Existing authentication schemes for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are not scalable to high-density and safety-critical VANETs. These schemes ignore the very important and unique VANET characteristics such as frequent path disconnections due to high-mobility, bandwidth-limited channel, applications entailing ultra-low latency, high channel-error rate, etc., in their design. Specifically, their

Vehicular cooperative autonomy characteristics such as adaptive platooning and collision avoidance are enabled only through the capability to reliably exchange, at multi-Gbps speeds, an ever growing quantity of data that are being generated by light detection and ranging (LIDAR), HD video, radar, and other sensors. Due to its high bandwidth availability, the mmWave communication channel is expected

Nowadays, vehicle ad hoc networks (VANET) are becoming one of the trends that motivate many service providers in urban areas. In this work, we take into account the random and continuous evolution of traffic in the VANET environment. We adopt a system to model the mode of evolution based on commutation. The proposed system is defined as a finite collection of linear submodels. Thus, for each subsystem

Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) are an innovative form of traditional vehicles. Automotive Ethernet replaces the controller area network and FlexRay to support the large throughput required by high-definition applications. As CAVs have numerous functions, they exhibit a large attack surface and an increased vulnerability to attacks. However, no previous studies have focused on intrusion detection

The aim of this paper is to address the Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) based channel estimation issue in railway tunnel scenarios. Thus, we propose a deterministic model to accurately generate the time-varying channel response. And to investigate the impact of these particular environments on a Cyclic-Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CP-OFDM) system, we first explore the pilot

This paper studies a statistical channel model for dynamic vehicular visible light communication systems. The proposed model considers the effect of variation in inter-vehicular spacing and the geometrical changes on path loss of the channel. The study also considers different weather conditions and vehicle mobility based on a realistic traffic flow model that considers traffic density during different

Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork (VANET) is a meteoric growing research area due to the technological advancement in sensing, computation, communication, and radio wireless technology. The demand for VANET is increasing day by day due to the numerous diverse applications. Applications of VANET include safety applications like reduction in the road accident by broadcasting messages to the driver, convenience

Security and privacy are the most important concerns related to vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), as it is an open-access and self-organized network. The presence of ‘selfish’ nodes distributed in the network are taken into account as an important challenge and as a security threat in VANET. A selfish node is a legitimate vehicle node which tries to achieve the most benefit from the network by broadcasting

Recent developments in intelligent transportation system (ITS) require a reliable medium access control (MAC) protocol to support the high-priority safety message broadcast. The rapid increase in spectrum demand is addressed by implementing cooperation in cognitive radio-based vehicular ad-hoc networks (CR-VANETs). In this paper, a novel cooperative MAC for CR-VANET (CCRV-MAC) is proposed for safety

In vehicular communications, the use of IP-based vehicular networking is expected to enable the deployment of various road applications, namely for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications. This paper surveys vehicular networking based solely on the Internet Protocol (IP), which is defined as IP Vehicular

Compared to traditional adaptive cruise control (ACC), cooperative ACC (CACC) can improve the response sensitivity of the following vehicles by using additional information, e.g., the acceleration of preceding vehicles, that is transmitted via inter-vehicle wireless communications. Thus, a platoon with CACC mode obtains a shorter time headway, thereby increasing road throughput while guaranteeing traffic

In this paper, we derive an analytical expression for the bit error probability of a multi-threshold (MTh) detector in the downlink three-user non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) based vehicular communication system with unknown noise. The MTh detector directly detects the signal of vehicle user with the highest channel gain without detecting the signals of weaker users and removing their effects

The Multiuser Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) has been proposed for the autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) communication systems in a long transmission distance to transmit multiple users over the same channel bandwidth. Unfortunately, the DSSS data rate is limited by four users as a maximum due to the extensive multipath arrivals. This paper proposes a new scheme for the AUV communication

In present road traffic system, drone-network based traffic monitoring using the Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) is a promising solution. However, camera-based traffic monitoring does not collect complete data, cover all areas, provide quick medical services, or take vehicle follow-ups in case of an incident. Drone-based system helps to derive important information (such as commuter's behaviour, traffic

RSEAP is a recently proposed RFID based authentication protocol for vehicular cloud computing whose authors claimed to be secure and efficient. In this article, we challenge these claims. More precisely, we show that RSEAP does not provide the desired security, and it is possible to conduct both tag and reader impersonation attacks efficiently. Besides, despite the use of timestamps, we show how this

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are an emerging technology that has much potential development ahead of it. VANETs seek to connect devices contained within vehicles together to create services that are particularly relevant to a vehicular environment. They attempt to do so without relying on infrastructure devices to assist in the process of network topology management. This particular nature of

Modern vehicular security architectures provision authorized vehicles with multiple short-term pseudonym certificates, so users can avoid tracking by rotating among certificates when signing messages. The large number of certificates in the system, however, makes revocation via Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) complex and/or inefficient. Two possible solutions for this issue are: (1) frequently

Vehicular ad hoc network as an intelligent transportation system supports traffic management to facilitate navigation, safety, and services to end-users. Delivery of safety messages is prioritized to avoid hazards in the system. In this regard, this paper discusses the existing TDMA MAC protocols in vehicular ad hoc network that efficiently coordinates and communicates with the vehicles and minimize

The notion of fog-based vehicular ad-hoc network has been introduced by the integration of fog-based computing paradigm into the conventional vehicular ad-hoc networks. This integration is envisioned to bring a more enjoyable driving environment with an enhanced level of safety. Evidently, one of the most challenging steps in reaching this goal is how to make these immense communications secure. Shared

The Fifth Generation (5G) cellular network requires new solutions to new network requirements, for example, support for high-speed mobility. This paper presents a handover decision solution for connected vehicles to 5G Ultra-Dense Networks (5G-UDN). Its main goal is to treat high vehicular mobility and provide performance gains in handover for vehicles, since the densification of the cellular network

Visible light communication (VLC) is nowadays envisaged as a promising technology to enable new classes of services in intelligent transportation systems ranging, e.g., from assisted driving to autonomous vehicles. The assessment of the performance of VLC for automotive applications requires as a basic step a model of the transmission pattern and propagation of the VLC signal when real traffic-lights

The world is embracing the presence of connected autonomous vehicles which are expected to play a major role in the future of intelligent transport systems. Given such connectivity, vehicles in the networks are vulnerable to making incorrect decisions due to anomalous data. No sophisticated attacks are required; just a vehicle reporting anomalous speeds would be enough to disrupt the entire traffic

Vehicular ad hoc networks have enabled applications for real-time data sharing such as safety and infotainment services in smart cities. Notably, with the widespread adoption of the internet of things (IoT), the back-end networks are not designed to carry large amounts of data as it leads up to network congestion and consumes a significant amount of energy. Moreover, the IoT sensor data requires real-time

With the incoming of 5G communications, Vehicular Networks have the hope to achieve ultra-high data transmission rate with extremely low end-to-end delay. However, the dynamic nature of transportation traffic and increased data bandwidth demands are the major obstacles to achieve high transmission rate in Vehicular-to-Anything (V2X) Networks. To overcome these obstacles, this paper presents a novel

A new trend in network management that started to gain popularity in recent years is the Software-Defined Networking (SDN). By decoupling the control plane from the data plane, SDN provides a centralized view and more flexibility, scalability, and global knowledge of the entire network. In a previous paper, we presented ROAMER, a routing protocol that exploits Roadside Units (RSUs) in order to route

Electronization and intelligentization are gradually becoming the basic characteristics of modern automobiles. With the continuous deepening of intelligent network integration, automotive information security has become increasingly prominent. The in-vehicle network system is responsible for controlling the state of intelligent connected vehicles and significantly affecting driving safety. This research

This paper tackles the problem of selecting stable relays for Optimized Link State Routing protocol (OLSR) in urban Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in the presence of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). With the evolution of Internet of Things (IoT), IoV emerged from the conventional vehicular ad-hoc network to enable Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication through different routing protocols. In OLSR protocol

Emerging Internet of Things (IoT) is considered as blessings for the automotive industry to offer vast opportunities to inventively create, develop, and enhance seamless services for the comfort of the users. Over time, IoT has significantly expanded and evolved in a numerous variety of automotive applications. Motivated by this growing importance of automotive IoT, this paper presents a critical literature

Floating Content (FC) is a communication paradigm to locally share ephemeral content without direct support from infrastructure. It is based on constraining the opportunistic replication of content in a way that strikes a balance between minimizing resource usage and maximizing content availability among the intended recipients. However, existing approaches to management of FC schemes are unfit for

Development of Software Defined Networking (SDN) based Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) is one of the key enablers of 5G technology. VANETs enable different types of services through communication between vehicles and road side units. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) introduced this emerging technology to provide travelers comfort, safety, and infotainment services with improved traffic efficiency

In this paper, we study the time-variance of a roadside infrastructure to infrastructure (I2I) channel operating at 60 GHz millimetre wave (mmWave) band, where the time-variance is caused by moving vehicles acting as scatterers. At first, measurement data is obtained by placing the transmitter (TX) and the receiver (RX) at different heights to emulate a link between two nonidentical roadside units

With a securely pre-shared short password, Password-Authenticated Key Exchange (PAKE) protocol is able to produce a secure session key to protect the communication. However, in a practical self-organized network, e.g. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET), the pre-shared passwords are often insecure, because the mass-produced devices are frequently with similar default passwords, such as 0000 or 1234, which

Cellular-based vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) is one of the emerging and promising techniques to support vehicular communications by enabling both safety-critical and non-safety services. C-V2X communications is a core solution to manage and advance future traffic safety and mobility. In this paper, we design a cellular-based vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications model for a Manhattan dense

Applying vehicular (V2X) communications in detecting traffic congestion is a promising approach, as smart and self-driving vehicles are equipped with sensors that can be used to detect an incident anywhere in real-time. Unfortunately, without appropriate security measures and careful design the communication can be vulnerable to malicious attacks, causing even more damage on the roads. Addressing these

As the number of technologies implemented in our daily life and rapidly deployed in the transportation system continuously increases, the car-following model is crucial in the transition towards developing an intelligent transportation system. The car-following model adopts different types of sensors to collect driver behaviour for developing road safety and efficient traffic management. This systematic

Security and authentication are an important guarantee for vehicle to everything (V2X). At present, V2X security schemes in most countries are based on public key infrastructure (PKI). These schemes require additional digital signatures when sending basic safety messages (BSMs), which means security requires additional overhead. Consequently, V2X communication efficiency will be affected in the case

Social Internet of Vehicles (SIoV) is becoming a reality where private and secure communication is a prerequisite. Various standardization organizations and studies have reached a consensus to use Vehicular Public-key Infrastructure (V-PKI) in order to secure SIoV systems. However, significant security- and trust-related problems remain unsolved. This study presents an Accountable Credential Management

With the rapid development of internet, new technologies and new domains of activities are increasingly created with an exponential pace. Therefore, network operators and service providers experience an astonishing demand in terms of network services' performance. Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), which have evolved to Internet of Vehicles (IoV), are one of these new technologies with high demand

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have the potential to enable communication among vehicles either directly using a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication model or through a road side unit (RSU) while using a vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication model. In multi-hop messaging, end-to-end (E2E) communication delay and messages reachability are essential performance indicators for VANET applications

The traditional Vehicular ad hoc Network (VANET) data offloading was enabled when a vehicle is inside the signal coverage of an IEEE 802.11p Road Side Unit (RSU) or Wi Fi Access Point (AP). This work proposed to have the VANET data offloading from cellular network's Base Station (BS) to IEEE 802.11p RSU or Wi Fi AP using the multiple hop vehicular to vehicular (V2V) path that can connect with the ahead

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have become the one of the most, reassuring, encouraging and the quickest developing subsets of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). They are involved smart vehicles, On-board Units (OBUs), and Roadside Units (RSUs) which convey by the temperamental wireless media. Other than lacking frameworks, forwarding elements move with various speeds. Hence, this postpones setting

UAVNs (unmanned aerial vehicle networks) may become vulnerable to threats and attacks due to their characteristic features such as highly dynamic network topology, open-air wireless environments, and high mobility. Since previous work has focused on classical and metaheuristic-based approaches, none of these approaches have a self-adaptive approach. In this paper, the challenges and weaknesses of previous

The success of autonomous vehicles (AVhs) depends upon the effectiveness of sensors being used and the accuracy of communication links and technologies being employed. But these sensors and communication links have great security and safety concerns as they can be attacked by an adversary to take the control of an autonomous vehicle by influencing their data. Especially during the state estimation

To provide a classification function that has the ability to promote the management of signcrypted messages transmitted by the numerous vehicles in the IoV system, in this paper, we construct an identity-based signcryption with equality test scheme (IBSC-ET) for the first time. Our scheme not only ensures the integrity, confidentiality as well as authentication of messages, but also enables the cloud

Nowadays detonation of holding vehicle has wrought overcrowded traffic. The US Federal Communication Commission officially allocated nearly 75 MHz spectrum in 5.8 GHz band to support vehicular communication and many studies found this band incapable to handle the demand for future data traffic. The application of Cognitive Radio (CR) technology will be utilized to make the Internet of Vehicles (IoV)

Establishing security metrics in vehicular networking is still being debated. The dynamic characteristics of vehicular networks, imposes challenges to realize an appropriate solution to organize and ensure reliable data transfer between the vehicular nodes. In order to ensure road safety, avoid/reduce traffic congestion, and to identify malicious vehicles, an efficient Trust Management System has to

Since the inception of smart cities, vehicular networks has introduced new dimensions for delay-sensitive applications. The use of backend cloud data centers is no longer a viable solution due to incurred latency. Thus, to support such applications, computing devices are placed at edge locations to reduce communication delay improving the quality of service. However, in a congested environment, these

Participatory Sensing (PS) is a known paradigm of collaborative networks which provides incentives for users to participate in sensing tasks of Regions of Interest (RoIs). A challenge in wireless networking, however, is to balance the amount of data collected by users without imposing excessive load to the network. In this direction, this paper proposes a centralized system to adapt the sampling rate

The rapid adoption of technology for the purpose of connecting all things to a global network can be witnessed in those ranging from simple applications, such as toasters, to more complex ones, such as vehicles. In particular, the connected vehicles which have emerged from this adoption utilize various sensors and external connections to either better allow its user to make a more informed decision

Proper scheduling of downlink (RSU-to-vehicle) communication reduces power consumption of Road Side Unit (RSU) in green vehicular networks. In highway scenarios, due to high deployment cost of RSUs, it is necessary to leave some areas uncovered in which vehicles cannot get direct access to the RSUs. Therefore, a vehicle with large data requirement may enter into an uncovered area without completely

Currently, the coexistence of multiple users and devices challenges the network's ability to reliably connect them. This article proposes a novel communication architecture that satisfies the requirements of fifth-generation (5G) mobile network applications. In particular, this architecture extends and combines ultra-dense networking (UDN), multi-access edge computing (MEC), and virtual infrastructure

In the last decade, there has been growing interest in Vehicular Ad Hoc NETworks (VANETs). Today car manufacturers have already started to equip vehicles with sophisticated sensors that can provide many assistive features such as front collision avoidance, automatic lane tracking, partial autonomous driving, suggestive lane changing, and so on. Such technological advancements are enabling the adoption

The utilized authentication framework in a transportation network definitely influences the network size (number of vehicles) and vehicles' anonymity degree. Some frameworks can accommodate larger network size trading off anonymity level; other authentications offer superior anonymity traits given sparse networks only. Addressing such knowledge gap, we introduce a context-aware authentication interchanging

The recent advancement in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in terms of manufacturing processes, and communication and networking technology has led to a rise in their usage in civilian and commercial applications. The regulations of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the US had earlier limited the usage of UAVs to military applications. However more recently, the FAA has outlined new enforcement

The popularity of intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications urges the development of vehicle positioning system that satisfies the availability, precision and accuracy requirements. Lane level (the exact lane on the road) positioning or even in-lane level (the exact location within the lane) positioning are expected in all driving environments at all times. In addition to the existing vehicle

Recent advancement in communication among smart devices, vehicular fog computing introduces new dimensions for delay-sensitive applications. The traditional computing paradigm to install edge locations is no longer viable due to incurred latency while decision making, especially in delay-sensitive applications. In this paper, we propose a vehicle-to-vehicle task offloading framework that allows vehicles

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are set to play a prominent role in next-generation communications networks. However, the shortage of available spectrum to support UAV communications is a crucial challenge towards realizing multi-UAV networks. To this end, a hybrid-duplex (HBD) UAV communication system, i.e., HBD-UCS, is a potential solution towards improving spectrum efficiency in UAV communications

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) simulators have gained widespread adoption in the research community given the fact that they can simulate near real life scenarios to evaluate driver-safety applications without endangering human lives. In this paper, we present the VEhicular NeTwork Open Simulator (VENTOS), a closed-loop VANET simulator that combines the capabilities of both communication network