Vehicle dynamic states and parameters, such as the tyre–road friction coefficient and body’s sideslip angle especially, are crucial for vehicle dynamics control with close-loop feedback laws. Autonomous vehicles also have strict demands on real-time knowledge of those information to make reliable decisions. With consideration of the cost saving, some estimation methods employing high-resolution vision

This paper proposes a novel dynamic path planning and path following control method for collision avoidance, which works based on an improved piecewise affine tire model. The main contribution of this work is the design of a dynamic path planning method based on model predictive control, where it replans a maneuverable path to avoid moving obstacle in real time. A hierarchical control framework contains

The power-split hybrid electric vehicle has multiple working modes, which can be switched to different working mode according to different working conditions. The main switching process involved in the vehicle driving is the switch from the pure electric mode to the hybrid driving mode. This paper studies the mode switching process involved in the power-split hybrid electric vehicle driving process

It is anticipated that passengers in autonomous vehicles will be more occupied with in-vehicle activities. Loss of the authority on driving and engaging in non-driving tasks could cause lower predictability of car motions. This decrease in predictability is expected to increase the sensitivity to carsickness. It appears that it is crucial to develop controllers for autonomous driving with the capability

Liquefied natural gas is emerging as viable and potentially sustainable transportation fuel with intrinsic economic and environmental benefits. Liquefied natural gas possesses thermomechanical exergy amounting to ∼1 MJ kg-1 which is currently wasted on liquefied natural gas vehicles, while it could be used to produce useful work. The present investigation proposes an indirect means of obtaining useful

Motorcycles are a primary mode of daily transportation in many developing countries, especially in towns and cities. The increased traffic congestion constrains the average speed of the motorcycle, causing stability and safety concerns for the riders. A controller that assists the riders can improve this scenario. This paper presents a new controller developed using an experimental study that improves

With the inclusion of the effects from wheels rotation, vehicle wading phenomenon was simulated using computational fluid dynamics tools and compared with road wading test. The new method utilizing the volume of fluid model to simulate the two-phase (water and air) flow when vehicle wades, Reynolds-Averaging Navier–Stokes simulation with both Realizable and shear stress transport turbulent models were

For autonomous vehicle path tracking control, the general path tracking controllers usually only consider vehicle dynamics’ constraints, without taking vehicle stability evaluation index into account. In this paper, a linear three-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model is used as a predictive model. A comprehensive control method combining Model Predictive Control and Fuzzy proportional–integral–derivative

From the design space explored for series architecture plug-in hybrid electric vehicle transit buses by the authors, one powertrain and control design is selected to provide maximum benefit to investment ratio. Sensitivity analysis is performed for this powertrain configuration. Vehicle parameters (including vehicle mass, coefficient of drag, coefficient of rolling resistance), usage parameters (drivecycle

The performance of a power-split hybrid system and power coupling quality of its power components directly depend on the optimal design of its configuration and characteristic parameters. For numerous potential configurations, determining the best system configuration and corresponding planetary gear (PG) sets characteristic parameters to achieve the desired vehicle performance target is the key issue

This study analyzed video and quantitative data of 471 four-way intersection vehicle collisions obtained from Virginia Tech Transportation Institute near-accidents data and used the analysis results to determine the threshold value for each of the nine types of intersection collisions. The collision cases obtained for this study were categorized into nine groups based on the direction of the car that

Perceiving the distance between vehicles is a crucial issue for advanced driving assistance systems. However, most vision-based distance estimation methods do not consider the influence of the change in camera attitude angles during driving or only use the vanishing point detected by lane lines to correct the pitch angle. This paper proposed an improved pinhole distance estimation model based on the

The equivalent static loads method for nonlinear dynamic response structural optimization may be failed in large deformation crash conditions, due to topology optimization with the equivalent static loads mostly beyond the linear range and causing numerical defects such as high compliance of elements. To overcome the above disadvantage, an advanced structural topology optimization method for crashworthiness

In recent years, the all-wheel independent drive has been the most promising form of drive configuration in unmanned ground vehicles. Considering the difficulties in the control allocation for this kind of vehicle, this paper presents a hierarchical control coordination strategy with three layers to distribute control in real time effectively and accurately. In the upper layer, a hybrid instruction

By evaluating combustion duration and flame development, it is possible to evaluate the effects of utilizing a new type of fuel. This allows for optimization of the operational parameters such as the ignition timing, air–fuel ratio, and throttle opening with respect to efficiency, knock, emissions, and performance. In this work, the combustion of a Brazilian hydrous ethanol fuel was evaluated in a

A novel evaluation method for the rolling resistance characteristics of truck tire is proposed, in which a simplified modal experiment is suggested through a single-point vibration sampling from the tire surface with a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric film. Three truck tires are utilized in the modal experiments, and the half-power bandwidth method is employed to identify the damping characteristics

Creep control is a kind of start-up control for electric vehicle. In the paper, two closed-loop control is contained in the creep control strategy. Proportional control with torque limitation, which adjusts vehicle speed, is the outer-loop control; and anti-slip control is the inner-loop control. In this way, the vehicle speed indicates no overshoot and has uniform convergence with driving torque.

Maintaining required performance and rated power output of proton exchange membrane fuel cells while reducing fuel consumption demands and improving efficiencies at the largest parasitic work loss contributor, namely the air compressor. In this paper, we built a high-efficiency one-dimensional match model of centrifugal compressor for proton exchange membrane fuel cells first, which was based on the

Owing to the continuous development of the automobile industry, increasingly stringent performance requirements for noise, vibration, and harshness of automobiles are being presented. Interior noise control in high-speed vehicles has not been adequately addressed, owing to the complex mechanism of noise generation. As simulations performed previously focused on vehicle wind noise and tyre noise cannot

The path-following problem for four-wheel independent driving and four-wheel independent steering electric autonomous vehicles is investigated in this paper. Owing to the over-actuated characters of four-wheel independent driving and four-wheel independent steering autonomous vehicles, a novel yaw rate tracking-based path-following controller is proposed. First, according to the kinematic relationships

This article presents the new system of virtual powertrain development introduced at Porsche AG that incorporates all phases of the development process, as well as all components and simulation disciplines. The system enables a powertrain in its entirety to be designed and tested virtually. Most activities can be planned and budgeted at the beginning of the project, and interactions that occur are

Aiming at the requirement of the intelligent vehicle for the fast and stable tracking control of the wheel slip, a novel robust adaptive anti-windup wheel slip tracking control method with fast terminal sliding mode observer is proposed. First, a fast terminal sliding mode observer based on equivalent control on the sliding surface is proposed to estimate the states of the wheel slip dynamic system

Adopting in-wheel motor drive can improve vehicle dynamics control functions, which is the most ideal drive mode of unmanned ground vehicle. However, with the increase of the heavy unspring-mass vibration energy while the vehicle running on uneven road, the ride comfort will be seriously deteriorated. To solve the problem and save energy, the ride comfort control based on regenerative suspensions is

For the research on crucial technologies of range-extended electric vehicle, the first problem to be solved is parameter matching and efficiency optimization for range-extended electric vehicle power and transmission system. Parameter matching and optimization of range-extended electric vehicle power and transmission system are multi-objective optimization problem. Evaluation and analysis of multi-objective

Concerning the discussions about emissions caused by individual mobility, it is foreseeable that future vehicle concepts will increasingly be based on hybrid powertrains. These systems lead to more complex operating scenarios, which have a significant influence on the resulting emissions of the engine. This work shows a case study and the results in the operation and emission behavior of a plug-in

This study aims to confirm the effect of changing the various factors with the directed relation graph error propagation–based methods and to adopt a new approach of the mechanism evaluation in the reduction of biodiesel mechanism. The factors considered in this study were a threshold value, target species, ambient conditions, and the evaluation formula consists of the reduction rates and the maximum

Recently, deep learning has played an important role in the rise of artificial intelligence, and its accuracy has gained recognition in various research fields. Although engine phenomena are very complicated, they can be predicted with high accuracy using deep learning because they are based on the fundamentals of physics and chemistry. In this research, models were built with deep neural networks

Tire tread pattern is a crucial parameter to prevent hydroplaning. In this study, numerical modeling was used to investigate tire hydroplaning based on flow–structure interaction. The empirical model of hydroplaning speed published in the literature was used to validate the computational model. Analysis of water flow velocity and turbulent flow energy revealed that lateral grooves of the tire significantly

To improve vehicle side crashworthiness, this paper first introduces the negative Poisson’s ratio structure to the traditional B-pillar and proposes a negative Poisson’s ratio B-pillar. Then, the performance of the negative Poisson’s ratio B-pillar is studied in detail by comparison with a traditional B-pillar and honeycomb B-pillar. Aiming at the problem that the side crashworthiness is also significantly

This study proposes a two-stage framework for real-time estimation of tire–road friction coefficient of a vehicle on the basis of lateral dynamics of the vehicle. The estimation framework employs a new cascade structure consisting of an extended Kalman filter and two unscented Kalman filters to reduce the computational burden. In the first stage, extended Kalman filter is utilized to estimate lateral

Performance improvement of advanced driver assistance systems yields two major benefits: increasingly rapid progress towards autonomous driving and a simultaneous advance in vehicle safety. Integration of multiple advanced driver assistance systems leads to the so-called automated driving system, which can intervene jointly on braking and steering to avert impending crashes. Nevertheless, obstacles

Several hybrid architectures have been widely used in hybrid electric vehicles. For example, power-split architecture brings seamless operation, while parallel architecture makes the internal combustion engine directly drive the wheel. To combine the advantages of various architectures, this study aims to develop a design approach to create a transmission mechanism that has multiple configurations

In this study, the effect of change in height of a so-called variable configuration of a continuous tracked bogie system on ride comfort performance is investigated. To this end, constraint equations among different vehicle parts are derived recursively, and equations of motion are formulated according to the Newton–Euler equations using the embedding technique. Besides, to model the track as a closed-loop

Although the concept modeling method has already been proposed in the literature, there is still very limited knowledge about the validation and the application of this method for vehicle body design. This paper substantially increases this limited knowledge by developing a concept model for predicting and optimizing the structural dynamics of a vehicle body-in-white and validating this concept model

A series of papers has previously presented a semi-physical model for NOx and soot emissions prediction for diesel engines. In this paper, the work is continued with an original analysis of the model’s capacity to be ported to a new engine and a sensitivity analysis of the number of training points required to obtain the desired accuracy. These two aspects are rarely developed in similar studies.

Based on economic and environmental factors related to energy efficiency, the automotive industry is being increasingly encouraged to design lighter structures, making use of adhesive bonding in vehicle body frames. To meet the standards of the automotive sector, adhesive joints must provide high strength and stiffness, low cost and good energy absorption at a component level, thereby ensuring good

This paper proposes a cooperative game-based actuator fault-tolerant control strategy for a four-wheel independent drive electric vehicle with an active front steering system. For achieving fault-tolerant control and targets cooperation, a two-dimensional game strategy is proposed to balance the stability and economy. The first-dimensional game is utilized to determine the dominant control target of

The interaction between off-road tires and granular terrain has a great influence on the tractive performance of off-road vehicles. However, the finite element method or the discrete element method cannot effectively study the interaction between off-road tires and granular terrain. The three-dimensional combined finite element and discrete element method is applied to handle this problem. In this

This paper proposes tools from bifurcation theory, specifically numerical continuation, as a complementary method for efficiently mapping the state-parameter space of an internal combustion engine model. Numerical continuation allows a steady-state engine response to be traced directly through the state-parameter space, under the simultaneous variation of one or more model parameters. By applying this

In this study, the energy absorption capacity of a front body of a bus during a frontal crash was investigated. The strength of the bus structure was examined by considering the ECE-R29 European regulation requirements. The nonlinear explicit finite element code LS-DYNA was used for the crash analyses. First, the baseline bus structures without any improvements were analyzed and the weak parts of the

In this paper, the computer-aided vehicle dynamic analysis of a 6x6 heavy military truck is presented and examined. For the analysis, a MATLAB/Simulink® platform is used to design and model a truck. The vehicle configuration taken into account for the analysis is the powertrain (engine, gear box, transfer gear, differential), suspension, steering system and tire model according to the Pacekja 89’ formulation

As one feasible solution of brake-by-wire systems, electro-hydraulic brake system has been made available into production recently. Electro-hydraulic brake system must work cooperatively with the hydraulic control unit of anti-lock braking system. Due to the mechanical configuration involving electric motor + reduction gear, the electro-hydraulic brake system could be stiffer in contrast to a conventional

This paper studied the modelling and control of four-wheel independently driven electric vehicles using differential speed steering. The Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy modelling approach represents the nonlinearities of the four-wheel independently driven electric vehicle state variables in several system models. The proposed controller design is a robust Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy output-feedback control based on a

Oil liquid sloshing is a common phenomenon in automobile fuel tank under variable working conditions. Installing baffles in automobile fuel tank is the most effective way to suppress adverse influence caused by oil liquid sloshing. Different types of three-dimensional finite element models filling oil liquid are created, meshed, and simulated. The reliability of simulation results is verified by test

In this study, a multiphysics finite element method is proposed to predict and evaluate the electromagnetic vibration and noise of the permanent magnet synchronous motors. First, the expressions of radial electromagnetic force waves were derived based on the established mathematical models of airgap magnetic field using the analytical methods. Subsequently, the main circumferential spatial orders influencing

In this study, the focus is on reducing the energy that is consumed by a compressor for providing high air pressure in the reservoir. A new air suspension configuration is presented that is titled active interconnected air suspension with outsourced air pressure. In this configuration, a compressor is used to charge the tank; meanwhile, the air springs are connected. For minor excitation, first, the

To improve the accuracy of attitude and heading reference systems for moving vehicles, an effective orientation estimation method is proposed. The method uses an odometer, a low-cost magnetic, angular rate, and gravity sensor. This study addresses the problems of non-orthogonal error, carrier magnetic field interference and calibration to obtain accurate, long-term, stable magnetic field strength.

A numerical study was conducted to investigate the effects of blade surface roughness on compressor performance and tonal noise emission. The equivalent sand-grain roughness model was used to account for blade surface roughness, and a hybrid method that combines computational fluid dynamics and boundary element method was used to predict compressor performance and tonal noise. The numerical approach

This study investigates the effects of fuel cutoff on particle number in a single-cylinder wall-guided gasoline direct injection engine. Various durations of fuel cutoff and change in load and engine stop were tested, and the in-cylinder pressure, particle number, and NOx emissions were measured. The change in in-cylinder temperature during combustion stop was calculated using the in-cylinder pressure

Roll stability is a major concern in the path tracking process of intelligent heavy vehicles in emergency steering maneuvers. Due to the coupling of lateral and roll motions of heavy vehicle, steering actions for path tracking may come into conflict with that for roll stability. In this paper, a hierarchical adaptive control framework composed of a supervisor, an upper controller and a lower controller

The current development of more efficient combustion engines leads to an increase in engine torsional vibrations; therefore, new technology is needed for reducing the vibrations transmitted from the engine to the driveline. In this article, the concept of power split vibration absorber is evaluated. A mathematical model of the power split vibration absorber is presented, and an analytical study shows

Weigh-in-motion is an efficient way to manage overload vehicles, and usually utilizes multi-sensor to measure vehicle weight at present. To increase generalization and accuracy of support vector regression (SVR) applied in multi-sensor weigh-in-motion data fusion, three improved algorithms are presented in this paper. The first improved algorithm divides train samples into two sets to construct SVR1

As a useful data augmentation technique, generative adversarial networks have been successfully applied in fault diagnosis field. But traditional generative adversarial networks can only generate one category fault signals in one time, which is time-consuming and costly. To overcome this weakness, we develop a novel fault diagnosis method which combines conditional generative adversarial networks and

The problem of battery health coupled with energy management brings a considerable challenge to the hybrid electric bus. To address this challenge, three contributions are made to realize optimal energy management control while prolonging battery life. First, a semi-empirical aging model of lithium iron phosphate battery is built and identified by the data fitting method, based on the battery cycling

Road transportations still play a dominant role in goods delivery, and driving behaviours significantly affect the fuel economy of heavy-duty trucks. Plenty of fossil fuel is wasted as a result of unreasonable driving behaviours even in the case of highly experienced drivers. The objective of this paper is to analyse drivers’ behaviours over two segments of motorways and estimate the potential benefits

A novel design and fabrication of the gear reduction starter motor is proposed. In this proposed configuration, the conventional solenoid of the starter motor is eliminated, resulting in a reduction in the starting current required while cranking, and the weight of starter motor is reduced by making it more compact. Failed/dead cranking and the cost of starter motor are also decreased. The function

In order to maximize the controllability of magnetorheological (MR) mount for engines, a novel (MR) mount with an internal bypass (MRM-IB), which provides particular advantages of large dynamic stiffness range, small field-off dynamic stiffness and long available stroke under full vibration frequency range, is proposed and investigated in this paper. The proposed MRM-IB consists of a main rubber spring

The electro-hydraulic servo steering system is one of the core components of a heavy vehicle, and frequency response characteristics of this system are essential to guarantee the vehicle flexibility. However, it is difficult to establish frequency domain model directly for the frequency response characteristics analysis due to the strong nonlinearity of steering trapezoidal mechanism and hydraulic

Dynamic performances of the vehicle are significantly influenced by the suspension mechanisms. An understanding of the effects of the suspension kinematics and statics (or, briefly, kinestatics) is crucial to improve the dynamic performances of a vehicle. However, the suspension kinestatics is often neglected in the dynamic analysis. This paper presents a generalized full-vehicle model for the three-dimensional

Wheel slipping of four-wheel independent drive electric vehicle on slope will reduce vehicle controllability and driving stability, thereby reducing vehicle safety. In order to solve the problem of wheel slipping and optimize the speed control performance of four-wheel independent drive electric vehicle on slope, an acceleration slip regulation control strategy of slope drive is proposed in this paper