Vehicles have come to be regarded as another important indoor environment where people spend a significant amount of time. Along with the accelerated development of self-driving vehicles, more attention has been focused on optimizing the thermal comfort of vehicle users. Compared with buildings, vehicles have a non-uniform indoor environment that dynamically changes under the influence of solar radiation

The large-scale outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has prompted the restaurants and canteens to take corresponding measures such as installing diner dividers and controlling the number of diners and the distance between personals. At present airborne transmission has been deemed as one of the main spread routes of the respiratory infectious diseases. This paper adopts computational fluid dynamics to explore the

Reducing fuel use for the heating of houses is key to meeting greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. This study constructs Marginal Abatement Cost Curves (MACC) of different technologies for space and water heating of houses in the county of Gwynedd in Wales, UK, and uses information provided by energy certificates to correctly assess the energy requirements of a house. This approach allows us

The paper focuses on the experience with research of combined building-energy systems such as energy roofs, ground heat storage and active thermal protection. The EB2020 experimental house was largely designed in accordance with the patented ISOMAX system (SK 284 751, author: Dipl.-Ing., Phys. Edmond D. KRECKÉ), which represents a high potential for the use of renewable energy sources. When designing

The building energy efficiency certificate (BEEC) is considered an important tool for saving energy in buildings and for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in South Korea. To evaluate its effects, data on the site energy use intensity (EUI) of 2,660,159 certified and non-certified apartment units were collected from the Korea National Building Energy Database and compared. The site EUIs for total

Renovation of commercial buildings was studied to analyze typical energy improvements and to determine the performance gap in relation to major NZEB level renovation. To provide input for Estonian long-term renovation strategy, building samples and interviews were used to study how the commercial property companies deal with the building renovation need in Estonia. Results show that in office buildings

Plant factories have developed within urban contexts following efforts to expand local food production, create local jobs, and provide alternatives to conventional agriculture with lower greenhouse gas emissions. One plant factory system, container farms, consists of artificially lit, vertically stacked hydroponic farms inside retrofitted shipping containers and support crop production in otherwise

The residential sector accounts for an increasing amount of global energy use with continued urbanization. Residential energy-informed urban planning offers an economical and easy-to-operate approach to achieve more efficient urban energy utilization. However, quantifying the interactions between residential energy and urban planning remains an open challenge. This study proposes a holistic approach

As renewable portfolio standards enforce the expansion of renewables on the U.S. grid in the coming years, old storage technologies must be re-evaluated for a dynamic, interactive future grid. Ice thermal storage, traditionally for diurnal load shifting on large central chiller plants, is also viable in packaged devices for most buildings that lack central plants. However, modeling of these unitary

The dual temperature air-source heat pump reduces energy consumption and has wide application potential. A novel dual temperature air-source heat pump (NDAHP) system based on ejector-vapor compression cycle is proposed in this study. The system produces two types of heat sources (high- and low-temperature hot water). A theoretical model describing the performance of the system is established and validated

Ground source heat pump systems are gradually accepted and used for space heating in winter and air-conditioning in summer for rural households in North China. To keep geothermal equilibrium, a split type ground source heat pump system combining with solar photovoltaic-thermal (STGSHP-PV/T) simulation model is established. The operating performance of the STGSHP-PV/T system has been investigated. Results

Over the last decade, collecting massive volumes of data has been made all the more accessible, pushing the building sector to embrace data mining as a powerful tool for harvesting the potential of big data analytics. However repetitive challenges still persist emerging from the need for a common analytical frame, effective application- and insight-driven targeted data selection, as well as benchmarked-supported

In the building sector, 40 % of final energy is used for heating and cooling. Up to 75 % of this is used in residential buildings. It is necessary to take a step forward and reduce this share of energy consumption, in particular through the use of efficient technologies and their integration into the system of renovation of residential buildings, which is a major challenge for future research in this

Building energy simulation (BES) assesses the energetic and thermal behaviour of buildings and can be used for the evaluation of energy conservation measures (ECMs). However, building modelling under realistic conditions can be challenging for simulation programs. The aim of this work is to test whether a multizone building model developed with a simulation tool can handle the complex situations of

Energy demand in India at present is fulfilled by non-renewable sources despite the prime geographical location of some states. Geothermal energy is the renewable energy within the earth’s interior will be used for various purposes. In this paper, an attempt has been made to use the renewable source of energy for sustainable development. The thermal performance of earth to air tunnel heat exchanger

In Energy Performance Contracts (EPC), savings resulting from building and energy system retrofit are estimated as the difference between the actual consumption an prediction from a baseline model. This paper proposes an automated method to select the most relevant baseline model. In addition to commonly used cooling degree days (CDD), climatic variables mixing temperatur humidity are introduced, such

We consider our newly developed design for building fencing with multilayer heat storage panels that ensure utilization of solar radiation at the required thermal protection of buildings in cold winter. We report experimental studies of thermal regimes for a model cell in the winter conditions of the Voronezh region, demonstrating energy efficiency. An engineering methodology of thermal simulation

Residential demand from real residences can be resource intensive to collect. There is need to generate synthetic residential load in energy research, and new approaches are welcome. Most of the simulation models of synthetic residential load that output realistic loads are tightly coupled to historic correlations. This paper presents a high-resolution simulation model that generates a residential

Domestic Hot Water (DHW) production accounts on average between 14 14% and 30% of the residential energy consumption worldwide. In UK dewllings, a quarter of the energy is consumed to produce hot water and this proportion is likely to increase as the energy required for space heating reduces over time in order to achieve demand reduction targets. As the margins for improving the performance of heating

For PCM utilization in building component, energy storage structure is expected to improve the ability to extract heat from heat source and dissipate heat to the room at the same time. This paper presents a ring-shaped energy storage structure with combination of an outer casing pipe and an inner coil pipe in heating terminal. To better understand thermal performance and integration strategy of the

VRF systems are always vulnerable to kinds of faults. Fault detection and diagnosis research should not only accurately identify these faults, but also be capable of obtaining explanations and support in thermodynamic theory. In this study, a strategy is proposed for four types of VRF system faults, including system-level and component-level. The strategy is based on hybrid data mining methods and

The COVID-19 pandemic, through governmental stay-at-home orders, forced rapid changes to social human behavior and interrelations, targeting the work environments to protect workers and users. Rapidly, global organizations, US associations, and professionals stepped in to mitigate the virus's spread in buildings' living and work environments. The institutions proposed new air system HVAC settings without

Liquid desiccant dehumidifiers (LDDs) has attracted much attention due to its advantages of energy-saving and environmental protection. However, dynamic characteristics of LDDs, which are essential to develop appropriate control methods, are still not clear at present. In this paper, the performance of a packed LDD was investigated under changes of desiccant inlet temperature and flow rate as well

The quantitative analysis of frosting characteristics was conducted at ultra-low temperatures under forced convection conditions, which may deepen the understanding of frosting mechanism on air source heat pump (ASHP). The frosting experiments were performed under various experimental conditions. The correlations for the frost thickness and density were proposed as functions of Reynolds and Fourier

Thermal comfort is a critical component of indoor environments, especially in schools where learning is the main objective. However, thermal comfort comes at a price that many schools are unable to afford. Therefore, it is critical to determine a method to lower the energy costs of a building while still maintaining occupant thermal comfort. The objective of this study is to investigate how three indoor

Recent European environmental directives, the prevalent consumer desire to minimize electricity costs, and the grid-driven need for flexible buildings all lead to a common outcome: the smart sustainable building (SSB). Coordinated by their building energy management systems (BEMS), SSBs steer their operation towards monetary gains for their owners, and flexibility for grid operators. Another key feature

In hot and humid climates, the latent heat released by the primary air condensation can improve the heat transfer rate of the indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) system. However, it is harsh and unstable to obtain the latent heat only by reaching air dew point temperature. Moreover, the existing IEC and liquid dehumidification systems have a complex structure and large volume. Therefore, this paper

This paper introduces short-term load forecasting (STLF) using Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN). STLF was explored using several Artificial Intelligence based methods that offered excellent results. However, the usage of GAN models in this field is very limited, and usually works on creating synthetic load profiles to increase load datasets. This paper investigates the application of GAN for load

During the actual operation of an ASHP unit installed in different climate regions, ambient operating conditions can vary constantly over an entire heating season, thus the actual output heating capacity of ASHP units may vary significantly from region to region. To enable a convenient evaluation of output heating capacity of a space heating ASHP unit installed in different climate regions, regional

Achieving citywide building energy reduction goals require extensive understanding of energy use at scale, which is challenging due to scarce and disparate data. Despite attention to urban building energy models (UBEM), unexplored aspects and missing details in this emerging field have remained, including further exploring non-homogenous commercial buildings, providing a detailed structure to create

The ability of homeowning households to finance renovation investments is an often overlooked barrier towards achieving the long-term energy and climate goals. Especially a quantitative assessment of this financial barrier has been missing in the literature. A methodology to perform such an assessment is developed and applied to the Flemish region in Belgium, which can be seen as a proxy for similar

With the growing interest in urban scale simulation, urban building energy modelling tools (UBEM) are being developed. The purpose of these UBEM is to tackle multiple issues that can range from buildings retrofit potential to the sizing of thermal and/or electrical network or to the assessment of renewable energy sources potential. Unlike the modelling of a single building, collecting accurate building

Providing comfortable indoor thermal conditions in educational buildings is essential for students' learning performance and general satisfaction. This study investigates seasonal variations in thermal environment and comfort in classrooms in the cold area in China through year-long field surveys, which involve concurrent indoor thermal conditions measurement and students' subjective responses surveys

Building energy consumption constitutes approximately 40% of total energy usage in the US. zero energy buildings (ZEBs) have received much attention in the last decade as they can alleviate some of the negative impacts that buildings have on the environment. New materials and systems are emerging that can help regulate building enclosure heat losses and gains in a passive manner, possibly leading to

In the framework of Circular Economy policies aimed at reducing the consumption of raw materials, shives, an agricultural by-product of hemp cultivation, have gained a renovated life in the construction sector; new building materials, suitable for various executive techniques, have been developed exploiting the excellent thermal insulating properties of shives. When this vegetal material is mixed with

The decision variables of local control loops significantly influence the overall energy use of the heating ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. Therefore, model-based real-time optimization (MRTO) of those decision variables has been widely studied in recent years. The decision making by MRTO relies on the accuracy of the performance model used to describe the relationship between cost

This work exploits available data from energy audits of about 350 Hellenic school buildings from the national electronic repository that have been performed for issuing energy performance certificates The average construction characteristics of the building’s envelope and technical characteristics of the electromechanical installations are defined in order to gain a better understanding of the existing

In recent years, several comparative life cycle analyses have shown that increasing the use of wood in buildings can reduce the life cycle primary energy use and carbon emission of buildings. This study reviews the life cycle inventory methodology of primary energy use and carbon emissions, based on ecoinvent database, considering different modelling choices for (i) materials heating values; (ii) biogenic

This investigation focuses on the potential of harvesting heat rejected from the cooling and refrigeration systems of buildings with high year-round cooling and refrigeration demand (e.g., ice arenas and grocery stores) and using it to heat other nearby buildings. Integrating a small group of buildings with diverse thermal demands via a low-temperature micro-thermal network effectively allows wasted

As a large integrated energy system, district cooling system (DCS) is widely proposed for its favorable comprehensive performance. However, due to the high complexity of DCS structure and comprehensive influential variables on cooling demand, to propose an effective operational strategy that not only enhances energy efficiency but also ensures indoor thermal comfort is quite challenging. This research

The European Unions (EU) Green Deal plans for a carbon neutral economy by 2050. Achieving this goal will require actions across all economic sectors, especially the building sector, which currently accounts for 40% of energy use. Residential energy use is a significant contributor, much of it due to an aging, poorly insulated building stock, much of which is concentrated in urban neighbourhoods. This

District Heating Systems (DHS) have received renewed attention in relation to theirtheir environmental, economic, and health benefits. Research literature on DHS tends to focus separately, either on the thermo-hydrological modelling or building energy demand. Rarely are there combined simulation approaches that consider the interactions between the district heating system and the buildings they serve

Distributed battery energy storage provides a potential system-wide solution to issues of increasing variability in electricity supply and demand. In this research, we take a demand-driven approach to determining residential battery capacity based on a detailed analysis of measured time series (with per-minute resolution) of individual household demand. We consider two modes of battery operation: (i)

Current research on energy supply systems and building energy demand presents positive impacts from the two sides, with potentials of combining top-down and bottom-up modelling. Mostly, the energy demand input has been employed directly from energy utility companies as a package of information, without considering energy use patterns regarding building type. There lacks a bridge between demand profiles

Based on the life cycle cost analysis, a thermal performance optimization model of building envelope was developed for the energy-saving renovation of existing residential buildings. The calculation formulas of the economic insulation layer thickness of the roof, external wall and floor over the basement were obtained simultaneously, and the optimal relationship of thermal performance among building

Deep-buried tunnels are widely used in underground space for transportation and air ventilation. Accurately predicting the heat and mass transfer process of the ventilation in a tunnel is conducive to the design optimization of air conditioning and utilization of thermal pressure for underground buildings. The air condensation process has an important impact on the variation of air parameters in the

This paper presents a modeling and simulation method that supports energy performance assessment and operation strategy investigation of borehole thermal energy storage in the Chifeng district heating (DH) system. A living laboratory in Chifeng, China that integrates a 0.5 million m3 borehole thermal energy storage system, an on-site solar thermal plant and excess heat from a copper plant is presented

The movement of people and other objects indoors may affect airflow patterns and velocities near local exhaust ventilation hoods, and consequently has influence on the hoods’ ability to remove locally emitted contaminants and on ventilation energy requirements. In this study, such disturbance effects have been studied experimentally and numerically, with the movements consisting of a human-sized plate