Wireless charging systems are foreseen as an effective solution to improve the convenience and safety of conventional conductive chargers. As this technology has matured, recent broad applications of wireless chargers to electrified transportation have indicated a trend toward higher power, power density, modularity, and scalability of designs. In this article, commercial systems and laboratory prototypes

Electrical distribution systems comprising different power sources and loads, such as electric vehicles, aircraft electrical distribution systems, and residential microgrids, need new power conversion architectures. Multiport converters are an alternative to conventional multiconverter systems. This work studies a modular multiactive bridge (MMAB) converter, which is a multiport converter based on

The electrical drive system is crucial to the drive performance and safety of electric vehicles (EVs). In contrast to the traditional two-wheel-driven EVs, the hub motor four-wheel-drive system can steer the vehicle by controlling the torque and speed of each wheel independently, yielding a very simple distributed drivetrain with high efficiency and reliability. This article presents a system-level

This article presents a surrogate modeling approach to predict the vibrational behavior during electric machine design. The methodology used in identifying and implementing the surrogate model allows a time-efficient integration of the surrogate model in multiphysics geometric optimization of electric machines, especially in scenarios of drop-in replacement. Based on the state-of-the-art review, the

Nowadays, multiphase induction drives are used in electric vehicle applications to improve reliability and efficiency. These induction motors are controlled by using a multiphase voltage-source inverter (VSI). As the number of phases increases, the number of switching devices used in multiphase VSI also increases, which results in a reduction of the system efficiency and an increase in the cost. Among

Conventional finite control set model-predictive control (FCS-MPC) presents a high computational burden, especially in three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) converters. This article proposes a low-complexity optimal switching time-modulated model-predictive control (OST-M2PC) method for a three-level NPC converter. In the proposed OST-M2PC method, the optimal switching time is calculated using a

Brake-by-wire (BBW) is a critical technology in modern automotive and lays a solid foundation for intelligent vehicles. A control strategy to take full advantage of this system both in the active brake and the conventional boosting brake is essential for the BBW system, which is a challenging issue because of its complex structure and high requirement for rapid dynamic response and control accuracy

In the vessel integrated power system (IPS), several common events, such as replacement of the aging batteries, isolation of fault modules, and launching of pulse loads, can make the state-of-charge (SOC) of energy storage elements (ESEs) inconsistent, which, consequently, requires different charging or discharging power commands for the ESEs to balance their SOC. Modular multilevel converter–bidirectional

Due to the rapid adoption of power electronics technology in shipboard microgrids (SMGs) in recent years, harmonic contamination has become now a crucial topic for these power systems. In order to sustain the safety of the electrical power systems, standards for power quality have imposed strict limits on the harmonic distortion allowed. In these standards, the application of the fast Fourier transform

With the extensive electrification introduced into the shipboard power systems, the navigation routine has become more important in an electric propulsion and solar power integrated ships since various sailing paths and speeds will lead to different operation performances. Unlike traditional navigation, which solves the shortest path problem, a data-driven optimization scheme is developed in this article

Targeted at the issue of electric locomotives passing the neutral section in ac electrified railway, a novel intelligent electric phase separation system is proposed in this article, which is also named smart electric neutral section executer (SENSE). It consists of thyristors, several voltage and current transformers, and the control system. On one hand, the thyristors are used to replace the traditional

Focusing on using drones to deliver packages, this article considers a new delivery mode exploiting public transportation vehicles. Due to the battery capacity constraint, which limits the delivery area of drones, the public transportation vehicles are used to transport a drone to someplace unreachable by flying only. The problem under investigation is the round trip routing problem that finds the

The regulated output characteristic is crucial for a wireless power transfer (WPT) system. Most studies focus on the single-load system or the system with multiple evenly distributed loads; however, the loads might distribute in space at different distances from the power supply in practice. In this article, a WPT hybrid repeater system is proposed to power multiple loads over a long distance. The

Due to the need to control simultaneously torque and flux in a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), their predictive control is a multiobjective optimization problem (MOOP). To solve this problem, traditional predictive control uses the weighting factors to convert the MOOP into a single-object optimization problem. Based on the lexicographic method, a simple strategy without weighting factors

The lack of precise mathematical model of nonlinear systems, such as electric machines, brings certain limits to design a powerful controller for such systems. This article presents a model-free-adaptive-control (MFAC) scheme as a good alternative to the commonly used model-based-control (MBC) methods in order to improve the controller design limitations due to the need for system model information

This article proposes a new stochastic day-ahead residential charging model for a vehicle-to-grid (V2G)-capable plug-in electric vehicle (PEV). The aim is to minimize the expected customer’s charging cost, including energy cost and battery aging cost while satisfying the customer service quality constraints. The proposed model integrates a detailed PEV lithium-ion battery aging model as a function

High-frequency bidirectional dual-bridge series-resonant dc–dc converters have been attracted more attention in power electronic transformer (PET) due to high power density and efficiency. In this article, a model predictive power control method with phase shift modulation is proposed, to improve the dynamic response and robustness of the converter without load current sensor. In addition, the proposed

The electrical locomotives are treated as single-phase nonlinear loads, which can cause the low power factor, high contents of harmonic currents, and negative-sequence current. The power quality conditioners are widely used for solving the power quality issues in the railway power system. In power quality conditioners, the coupled impedance can affect the operation voltage, compensation range, and

The next generation of steering systems in the auto manufacturing industry would be steer-by-wire (SBW) in which the mechanical connection between vehicle steering wheel and tires is removed. Numerous advantages are envisaged for this modification, but there are still some under-research technical and safety-related challenges to be addressed. This article presents a thorough review on the history

Variable flux memory machines (VFMMs) normally suffer from excessively low initial magnetization state (MS), which will cause a large starting current or even startup failure. This article proposes an MS initialization control scheme for VFMMs equipped with incremental encoders, in which the required rotor position is estimated by injecting high-frequency square-wave voltage. Based on the estimated

State of health (SOH) is critical to evaluate the life expectancy of lithium-ion battery (LIB), thus should be estimated accurately in practical applications. This article proposes a computationally efficient model-based method for SOH estimation of LIB. A revised Lorentzian function-based voltage–capacity (VC) (RL-VC) model is exploited to accurately capture the voltage plateaus of LIB which reflect

A novel integrated converter for electric vehicles (EVs) is proposed in this article. For battery-charging operation, the proposed converter system enables a complementary deployment of the utility grid and a solar photovoltaic (PV) system. Since both sources (acting one at a time) utilize the same converter, the developed charging system, therefore, has a smaller number of components. In addition

In recent years, wireless power transfer (WPT) is extensively researched because it is a reliable and safest way of electric vehicle charging. Generally, rectangular-, square-, and circular-shaped unipolar coils are used in the static and dynamic WPT systems. However, these unipolar coils suffer from reduced coupling coefficient ( $k$ ) due to large leakage flux, which decreases power transfer and

Drones have become a new means for parcel delivery in recent years. As the flight distances of currently available commercial drones are usually limited due to the battery capacity constraint, this article considers the placement of charging stations to charge or replace the battery, and thus enlarge the coverage of customers. The problem of deploying a number of charging stations to cover the customers

Gallium nitride enhancement-mode high electron mobility transistors (GaN E-HEMTs) can achieve high frequency and high efficiency due to its excellent switching performance compared with conventional Si transistors. Nevertheless, GaN HEMTs exhibit a more pronounced dynamic ON-state resistance $R_{\mathrm {DS}(\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON})}$ than silicon transistors. The variation of $R_{\mathrm {

The internal capacitor voltages of a four-level hybrid clamped converter (4L-HCC) can have serious instability issues without proper control, limiting its application in variable speed drives for transportation electrification. This article presents a new integrated control scheme for an electrical machine drive fed by the 4L-HCC. Compared with the traditional PWM control, the proposed method effectively

Electric traction machines have been applied to both industrial variable-speed applications and electric vehicles. The induction machine (IM) is a potential candidate for traction machines due to the established industrial base. However, most of the existing studies on traction IM design rely on optimization algorithms or iterative calculation programs that subsequently give no clear understanding

Mathematical modeling of a machine allows a better understanding, and it gives insight on the effect of each variable on the machine dynamics. This article develops the mathematical model of a novel shifted interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) with aligned magnet and reluctance torques. It is a new class of IPMSM where the flux barrier is modified in such a way that the relative positions

The current-control loop plays an important role in achieving the rapid torque response of the vector-controlled salient pole permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). Since the cross coupling of the motor model can deteriorate the performance of the current-control loop, numerous decoupling current regulators have been reported. However, less attention is drawn to the theoretical evaluation of the

In encoderless field-oriented-controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives, current sensors may malfunction in harsh working environments. A current sensor fault-tolerant control (FTC) strategy with a single sliding mode observer (SMO) is proposed in this article, which can achieve both phase current error construction and rotor position estimation. This strategy can simplify the system

In this article, a two-level methodology is proposed to optimize the design of a hybrid excitation synchronous machine (HESM) for a given electric vehicle (EV) over an arbitrary-selected driving cycle. We are looking at a huge analysis problem of finding an optimal hybridization ratio (HR) between the two excitation sources, namely, permanent magnet (PM) and wound excitation (WE). To find the optimal

This study proposes an ensemble reinforcement learning (RL) strategy to improve the fuel economy. A parallel hybrid electric vehicle model is first presented, followed by an introduction of ensemble RL strategy. The base RL algorithm is $Q$ -learning, which is used to form multiple agents with different state combinations. Two common energy management strategies, namely, thermostatic strategy and equivalent

This article proposes a computationally efficient path-following control strategy of autonomous electric vehicles (AEVs) with yaw motion stabilization. First, the nonlinear control-oriented model, including path-following model, single-track vehicle model, and magic formula tire model, is constructed. To handle the stability constraints with ease, the nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) technique

Current control in electric multiple unit (EMU) pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) rectifiers is crucial for the system’s stable operation and fast transient response. It should not only regulate the sinusoidal current under very low switching frequency but also eliminate dc current avoiding transformer core saturation. Therefore, proportional integral (PI) plus vector proportional integral with phase compensation

The primary objective of evaluation of eddy-current losses is to provide a guide for optimized design of tractive transformer. It is not sensible to directly create the detailed laminations of a transformer core for analyzing the eddy-current field because of sophisticated modeling procedure and incredible computational cost. As a result, in this article, a series of original formulas to describe the

The flexible traction power supply system (FTPSS) integrates back-to-back converter, and hybrid energy storage system (HESS) and photovoltaic (PV) generation system will be an important part of the smart railway. The FTPSS not only cancels the neutral zone but also facilitates the utilization of regenerative braking (RB) and renewable energy, but the random fluctuation of PV and the sudden change of

With less fragile power electronics integrated, the overall shipboard power system (SPS) safety level is prone to increase. In this article, the motion equation concept of a less power electronics-based more-electric ship is proposed to study the SPS dynamics. A wound rotor induction machine (WRIM) acts as the propulsion load, whose stator and power converter are regarded as a synthetic internal voltage

The frequent start/stop operation of a bow thruster presents a high pulsating power demand in shipboard microgrids while reducing the fuel efficiency of the diesel engines, which may induce potential instabilities. In this article, a hybrid energy storage system, including batteries and ultracapacitors (UCs), is connected to the dc bus of the thruster driver, and a hierarchical controller is proposed

The dc grid is emerging as a new electric power distribution concept for several types of vessels due to its higher fuel efficiency compared with the conventional ac grid. Until today, wound rotor generators (WRGs) and diode rectifiers have been applied to the generation part of the onboard dc grid although the efficiency, weight, reliability, and footprint of the WRGs are inferior to those of permanent

This article investigates efficiency optimization in a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) drive system, including the motor and the power converter. At first, the motor drive efficiency model based on the input and output power is proposed. In this model, the input power is calculated from the dc-link voltage and current measurements, and the output power is modeled and computed from the dq

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A conventional two-stage topology that consists of a dc/ac converter, a dc-link, and two ac/dc converter is being used as wireless charging of electric vehicles (EVs). However, the conventional topology contains more conversion stages with a bulky dc-link capacitor, and implementation of control strategies is not easy to transfer power from the primary coil to pickup coil or vice versa. A single-stage

Battery swapping–charging system (BSCS) is efficient for battery swapping service provision to commercial electric vehicles (EVs) in a certain region. When multiple BSCSs are considered to serve a larger geographical span, achieving the efficient and collaborative management of the BSCSs located in different regions with various EV user behavior and system features is essential. This article proposed

Hybridization of supercapacitors (SCs) with batteries in electric vehicular applications improves battery life, acceleration, and driving range. However, the efficiency of the power electronic interface that unites batteries and SCs is affected due to wide voltage variations at the SC bank terminals. Moreover, the SCs in a bank offer low storage capacity that restricts them from serving a series of

This article proposes the permeance and inductance modeling of a new double-stator hybrid-excited flux-switching permanent-magnet (DSHE-FSPM) machine. First, based on the machine design, the DS coupling analysis is presented, which refers to the mutual influence between double stators. In fact, different coupling degree leads to different modeling methods of DS machines, which reduces the workload

Current global trends show increasing numbers of electric vehicles on the road. The demand for fast charging is likely to keep pace with the adoption of electric vehicles. Fast charging places exceptionally high load demand on the electric utility infrastructure. These loads are beyond the capabilities of the existing infrastructure in many locations. The infrastructure power limitations can be offset

Battery management for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) has attracted extensive research attention, with most existing studies focusing on PEV operating conditions. However, battery maintenance during idling remains largely unexplored, under which electrochemical side reactions can cause battery degradation. The degradation rate depends on battery states, e.g., state of charge (SOC) and temperature

Reliable fault-diagnosis is essential to the induction motor drive systems in some special applications. In this article, we present a simple and robust fault-diagnosis scheme for three-phase induction motor drive systems. As the proposed fault-diagnosis method is based on the framework of model predictive control, many shared data can be fully utilized, and the computation burden is greatly reduced

The inspection and maintenance work of traction power supply equipment (TPSE) is growing heavy with the construction and operation of a large number of urban rail transits (URTs). In order to improve the existing regular preventive maintenance mode and implement a “high-efficiency with low-cost” maintenance strategy, this article proposes an optimal nonperiodic inspection decision-making method for

This article presents a multiphysics design process considering multiobjective optimization for high-speed permanent magnet machines (HSPMMs) to obtain an optimized design. Based on the initial dimensions, the parameters of the active part of the rotor are further limited through the analysis of rotor stress and dynamics. The multiobjective optimization on the electromagnetic characteristics is conducted

Axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machines are promising for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) due to the compactness, high torque density, and high efficiency. However, poor thermal characterization leads to an oversizing of these machines, which ultimately compromises overall system efficiency. In this article, the transient thermal behavior of all the components in the single-sided AFPM machine is

High power density, high efficiency, inexpensive drivetrains operating over a wide torque/speed range are critical for traction applications. An induction machine (IM) offers a cost-effective, rugged, and reliable alternative to permanent magnet solutions. Varying the IM’s pole count on-the-fly overcomes the finite inverter voltage constraint and extends the machine’s speed range. To date, the operating

In this article, a computation-efficient model predictive control (MPC) is proposed to eliminate common-mode voltages (CMVs) of three-phase five-level active neutral-point-clamped (3P-5L-ANPC) converters. Originated from the CMV analysis of the 3P-5L-ANPC with all possible 125 possible voltage vectors, only 19 voltage vectors that generate zero CMV are adopted as the candidate voltage vectors for the

Under the pressure of climate change, the transportation sector is under electrification, and electric vehicles (EVs) are encouraged to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels. However, in those regions where coal is a dominating power generation fuel source, different opinions about whether EVs can help emission reduction exist. In other words, whether EVs can help emission reduction depends on the

Recent trends in shipboard power distribution network design, such as the transition from ac to dc, result in new challenges on the issue of distribution network protection. Devices such as a solid-state bus-tie switch provide the first line of defense against the propagation of low-impedance faults across the distribution system by quickly separating the faulty portion of the network and preventing

For improving the energy efficiency of railway systems, onboard energy storage devices (OESDs) have been applied to assist the traction and recover the regenerative energy. This article aims to address the optimal sizing problem of OESDs to minimize the catenary energy consumption for practical train operations. By employing a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model based on energy flow and the

This article presents a Transmotor-based powertrain in order to improve the performance of the powertrain on electric vehicles. In the proposed powertrain, the maximum torque can be available at a larger speed range. This feature leads to three notable improvements that enhance the powertrain performance and efficiency. First, higher gradeability is achievable at any vehicle speed that enables maintaining