This paper presents the results of flow and turbulence characteristics measured by a down-looking 16 MHz micro acoustic Doppler velocimeter around partially submerged spur dyke founded in a clay–gravel sediment mixture. Velocity and turbulence data were collected at various cross-sections at the wake and upstream sides of the spur dyke within and outside of the scour hole. The longitudinal velocity

Headcut erosion is a very common process occurring at the head of rills, crop furrows and ephemeral gullies. A numerical model of the headcut flow was built to study the wall shear stress characteristics downstream of the scour hole, which is very important in headcut erosion prediction models. The calculated nappe parameters are very close to experimental data and/or equation results. The calculated

This paper presents a new data-driven modelling framework for forecasting probabilistic flood inundation maps for real-time applications. The proposed end-to-end (rainfall–inundation) method combines a suite of machine learning (ML) algorithms to forecast discharge and deliver probabilistic flood inundation maps with a 3 h lead time. To classify wet/dry cells, the method applies rainfall–discharge

A simple empirical method is proposed for computing the backwater level for different bridge shapes and crossings in compound channels. A series of parametric studies was conducted on the influence of the Froude number, opening ratio, discharge and roughness coefficient on the backwater depth. The results of the parametric studies, along with multiple regression analysis, were used to derive a simple

This paper demonstrates the influence of differential roughness on the boundary shear distribution for compound open channels. A mathematical relationship is derived between the percentage shear force carried by floodplains and five non-dimensional parameters (width ratio, relative flow depth, relative roughness, Reynolds number and Froude number). A procedure for assessing the flow distribution in

The effects of a cracked tunnel underneath a canal bed on water and sand inflow through the tunnel hole and distortion of the canal bed were experimentally examined. A circular hole in the centre of the base plate of the flume was used to simulate the cracked tunnel. In total, 108 tests were conducted to investigate four factors that affect canal bed morphology (four water depths, three bed material

Overtopping erosion is one of the main factors responsible for the destruction of earthen structures due to floods. Considering the shortage of existing studies and the need for further research to properly understand the processes leading to breaching failure, this study investigates the effect of compaction level (dry density) on the overtopping erosion response of model compacted silty sand dams

The effect of suspended sediment concentration on the characteristics of a hydraulic jump in a symmetrical trapezoidal channel was studied experimentally and compared with a classic jump. The first test series of the classical jump was performed in a rectangular flume, while the second series was conducted with two different trapezoidal side slopes. In both cases, the tests were conducted under clear

The bar–pool morphology is a typical feature of meandering channels that strongly affects flow and transport patterns. In this study, the three-dimensional flow velocity was measured in detail at s...

Experiments were performed in a sand bed channel to investigate the effects of a mining pit on the hydrodynamics around circular bridge piers. Mean velocity profiles, Reynolds stresses, kinetic energy fluxes and scales of turbulence were analysed at critical locations along the channel bed as well as in the proximity of the pier. At the approach location where flow had passed over the pit and was approaching

Combined weir–gate structures are important structures for controlling the water level, measuring discharge and avoiding sediment deposition behind a weir. They can be used, for example, in irrigation channels and waste water systems. Using three-dimensional numerical software (Flow-3D) and experimental data from the literature, four combined systems of a triangular weir and a rectangular gate with

Laboratory experiments were conducted in a flume containing three types of artificial flexible submerged and emergent vegetation. Detailed measurements of velocity and sediment concentration in the channel were taken. The results showed that submerged and emergent vegetation generates a much greater resistance to flow and significantly alters the vertical distributions of velocity, especially in vegetated

For many remote and under-privileged communities, water filtration is the first step of treatments before boiling and/or other higher level treatments. Clogging is a common unavoidable hindrance to such systems, which causes reduced efficiency with regard to the flow rate of filtered water. Backwashing is commonly used to recover the filtration capacity of clogged filter media. This paper presents

Promoting economically efficient solutions to meet competing demands for water under uncertain and variable supplies requires knowledge about the economic value of water and costs for its scarcity....

The present study reveals important flow characteristics around a cylindrical pier under a partially submerged bridge deck. The tests were carried out in clear water conditions for both free-surfac...

Presence of small seepage velocity in streams and rivers induce transfer of mass and momentum near the sediment boundary, causing bank failure and instability of hydraulic structures. This experime...

The interaction between confluence and vegetation is important for understanding the rules of flood control and ecological restoration. To this end, artificial flexible plastic grass was used in a ...

Brazilian cities, like other cities in developing countries, have changed in the last few decades due to accelerated population growth and rural-urban migration. Since these changes are not accompa...

An assessment was made on the opportunities of Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) system to supplement water supply in Chittagong city, Bangladesh. To assess this, two years, i.e., 2006 and 2020 were selec...

A new approach for finding a cost-effective combination of groynes in a channel bend for the prevention of bend scour is presented. A linked simulation–optimisation model is proposed for this purpo...

In the process of rapid urbanisation, maintaining urban water supplies and reducing flood risks are increasingly serious global problems. To address these issues, in 2013, the Chinese government proposed a development plan for ‘sponge cities’, which involves the implementation of various water management systems for natural storage, infiltration and cleaning of water in urban areas. In 2016, 30 pilot

Global and regional challenges related to river basin water scarcity can effectively be managed through improved reservoir operations and reservoir sedimentation control. It is a well-known fact that increased sedimentation due to various reasons is adversely affecting reservoir capacities and threatening long-term water supplies; these implications are aggravated due to impact stresses such as climate

Data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (Grace) satellite and stations were used to estimate variations of the monthly groundwater level in the Zayanderud basin, Iran, over the period 2000–2018. In addition, the annual and seasonal storage of groundwater in this basin was estimated and verified using Grace satellite data, and compared with data from the previous rainfall. The results

Riverbank erosion is a common natural river process that threatens the security of instream structures, as well as public and private property. In this study, two sets of tests were performed (direct shear tests and flume tests) to study the effects of riverbed soil composition on the stability of riverbanks. The results of the direct shear tests demonstrated that the riverbank material became increasingly

The seasonal variation characteristics of eutrophication based on HJ-1 data and synchronous observation data on the ground were studied to provide a theoretical basis for the restoration and management of eutrophication in Dongting Lake. The remote sensing model of chlorophyll-a concentration inversion was established through the comparative analysis of the linear model, exponential model, logarithmic

This paper introduces a hybrid non-linear Muskingum model for flood routing. The proposed hybrid model has more degrees of freedom for fitting observed data than other non-linear Muskingum models. The main goal of this work is to develop a comprehensive model for outflow routing. The proposed hybrid model's predictive skill is evaluated with experimental, real and multimodal hydrograph-routing problems

A comprehensive study on free and submerged hydraulic jumps in different stilling basins was carried out. The effects of three adverse slopes, three bed roughnesses and three positive step heights on the hydraulic jump characteristics with a Froude number of 4·56–9·55 and a submergence factor of 0·1–1·5 were investigated. Two semi-theoretical solutions based on the momentum equation were developed

The energy gradient is a fundamental physical quantity of flow motion. To date, many studies have concentrated on uniform flow or fully developed curved flow, with the energy gradient approximated as the bed slope. This paper presents a new method to assess the lateral distribution of the apparent energy gradient in curved channels when curved flow is not fully developed. A dimensionless apparent energy

The ability of green roof systems to impact stormwater runoff from buildings has been covered in many research studies. However, a lot of these studies looked at long-term retention, with much less work focused on how to model a green roof's response to larger design storms. Work that has examined flow routing for individual rainfall events has focused on empirical routing models that are tuned to

This paper describes the use of surface flow image velocimetry (SFIV) to analyse flow velocity fields near grated inlets. This will help to understand the flow-capture process of grated inlets and improve their design. The technique allows approximation of the surface flow velocity field where other techniques can fail. Especially in cases when the flow near the inlet is supercritical, and with small

Storm water management must address three direct threats to urban ecological security during the urbanisation of China: waterlogging, water pollution, and water resources shortage. Based on the the...

The type of ownership (public or private) influences the management and planning of water resources with an engineering base in the urban sphere. The objectives, interests, resources and working co...

Rock chutes are widely used to control erosion of river beds because of their high energy loss, low environmental impact, simple construction and low cost. They typically include a negatively slope...

In the present research, the application of a proposed, modified, central force optimisation method for multi-objective optimisation of water distribution systems is examined. This new method is ba...

The present study focuses on out-of-plane and in-plane vibrations of sluice gates due to the fluid–structure interaction based on numerical modelling, using the finite-element method. Primarily, th...

Many hand water pumps across sub-Saharan Africa break down prematurely and remain out of service for significant periods of time. This issue has been well documented, with reports suggesting that between 20% and 65% of hand pumps in African countries are broken. It has also been reported that broken hand pumps in this region have represented US$1.2–1.5 billion of ineffective investment over the last

Ciria has published River Weirs: Design, Maintenance, Modification and Removal to replace the Environment Agency's River Weirs Good Practice Guide of 2003. Although the previous guide was comprehen...

To predict the phreatic surface and conduct flood routing of rockfill dams, the flow hydraulics and rating curve need to be simulated. In this research, one-dimensional flow hydraulics through a trapezoidal rockfill dam was modelled via the standard step method. Regarding the non-Darcy flow, the relationship between the hydraulic gradient and the bulk velocity in power form was adopted. Using the exit

The UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council has launched a £4 million, 5-year grand challenge multi-disciplinary research consortium (Twenty65) to achieve sustainable clean water for all through the development and demonstration of disruptive socio-technical solutions. The aim of this transformative research is to drive re-visualisation of water service provision and revolutionise the