(2020). Historic Mortars and New Repair Materials for the Architectural Heritage: Selected Papers from the 5th Historic Mortars Conference (HMC 2019) International Journal of Architectural Heritage: Vol. 14, Selected papers from HMC 2019 – 5th Historic Mortars Conference, pp. 943-947.

The presence of stucco marble in the Portuguese architecture is not surveyed and studies addressing the materials used to produce it are almost inexistent. In this paper, the results of the multi-analytical characterisation using XRD, SEM-EDS, Py-GC/MS and the determination of capillary water absorption and dynamic modulus of elasticity of 15 samples belonging to seven case studies are presented and

During field development of a microgrout for the stabilization of painted lime plasters detached from a limestone substrate, diethyl oxalate-based formulations out-performed microgrouts based on nanolime, colloidal silica and ammonium oxalate, creating more cohesive and homogenous set materials, with better working properties. However, unlike ammonium oxalate, diethyl oxalate is relatively new to the

The use of natural stone consolidators in historic buildings, when applicable, makes it possible to improve the internal cohesion of the stones and restore or improve the original mechanical properties that the material once had. This paper describes the in situ and lab tests on the characterization of a very porous natural sandstone used in the construction of a late 17th century Fort, located near

In this paper, the influence of the mechanical properties of masonry in the structural behavior of old masonry dams in Mexico is evaluated. Mexico has an important number of masonry dams, which were constructed from seventeenth century to nineteenth century and continue to operate until now. Two different typologies of typical dams in Mexico were analyzed. The first typology corresponds to a dam with

Rammed earth architecture is still widespread and alive in Bhutan, especially in rural villages, where dwellings are built by the local community. The country recently suffered two intense earthquakes that put traditional architecture at risk. Rammed earth building techniques show high seismic vulnerability by nature, whose degree strongly depends on good building practices. Within the framework of

In the present study, the microscopic structures of the wooden components in the Xichuan Guild Hall were observed through the bright-field microscope to identify the tree species. The extent of decay of these wooden components was observed using polarized light and fluorescence microscopes, respectively. The results are as follows: (1) Sample Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8 belonged to hemor woods (Schima

The deterioration and the consequent collapse of historic timber structures lead to a significant loss of knowledge transfer of local construction methods and building technics. In this article, based on a case study of an exceptional timber frame structure in Istanbul dating from the end of the 19th century, is an attempt to provide documentation on the structure and materials of the specific building

Existing masonry buildings and infrastructures are often characterized by curved elements like arches, where the settlements could induce damages up to compromising their stability. Curved elements are very sensitive to settlements due to the modification of the lateral thrust. The effects of settlements could be very critical on heritage buildings, where the intrados of curved elements are often characterized

The conservation of historic structures must be carried out through treatments that use materials which are compatible with the originals. In recent years, nanolime has been considered one of the most promising products for the consolidation of calcareous substrates due to its characteristics of high compatibility with the treated substrate and durability. The effectiveness of nanolime products has

After the cleaning procedures carried out during a recent restoration work, the Matera Cathedral’s (UNESCO World Heritage Site) façade needed the application of a water repellent treatment. Aqueous emulsions of silanes/siloxanes, also in a mixture with acrylic polymer and an alkyl/alkoxysilanic resin (by BEL CHIMICA S.r.l. and PHASE restauro S.r.l), have been tested as representative of the most used

Tensile membrane roofs are considered to have the potential to improve the buildings’ performance due to their lightweight and flexible nature. However, their potential for improving acoustic behaviour has hardly been accurately gauged or demonstrated due to their complexity in both geometric and physical aspects. To address this issue, Carmo’s church in Lisbon—a heritage building that lost the roof

This article presents the diagnosis of pathological manifestations on the mortar coating from the facades of two historical buildings of scientific and social importance in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Documental investigation, visual survey, percussion and thermography tests, mapping of damages, and characterization of the coatings were performed. Coatings were characterized by determining the binder:aggregate

Hitherto, considerable research has been developed on the city scale to estimate the seismic hazard in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA), which could be a valuable tool for the assessment of the building vulnerability using mechanical approaches. However, as material properties and dynamic characteristics are commonly unavailable to define detailed models for large-scale analysis, mechanical

Reliable estimation of seismic stability of structures built in seismically active regions is an objective that requires a complex investigation and different types of activities. For historical structures and monuments, this requirement is even more essential, because many of them represent unique heritage structures. In-situ testing of a monument for defining dynamic characteristics and seismic testing

The intervention process in historical buildings involves the application of a scientific methodology for the materials characterization. In Porto Alegre — RS, Brazil, several buildings with patrimonial value from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were preserved. This study presents the physicochemical analysis of mortar coating samples obtained from two buildings, the commercial and residential

Damage surveys following to the Central Italy 2016 seismic swarm have shown that retrofitting or strengthening interventions on masonry buildings may result in unexpected seismic behaviour, which may be defined as hybrid. In fact, the insertion within the masonry of single parts aimed at activating the box-like behaviour can worsen the overall response like a vulnerability added to a building’s intrinsic

An IML-Resi PD-400 drilling tool with two types of spade drill bits (IML System GmbH, Wiesloch, Germany) was used to study the influence of the drilling direction in relation to wood grain orientation on drilling resistance (DR) and feeding resistance (FR) measurements. The drilling tests were performed on Scots pine, European beech, English oak and Silver poplar conditioned in a standard climate.

On August 21st 2017 an earthquake of magnitude Mw = 3.9 occurred in the Ischia Island (Italy), causing numerous damages to ordinary and monumental buildings and two casualties. Immediately after the earthquake, teams from the Universities of Napoli Federico II and ‘Parthenope’, carried out inspections on the churches of the island in two phases: the first was developed in the post-emergency and was

(2020). Risk and Resilience in Practice: Cultural Heritage Buildings. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. Ahead of Print.

This paper explores the adaptive design of historic villages and dwellings in response to the typhoon climate of the Leizhou Peninsula. A field investigation involving 917 historic villages was conducted. The physical features of the villages were superimposed with the visualized spatial trajectories of the cyclones. Case studies were also adopted to reveal their windproofing mechanisms. The results

In Pinhal Novo, Palmela, and neighboring municipalities, southern Lisbon region, there are a great number of small adobe masonry dwellings, made in the first half of the twentieth century. The vernacular dwellings were constructed by families that came from the north/center region of Portugal to work at the local manors and were called Caramel´s. Adobe samples from three of these dwellings were collected

Earthen heritage represents an important legacy regarding construction history and technological development, with a significant cultural value that must be preserved. According to UNESCO, around 10% of the World Heritage is built using earth, and 57% of these heritage structures are in danger. Although the interest regarding earthen heritage has grown in the last few years, there is still a significant

Drastic reductions in energy consumption within existing buildings are required to achieve climate change mitigation targets. However, a portion of existing buildings have important historic values that need to be conserved. The goal of this paper is to present a methodology and decision-framework for deep energy retrofit analyses that balances trade-offs between conservation and sustainability. This

ABSTRACT The number of historically-significant concrete structures which require conservation and repair is ever-increasing. The use of unsuitable proprietary materials has led to poor quality repairs of historically-significant structures in the United Kingdom, some of which have resulted in damage to the historic character of the structure and accelerated deterioration of the substrate. As a result

The shear properties of unreinforced masonry are key parameters used in order to understand the behaviour of these structures under horizontal actions. These characteristics are usually determined using Destructive Testing (DT) methods. However, this typology of tests is not always suitable due to both their high impact and cost. The present work aims to design, analyze and apply an innovative Minor

This work studies the morphological characteristics of four different laboratories synthesized nanolime dispersions, focusing on the characteristics of the polar dispersion medium and the increase of the water content in the final dispersion. An innovation of this research is the incorporation of distilled water that is enriched with O2 nanobubbles (NBs) as an alternative aqueous dispersion medium

The paper discusses the chemical-physical-petrographic features and decay processes of San Nicola Church (11th−14th century) building materials, one of the most representative Medieval Churches in Sardinia, stylistically attributable to the Romanesque architecture. The monument was built up into two stages and shows a characteristic size uniformity of the ashlars. The masonry is mainly made up of rhyodacitic

The interest in automatic modal parameter extraction techniques has increased significantly in recent years because of the rising demand for Continuous Structural Health Monitoring (CSHM) of civil structures and infrastructures. The wider use of CSHM is related to its capability for early damage detection and therefore to its usefulness for planning maintenance and strengthening interventions. This

The village of Dereuzunyer located in the Rahmanlar Valley of the Küçük Menderes Basin is a settlement that is a natural extension of a topography shaped by a joint contribution of culture and nature. It has preserved the authenticity and integrity of its traditional rural fabric and gives detailed information about the architectural approach, building technology, construction techniques, landscape

Nowadays, Sonic Pulse Velocity tests (SPV tests) are widely applied for detecting the morphology, hidden defects, and voids within structural elements. This technique, largely applied because non invasive and easy to perform, reveals particularly adapt in the case of ancient buildings, where usually any damage is not tolerated due to the historical preservation requirements. Moreover, recently the

The spatial evolution of traditional rural settlements is a natural process that occurs without professional development planning. With rural spatial organization now being stimulated by China’s economic structure adjustment, making top-down plans match bottom-up spatial principles is important for the continuity of rural communities. In this research, a Cellular automaton based model was introduced

This article intends to document a previously unsighted sample of yazdi-bandi over an outlying structure in the old Bazaar fabric of Tehran, namely a plaza known as Timché-ye Sadre-A’zam. Recent renovations of the plaza have concealed the work under an austerely flat drop ceiling in gypsum. The old yazdi ceiling was only accidentally discovered by the authors following the trail of hearsay and local

The seismic vulnerability assessment of historical UnReinforced Masonry (URM) buildings is a very complex task since it is strongly related to a great variety both of geometrical layouts and of masonry mechanical characteristics. In this article, some results of a Catania University research project, denomined “FIR 2014”, focused on the seismic vulnerability estimation of historical buildings, built

The structural analysis of a mirror-type vault, consisting of a single- or double-curvature perimeter and a nearly flat part, is carried out. The vault is similar to a number of hybrid iron (or steel) and masonry vaults built between the late 19th century and the early 20th century to span large halls. The numerical analyses were preceded by an accurate geometrical survey and mechanical tests aimed

In order to study the influence of looseness on seismic performance of through-tenon joints, six through-tenon joints specimens in 1:3.2 scale, including one tight-fitted joint and five loose joints, were fabricated according to the Engineering Fabrication Methods of Qing dynasty. The failure modes, mechanical behaviors such as the hysteresis and envelope curves, strength and stiffness degradations

Control and inspection of the conditions of elastomeric bearings used for seismic isolation purpose is a fundamental activity in ensuring and preserving the performance of a structure. The methods currently used, such as visual inspections, Operational Modal Analysis (OMA), release tests, very often present strong limitations due to their qualitative nature or else to the costs associated with their

In this study, it is aimed to consider whether the strain energy could evaluate the mechanical durability of wood. To investigate the aging effects on the mechanical properties of bulk wood and cellulose microfibrils in the cell walls of wood, XRD measurements were taken under tensile loading. Specimens were recent wood and wood used for 250 years (aged wood). Thermal modifications were further applied

A multidisciplinary historic landscape, buildings and materials study is presented, which situates the construction of Castle Roy within the wider physical and cultural environment of medieval Grampian Scotland. The paper highlights that the castle has been constructed close to an ecotone between distinctive upland and mountain biomes, before considering previous evidence relating to the building and

This paper seeks to understand the relationship between risk and cultural heritage as a strategy to raise awareness of the vulnerabilities of populations and their cultural heritage. It focuses on the built heritage of Lisbon Downtown in its different dimensions, tangible and intangible, and argues for the concept of place identity as a way of fully understanding the cultural heritage of the city.

This paper presents the results of cement-based mortars characterizations that were taken from rendered layers of military bunkers in the Rupnik Line. The Rupnik Line was conceived as a part of the fortified defence system protecting the Rapallo Border between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, established in 1920. The bunkers were built between 1938 and 1941, and the renders of various

The paper investigates the effectiveness of two-dimensional Discrete Element Method as a tool for structural analysis of arches provided with buttresses and backfill and strengthened with externally bonded reinforcement. Masonry vault and buttresses are modelled as an assembly of 2D rigid blocks interacting through non-linear contact joints, the backfill is discretized into deformable elastic-plastic

Brightly colored stains on the white marble at the Tea pavilion and marble statues in Renaissance style trigger a scientific investigation to determine their origin. Staining and alteration of white marble in El Montazah site have been studied by using different microscopic techniques, polarizing microscope (PLM), reflected light microscope, light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM).

There are many available studies on the reinforcement of columns by confinement with composite materials. However, in the particular case of stone elements, there is a lack of information regarding the performance of this solution under adverse conditions, which may occur during the life service of the structure. In this research, the confinement of calcarenite samples with a Fiber Reinforced Polymer

The durability of building materials is a fundamental issue addressed by many researchers who seek to improve working life by obtaining durable and more sustainable materials. In the Canary Islands, there are traditional buildings with carpentry elements that remain unchanged, without any apparent degradation. Specifically, the wood used in Canarian heritage comes from the resinous heartwood of Pinus

The consolidation of wall paintings is particularly challenging when high contents of water and hygroscopic salts have contaminated the masonry. Many wall paintings are in this situation, but only a few of them offer the possibility of easy access and long-term monitoring. The 14th century wall painting located on the east wall of the Chapter Hall of Chartres Cathedral (France) is one of these. The

From a decision-maker’s perspective, the management of cultural heritage is a challenging task because of different objectives pursued, the public/private nature of heritage constructions studied, the wide variety of associated values (artistic, historical, cultural, economic) and diverse interests of different stakeholders. Careful consideration of environmental, social and economic factors is crucial

The use of BIM in cultural heritage is still a very challenging task and one of the hardest topics is the choice of level of detail, i.e. the balance between the building characteristics and its representation in a 3D geometric model is not straightforward. Concerning the building cultural heritage very often the architectural identity is a combination of diverse constructive solutions and different

In this paper, the seismic behaviour and the strut retrofitting of the Mozaffarieh Timche in the historical covered Tabriz Bazaar is investigated. The Bazaar was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in August 2010. Historical buildings are particularly vulnerable to seismic events because they were designed solely for gravitational loads without any consideration of seismic parameters. The study

This paper presents a study on dynamic characteristics and seismic responses of traditional Chinese timber-frame structures. Micro-tremor measurements were conducted to obtain natural frequencies, vibration modes, and damping ratios. A three-dimensional numerical model considering unique connections, the mass of roof and wooden floor, and adobe walls was developed by ANSYS software and calibrated with

Digital technologies are more and more needed to give access to Cultural Heritage (CH) and to allow for their curation and re-use. For this reason, it is necessary to increase the knowledge on the CH building stock to support sustainable maintenance, preservation and revitalization strategies through the development of user-friendly asset management tools to support the decision-making process towards

A high relief stucco decoration from the Great Chamber of the castle Červená Lhota in the Southern Bohemia was surveyed and characterised as a part of its planned conservation. A detailed analytical work was undertaken in order to provide support for the repair works that aimed to be based on a good knowledge of the original materials and application techniques. The main research focus was on the fruit

Lintels have more than a thousand-year-old history as one of the most important structural elements of historical buildings. In the 20th century, however, masonry lintels have been replaced almost completely by steel or reinforced concrete. The problem of assessing the technical condition, repair and reconstruction methods, and modernization of masonry buildings is still actual and depends on the real

St Francis of Assisi Church is an historic religious building in the centre of Valletta, Malta’s capital. Through analysis of the roof structure we have determined the timber species used in its construction, their state of conservation and the date of different building phases and maintenance work. The study provides an historical and cultural framework for the entire building. Apart from identifying

Unique multifunctional coatings, comprising a 3D superhydrophobic agent and two nanostructured photocatalysts (solar-light sensitive 50/50 and 10/90 TiO2-ZnO nano-heterostructures), compatible with the inorganic substrates of the Built Heritage, have been designed. The synthesized nanoparticles showed an enhanced photocatalytic activity (tested by NO degradation) as compared with the raw TiO2 and ZnO

Lime-based grouts are usually applied for the consolidation and strengthening of historic structures. In the case of architectural surfaces (renders, plasters, murals, wall mosaics), the testing procedure of grouts may concern laboratory (according to relevant standards) and field test methods (simple tests without specialized instrumentation that can be easily applied on-site). In the present study

The imperial Temple at the ancient Roman site of Antiochia ad Cragum has been excavated and studied by an interdisciplinary team since 2005. The temple was found in a collapsed state. Since there were no full-height columns and wall segments left standing, the vertical dimensions of the structure were unknown. After detailed drawings and investigations, the original design of the façade, as well as

Vernacular dwellings, throughout the years, have been continually reused, adapted to the local conditions and survived as cultural testimonies providing a direct link with the past. The satisfaction of human needs with simple means, the use of traditional local materials and available resources, as well as the incorporation of environmental design principles, give them a sustainable identity. With

Earth-based mortars have been used all over the world since ancient times in an extensive range of building types from vernacular architecture to monuments. Plastering is one of the most common contemporary applications of earth-based mortars used for earthen-building conservation or modern architecture. Raw earth is a very diverse natural material, and clay minerals play a key role in plaster properties

Damage in Gothic cathedrals can occur due to single extreme events or long-term processes, often associated with large deformations and cracking. This paper presents the damage survey and structural assessment of a UNESCO world heritage site and one of the oldest, most visited and most known Christian temples in the UK: Canterbury Cathedral, in Kent. Inspection and damage survey showed repetitive crack