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Electrification of transportation systems continues to increase both to reduce the negative effect of petroleum-based transportation on the climate and the quality of life and to allow for enhanced safety and comfort of transportation at large. These developments are often subject to tight constraints on cost, mass, and volume. At the same time, the requirements on the reliability of the systems in

In this article, a hybrid-slot radial-flux dual-stator permanent-magnet machine (HS-RDPM) with fault-tolerant consideration is presented. On the one hand, the torque density of this structure is improved compared with conventional fault-tolerant permanent-magnet machines (FTPMs). On the other hand, both large torque ripple and weak phase isolation coming from dual stators are optimized. First, radial-flux

Efficiency and reliability are essential for isolated bidirectional dc–dc converters in electric vehicle (EV) battery charging systems. As one promising power interface between energy storage components and power bus, dual-active-bridge (DAB) dc–dc converters have gained wide applications due to the advantages of galvanic isolation, symmetric circuit structure, high power density, and easy control

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Electrification is a remarkable trend in the aviation industry. Electric machines and power electronics systems have been increasingly embedded in aerospace applications. In this field, the abovementioned systems are mainly used for flight control, engine starting/generating, propulsion, environmental control, braking, and fuel and hydraulic pumps.

In this article, the dc filter design and optimization problem is studied for dc electrical power distribution systems onboard more-electric aircraft. Component sizing models are built to serve as the basis of the optimization whose objectives are mass and power loss of this filter. A categorization strategy of search and surrogate algorithms is proposed and used for the target multiobjective optimization

More electric aircraft (MEA) is expected to optimize aircraft performance, and the switched reluctance starter/generator (SR S/G) system is recommended as a key technique for MEA implementation. In order to improve safety and reduce aircraft maintenance time, it is necessary to quickly identify and locate electrical faults in the electrical system. This article proposes a fault diagnosis method for

In more electric aircraft (MEA), weight reduction and energy efficiency constitute the key figures. In addition, the safety and continuity of operation of its electrical power distribution system (EPDS) are of critical importance. These sets of desired features are in disagreement with each other because higher redundancy, needed to guarantee the safety of operation, implies additional weight. In fact

In this study, an online fault diagnosis (FD) algorithm is developed to detect stator’s turn-to-turn faults (TTFs) in direct torque control (DTC)-driven induction motors (IMs) for the electric vehicle’s (EV) powertrains. The developed FD algorithm is based on the application of the discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) technique on the stator currents. Being a time–frequency domain-based algorithm

The power system of an all-electric ship (AES) establishes an independent microgrid using the distributed energy resources, energy storage devices, and power electronic converters. As a hybrid energy system (HES), the power system of an AES works as a unified system where each part can affect the reliability of the other parts. The systemic reliability centered maintenance (SRCM), which efficiently

Accurate state-of-health estimation can give valuable guidelines for improving the reliability and safety of energy storage system. In this article, a novel battery degradation tracking method is proposed through the fusion of significant health features with Gaussian process regression (GPR). First, an advanced filter method is used to smooth differential thermal voltammetry (DTV) curves. Thereafter

Wireless charging systems are foreseen as an effective solution to improve the convenience and safety of conventional conductive chargers. As this technology has matured, recent broad applications of wireless chargers to electrified transportation have indicated a trend toward higher power, power density, modularity, and scalability of designs. In this article, commercial systems and laboratory prototypes

Electrical distribution systems comprising different power sources and loads, such as electric vehicles, aircraft electrical distribution systems, and residential microgrids, need new power conversion architectures. Multiport converters are an alternative to conventional multiconverter systems. This work studies a modular multiactive bridge (MMAB) converter, which is a multiport converter based on

The electrical drive system is crucial to the drive performance and safety of electric vehicles (EVs). In contrast to the traditional two-wheel-driven EVs, the hub motor four-wheel-drive system can steer the vehicle by controlling the torque and speed of each wheel independently, yielding a very simple distributed drivetrain with high efficiency and reliability. This article presents a system-level

This article presents a surrogate modeling approach to predict the vibrational behavior during electric machine design. The methodology used in identifying and implementing the surrogate model allows a time-efficient integration of the surrogate model in multiphysics geometric optimization of electric machines, especially in scenarios of drop-in replacement. Based on the state-of-the-art review, the

Nowadays, multiphase induction drives are used in electric vehicle applications to improve reliability and efficiency. These induction motors are controlled by using a multiphase voltage-source inverter (VSI). As the number of phases increases, the number of switching devices used in multiphase VSI also increases, which results in a reduction of the system efficiency and an increase in the cost. Among

Conventional finite control set model-predictive control (FCS-MPC) presents a high computational burden, especially in three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) converters. This article proposes a low-complexity optimal switching time-modulated model-predictive control (OST-M2PC) method for a three-level NPC converter. In the proposed OST-M2PC method, the optimal switching time is calculated using a

Brake-by-wire (BBW) is a critical technology in modern automotive and lays a solid foundation for intelligent vehicles. A control strategy to take full advantage of this system both in the active brake and the conventional boosting brake is essential for the BBW system, which is a challenging issue because of its complex structure and high requirement for rapid dynamic response and control accuracy

In the vessel integrated power system (IPS), several common events, such as replacement of the aging batteries, isolation of fault modules, and launching of pulse loads, can make the state-of-charge (SOC) of energy storage elements (ESEs) inconsistent, which, consequently, requires different charging or discharging power commands for the ESEs to balance their SOC. Modular multilevel converter–bidirectional

Due to the rapid adoption of power electronics technology in shipboard microgrids (SMGs) in recent years, harmonic contamination has become now a crucial topic for these power systems. In order to sustain the safety of the electrical power systems, standards for power quality have imposed strict limits on the harmonic distortion allowed. In these standards, the application of the fast Fourier transform

With the extensive electrification introduced into the shipboard power systems, the navigation routine has become more important in an electric propulsion and solar power integrated ships since various sailing paths and speeds will lead to different operation performances. Unlike traditional navigation, which solves the shortest path problem, a data-driven optimization scheme is developed in this article

Targeted at the issue of electric locomotives passing the neutral section in ac electrified railway, a novel intelligent electric phase separation system is proposed in this article, which is also named smart electric neutral section executer (SENSE). It consists of thyristors, several voltage and current transformers, and the control system. On one hand, the thyristors are used to replace the traditional

Focusing on using drones to deliver packages, this article considers a new delivery mode exploiting public transportation vehicles. Due to the battery capacity constraint, which limits the delivery area of drones, the public transportation vehicles are used to transport a drone to someplace unreachable by flying only. The problem under investigation is the round trip routing problem that finds the

The electric drive system is a key subsystem of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Abnormalities in the electric drive system components may lead to performance degradation in the drive system and, more severely, loss of power in the vehicle. This article presents an integrated prognosis system for early detection and isolation of the electric drive system and component faults. The system first calculates

DC-link capacitors are one kind of reliability-critical component in traction inverters. As such, it is essential to evaluate the degradation characteristics of dc-link capacitors. Accelerated life testing is an effective and standard method to evaluate the capacitors’ lifetime and degradation mechanisms. Therefore, an accelerated life testing method for dc-link capacitors in three-phase inverter applications

Due to the uninterrupted operation capability in the fault conditions, fault-tolerant machine drives are being favored by the safety-critical applications, such as the electric vehicles (EVs). Understanding the machine drive fault behavior is of key importance to facilitate the fault diagnosis, control law design, and avoid further damage. In this article, the fault operation behavior of a triple-redundant

Nonlinear mathematical model (NMM) of limited-angle torque motor (LATM) is rarely studied at present because its operating principle is different from conventional rotating electrical machines. In this article, inspired by the NMM of rotating electrical machines, a high-fidelity and computationally efficient model of LATM is proposed, which can completely consider the nonlinear effects, including the

Traction transformer is vital equipment in high-speed railway. Insulation status decides its safety and reliability, and the frequency-domain dielectric spectrum (FDS) test is one of the most effective methods reflecting the changing of insulation status. For field applications, the following problems should be addressed: 1) how to obtain the result of paper insulation from the combined result of the

The thermal management system has significant impacts on the efficiency of propulsion electric machines in the more electric aircraft. This article proposes a predictive thermal management system by utilizing the thermal-magnetic coupling phenomenon to improve efficiency. There are three major innovated contributions. First, the theoretical mathematic model of the temperature and the electromagnetic

Power electronics are crucial elements in more-electric aircraft (MEA) applications. Existing hardware is almost exclusively silicon (Si)-based. However, recent advances in semiconductor technology yielded silicon carbide (SiC) components with current ratings suitable for aerospace applications. These devices have much strength that can increase power density and improve performance over Si-based hardware

Avalanche ruggedness is one of the key factors for safe and reliable power converters deployed in various automotive subsystems. In this article, the avalanche capability of power MOSFETs is tested under different repetitive avalanche conditions to differentiate the die degradation and package degradation. While examining the degradation mechanisms, the corresponding electrical parameter shifts are

This article presents the state-of-the-art review of high-conversion high-voltage (HCHV) dc–dc converters for a modern aerial vehicle’s power distribution system. Higher dc bus voltages have become a trend in recent aerial vehicle development because of the potential reduction in size and weight of the rest of the power system and an increase in power density. Some front-end dc energy sources, such

The regulated output characteristic is crucial for a wireless power transfer (WPT) system. Most studies focus on the single-load system or the system with multiple evenly distributed loads; however, the loads might distribute in space at different distances from the power supply in practice. In this article, a WPT hybrid repeater system is proposed to power multiple loads over a long distance. The

Due to the need to control simultaneously torque and flux in a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), their predictive control is a multiobjective optimization problem (MOOP). To solve this problem, traditional predictive control uses the weighting factors to convert the MOOP into a single-object optimization problem. Based on the lexicographic method, a simple strategy without weighting factors

Electromechanical actuation of flight control surfaces based on permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) becomes an important technology for more electric aircraft architectures. Demanding requirements for fault tolerance and small space envelopes make sensorless control modes a promising technology in this field. However, sensorless rotor angle detection is not always feasible because it requires

Switched reluctance machines (SRMs) are known for their simple and robust mechanical design, low magnetic pole, and phase coupling as well as low short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage during a fault condition. These advantages make the SRM a suitable candidate for applications, which requires high-reliability and fault-tolerant operation. This article addresses the challenge of minimizing

This article proposes a modular asymmetrical permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance machine (PMa-SynRM) combining segmented stator and distributed winding. Meanwhile, an analytical model is investigated for the modular PMa-SynRM, considering the effects of stator slots and flux gaps (FGs). First, the rotor magnetomotive force (MMF) generated by permanent magnets and stator MMF are analyzed

Power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) simulations, in the form of machine emulation, are gaining popularity for electric drive system testing in transportation applications. Since there is a reduced chance of equipment damage with PHIL simulations, they are particularly suited for the testing of electric drive systems, for drive inverter faults. This article investigates PHIL simulations to emulate machine

Highly accelerated life testing (HALT) is one of the most popular step-stress testing methodologies for identifying the weaknesses and increasing product reliability in a fast and cost-efficient way. The traction inverter plays a critical role in EV/HEV power train systems, and the requirements on its reliability at the harsh environment operation are becoming more demanding. In this article, to evaluate

The lack of precise mathematical model of nonlinear systems, such as electric machines, brings certain limits to design a powerful controller for such systems. This article presents a model-free-adaptive-control (MFAC) scheme as a good alternative to the commonly used model-based-control (MBC) methods in order to improve the controller design limitations due to the need for system model information

The electric revolution is underway in the transportation sector, and the aviation industry is poised to embrace fundamental disruption. Moving to electric aircraft brings undeniable benefits in terms of environmental impact, cost savings, maintenance, noise pollution, and safety. Nevertheless, several technical challenges are yet to be overcome to build electric airplanes that meet public needs while

For guaranteeing the performance and safety of battery systems, a valid fault diagnostic method is quite essential. This article presents a systematic fault diagnostic scheme based on a hybrid system for the typical faults of lithium-ion battery packs, including sensor faults and relay faults. The automata are established based on a hybrid system theory to simultaneously capture the continuous dynamics

In this article, for insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) open-switch faults in voltage-source inverter-based field-oriented control induction machine drives, both the diagnosis method and the fault-tolerant strategy are presented. In the fault diagnosis method, phase voltages are reconstructed from the variables of the control system. Thus, additional sensors can be avoided. Then, the voltages

In this article, an incremental inductance approach is used for static eccentricity detection under off-line condition. This method uses the DC values of the $q$ -axis voltage, which makes it independent of the bandwidth of the controller. In this work, a new feature, the height of hump of the incremental inductance curve, along with the known feature, saturation current in the $d$ -axis, was used

In high-speed railways (HSRs), the overvoltages and overcurrents of train body (TB) are two critical issues for the grounding safety and reliable operation of the electric multiple units (EMUs). Running of EMUs inevitably encounters all kinds of electromagnetic transient scenarios, resulting in unfavorable surges on the TB. To restrain the surges, some grounding optimization countermeasures, such as

This article proposes a new stochastic day-ahead residential charging model for a vehicle-to-grid (V2G)-capable plug-in electric vehicle (PEV). The aim is to minimize the expected customer’s charging cost, including energy cost and battery aging cost while satisfying the customer service quality constraints. The proposed model integrates a detailed PEV lithium-ion battery aging model as a function

High-frequency bidirectional dual-bridge series-resonant dc–dc converters have been attracted more attention in power electronic transformer (PET) due to high power density and efficiency. In this article, a model predictive power control method with phase shift modulation is proposed, to improve the dynamic response and robustness of the converter without load current sensor. In addition, the proposed

The electrical locomotives are treated as single-phase nonlinear loads, which can cause the low power factor, high contents of harmonic currents, and negative-sequence current. The power quality conditioners are widely used for solving the power quality issues in the railway power system. In power quality conditioners, the coupled impedance can affect the operation voltage, compensation range, and

The next generation of steering systems in the auto manufacturing industry would be steer-by-wire (SBW) in which the mechanical connection between vehicle steering wheel and tires is removed. Numerous advantages are envisaged for this modification, but there are still some under-research technical and safety-related challenges to be addressed. This article presents a thorough review on the history

Variable flux memory machines (VFMMs) normally suffer from excessively low initial magnetization state (MS), which will cause a large starting current or even startup failure. This article proposes an MS initialization control scheme for VFMMs equipped with incremental encoders, in which the required rotor position is estimated by injecting high-frequency square-wave voltage. Based on the estimated

State of health (SOH) is critical to evaluate the life expectancy of lithium-ion battery (LIB), thus should be estimated accurately in practical applications. This article proposes a computationally efficient model-based method for SOH estimation of LIB. A revised Lorentzian function-based voltage–capacity (VC) (RL-VC) model is exploited to accurately capture the voltage plateaus of LIB which reflect

A novel integrated converter for electric vehicles (EVs) is proposed in this article. For battery-charging operation, the proposed converter system enables a complementary deployment of the utility grid and a solar photovoltaic (PV) system. Since both sources (acting one at a time) utilize the same converter, the developed charging system, therefore, has a smaller number of components. In addition

In recent years, wireless power transfer (WPT) is extensively researched because it is a reliable and safest way of electric vehicle charging. Generally, rectangular-, square-, and circular-shaped unipolar coils are used in the static and dynamic WPT systems. However, these unipolar coils suffer from reduced coupling coefficient ( $k$ ) due to large leakage flux, which decreases power transfer and

Drones have become a new means for parcel delivery in recent years. As the flight distances of currently available commercial drones are usually limited due to the battery capacity constraint, this article considers the placement of charging stations to charge or replace the battery, and thus enlarge the coverage of customers. The problem of deploying a number of charging stations to cover the customers

Gallium nitride enhancement-mode high electron mobility transistors (GaN E-HEMTs) can achieve high frequency and high efficiency due to its excellent switching performance compared with conventional Si transistors. Nevertheless, GaN HEMTs exhibit a more pronounced dynamic ON-state resistance $R_{\mathrm {DS}(\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON})}$ than silicon transistors. The variation of $R_{\mathrm {

The internal capacitor voltages of a four-level hybrid clamped converter (4L-HCC) can have serious instability issues without proper control, limiting its application in variable speed drives for transportation electrification. This article presents a new integrated control scheme for an electrical machine drive fed by the 4L-HCC. Compared with the traditional PWM control, the proposed method effectively