location of unified power flow controller

In order to overcome some shortcomings including the premature convergence and slow convergence speed at later evolution stage of conventional cuckoo search (CS) algorithm for the sidelobe suppressions of antenna arrays, an improved CS with reverse learning and invasive weed operators (ICSRLIWO) is proposed. First, ICSRLIWO algorithm generates reverse populations through opposition‐based learning method

Electrolytic metal coating processes are used to protect products from corrosion, decorative surface finish and other purposes. Electroplated coating has an important quantitative characteristic, which is coating thickness. Since the electric field in the electrolyte is not uniform, the coating thickness at different points on the surface of detail is different. An important task here is to apply a

State estimation (SE) serves as the heart of the energy management systems in providing online database by processing slow‐sampled supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) measurements. The recent development of fast sampled phasor measurement units (PMUs) provides real‐time measurements that enable tracking of the system state; however, the associated high initial cost does not allow to completely

In this work, we present the design and simulation of a novel structure of In0.53Ga0.43As/InP based hetero junction tunnel field effect transistor (HTFET). The proposed HTFET employs two gates: the conventional main gate and a pseudo split gate (PSG) at the drain side. The PSG is placed at the top of the drain region with the same equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) and work function as that of the main

A novel simplest four‐dimensional hyperchaotic system with dual memristors is designed by using a charge‐controlled memristor and a generalized voltage‐controlled memristor. Based on the conventional dynamic analysis method and MATLAB simulation software, the dynamic characteristics of the dual memristor hyperchaotic system such as Lyapunov exponent spectrum, phase diagram, and bifurcation diagram

The design and simulation of high frequency memristor emulator using carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) based Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) has been presented out in this paper. The proposed memristor emulator design consists of two CNTFET‐OTAs and one capacitor with both grounded and floating topologies available for applications. The proposed CNTFET memristor design emulator

Image noise is the random variation of brightness or color information in the images. Noise can enter the picture during capturing or transmitting. Different linear and nonlinear methods have been implemented to remove the noise from an image, but transformation of wavelets is becoming increasingly important. We propose a fundamental concept for disintegrating the input bubble, sound, and movement

Major faults arise in power converters mainly due to faulty MOSFET switches, diode and electrolyte capacitors. Converter with fault tolerant circuit improves the overall reliability of DC‐DC converter. We develop a self‐test configuration that identifies the faults in analog to digital converter (ADC), DC to DC converter and battery. IEEE 21451 standard‐based interface is implemented to develop a knowledge‐based

The design of modern‐day high‐frequency devices and circuits, including microwave/RF, antenna and photonic components, historically has relied on full‐wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation tools. Initially used for design verification, EM simulations are nowadays used in the design process itself, for example, for finding optimum values of geometry and/or material parameters of the structures of interest

In this paper, a novel Instantaneous Symmetrical Component Active Power theory with Finite Control State based Model Predictive Control (ISCAP‐FCS‐MPC) strategy is proposed for Distribution‐Static‐Compensator (DSTATCOM) to enhance the power quality in distribution system. Unlike conventional control schemes, the proposed method does not necessitate modulators for switching pulse creation and the discrete

The mode‐conversion coefficient is studied to investigate the ELF wave propagation over a mixed land‐to‐sea path. As partition by the consideration of reflection influence from the ionosphere layer, we assume the propagation can be regarded as being subjected to two different models over mixed paths, in terms of the propagation distance in the range of ELF far‐field and near‐field regions, respectively

Quantum‐dot cellular automata (QCA) is a transistor‐less technology to implement the nanoscale circuit designs. QCA circuits are fast, highly dense and dissipate less energy as compared to widely used complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. In this paper, a novel structure for digital comparator using QCA nanotechnology is proposed. Digital comparator is a basic and important module

This work reports contact engineered charge plasma junctionless transistor (CE‐CP‐JLT) to suppress the tunneling leakage current by deploying calibrated exhaustive 2‐D TCAD simulations. This analysis considered the detrimental effect due to the nonohmic source and drain side contacts by including universal Schottky tunneling and band‐to‐band tunneling models. Our study suggests to reduce the source/drain

In this work, performance analysis of functionalized silicene nanoribbons‐ (SiNRs) based photodetector is evaluated using Atomistix Tool kit software. The functionalized SiNRs were obtained by co‐decorating them with lithium atoms on one side and chlorine atoms on the other side. The performance of photodetector is analyzed in terms of spectral response, responsivity and detectivity, which are found

In this paper, an efficient hybrid method is proposed for transient analysis of an overhead line equipped with a grounded arrester. The proposed method adopts a nonlinear equivalent circuit consisting of linear and nonlinear parts respectively associated with the overhead line and the arrester. In the first part of the paper, an intelligent model based on qualitative concepts in electromagnetics is

This paper proposes a model to allocate photovoltaic unit (PVU) and distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) that incorporate the operation effect of PVU in sizing and sitting problem. The model is based on the dynamic assessment of PVU production and the effect of it on placement of PVU and DSTATCOM. Geographical conditions are interfered in placement problem of PVU and DSTATCOM simultaneously.

Decreasing Drain‐Induced‐Barrier‐Lowering (DIBL) is one of the nondesirable short‐channel effects, causes the threshold voltage of the transistor to be reduced by increasing the drain voltage. DIBL makes it impossible for engineers to consider VT as a constant, and it is necessary to calculate VT as a function of the drain voltage. Therefore, to consider the DIBL effect in the design of ICs, a large

In this paper, a three‐dimensional transient thermal simulation algorithm based on spectral element method is proposed. This algorithm uses distorted hexahedron for mesh generation, which not only keeps the high efficiency of hexahedron element calculation, but also improves the flexibility of mesh generation. It supports efficient forward difference and unconditionally stable backward difference in

In an electrostatic simulation, an equipotential condition with an undefined/floating potential value has to be enforced on the surface of an isolated conductor. If this conductor is charged, a nonzero charge condition is also required. While implementation of these conditions using a traditional finite element method (FEM) is not straightforward, they can be easily discretized and incorporated within

In this paper, we construct an extended Bogoyavlenskii‐Kadomtsev‐Petviashvili (eBKP) equation. We use the Painlevé analysis to justify the integrability of the eBKP equation. We also examine the integrability of a related extended CBS equation. We derive multiple soliton solutions via using the Hirota's direct method. In addition, a variety of exact solutions, that include singular kink solutions,

Steady‐state forecasting is indispensable for power system planning and operation. A forecasting model for inputs considering their historical record is a preliminary step for such type of studies. Since the historical data quality is decisive in edifice an accurate forecasting model, data preprocessing is essential. Primarily, the quality of raw data is affected by the presence of outliers, and preprocessing

In order to quickly analyze discontinuity or periodic structure transmission characteristics, the combination of finite‐difference time‐domain method and singular value decomposition is applied. A double‐ridge waveguide (WRD) and its improvement are studied. According to the simulation results about propagation constant and eigen‐functions, the transmission performance of WRD can be improved by adding

The purpose of this invited paper is to give readers a critical and comprehensive overview on how to extract dielectric properties of a bioliquid within a broad frequency range. Two sensors are used in the paper to characterize saline solutions by measuring the broadband complex permittivity. The two sensors are based on transmission line and interdigital electrodes designed for low‐ and high‐ frequency

The paper addresses the problem of computationally efficient electromagnetic (EM)‐driven design closure of antenna structures. The foundations of the presented approach are fast kriging interpolation metamodels, utilized for two purposes: (a) producing a good starting point for further parameter tuning, and (b) yielding a reasonable Jacobian matrix estimate to jump‐start the optimization procedure

In this paper, a new Z‐shaped gate TFET structure is proposed with an n+ horizontal pocket insertion beneath the source. The Z‐TFET structure provides higher ON current by 2‐decades as compared to conventional TFET due to the vertical tunneling and presence of HfO2 gate oxide. Similarly, the ambipolar current reduces by 2‐decades without affecting subthreshold swing (SS) and OFF current significantly

The article presents circular ring antenna loaded with triangular shaped fractals covers wide band communication systems. The proposed antenna consists of circular ring‐shaped antenna with three concentric ring‐shaped fractals are loaded inside the ring. It is designed and provides the fractional bandwidth of about 116%. The designed modal is equipped with a ground plane antenna is loaded with parasitic

The paper presents a novel efficient encoding and decoding method for self‐correction and anti‐interference used in big data product tracing system based on the cyclic code theory. The principle of constructing code set is first illustrated. Then the specific encoding and decoding methods suitable for the algebra rules are invented in sequence for efficiency. At last, to test the new coding system

This paper presents a fuzzy predictive‐proportional integral derivative (FP‐PID) controller approach for automatic generation controller (AGC). This new AGC approach aims to balance the total generating system without any power losses and load changes in keeping constant system frequency per tie‐lie power flow. But, a sudden load variation in multi‐area Interconnected power system (MIPS) creates nonlinearities

The paper presents a theoretical study of a rectangular electrical network built on two layers. First, the auxiliary source notion is introduced for characterizing the potential difference over each electrical element, then the mathematical formalism of the Wave Concept Iterative Process method is developed and adopted to the studied circuit. The used method is based on the concept of the incident

This article focuses on comparison and improvements of techniques for conductivity image reconstruction in magnetic induction tomography (MIT). MIT imaging modality is a noncontact, portable, and inexpensive tool. In previous studies, generally, the real part (in‐phase component) and the imaginary part (quadrature component) of the induced voltages have been used in low‐ and high‐contrast conductivity

We present a new method for the explicit evaluation of single and double layers involved in a boundary element method to solve Maxwell's equations in the harmonic regime. This is an analytical method.

This paper provides an overview of the developments in microwave diamond field‐effect transistor (D‐FET) technologies. Due to the ultrawide‐bandgap and high carrier velocity and thermal conductivity of diamond, it is a potential candidate for microwave power devices with high output power and operating frequency. Here, the properties of semiconductor materials for microwave applications are described