ABSTRACT Cold recycled mixtures with bitumen emulsion have an initial resistance problem. To reduce the rutting potential, cement is usually added which prompts significant changes in material properties. This study investigates the rheological properties of emulsion-cement mastics under short and long-term curing with emphasis on fatigue performance. The interaction of cationic and anionic bitumen

ABSTRACT Traffic noise is the perpetual form of environmental pollution adversely affecting human health in urban environments. This literature review, intended for pavement researchers and professionals, looks at the continuously evolving low-noise asphalt pavement technologies and the techniques which can be used to evaluate them. Test methods for determining the acoustical properties of asphalt

ABSTRACT Crumb Rubber Modified (CRM) binder specifications has historically relied on empirical testing with limited relationships to pavement performance. Several fundamental rheological tests have been developed in the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) with demonstrated correlation to field performance. However, these tests are conducted on aged materials to simulate in service performance through laboratory

ABSTRACT This research quantified the impact that truck mix, distress severity, and climate have on pavement damage and maintenance costs based on Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) sections. Cost analysis was conducted using in-situ records of maintenance and rehabilitation data from 1988 to 2016. The paper quantified damage cost per VMT and ESAL-mile for each FHWA truck class. Economies of scale

ABSTRACT Texture is required on pavements to provide safe and comfortable ride performance for users. This paper provides the first meaningful analysis of a long-term study of texture data obtained using TRACS (TRAffic Speed Condition Survey) at a site in the UK. TRACS data were collected annually, over a 2 km stretch of motorway from 1995 to 2019. A new data analysis approach utilising time series

ABSTRACT The permanent deformation of asphalt pavement under similar traffic conditions depends on a number of factors. The factors considered in this study are bitumen source, aggregate source, aggregate gradation, bulk specific gravity of aggregates (Gsb), percentage of aggregates passing #4 sieve, air voids (Va), optimum bitumen content, binder grade, load repetitions, temperature, and Marshall

ABSTRACT Tack coat binder is much softer shortly after construction compared to that after aging during in-service life which raises the likelihood of early-age interlayer shear failure. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of tack coat type (CRS-2P, CSS-1h, and SS-h), application rate (0, 0.140, 0.281, and 0.702 L/m2), surface texture (grooved Portland Cement Concrete (PCC), new, aged

ABSTRACT Presently, most of the road agencies use Non-Destructive (NDT) tools to help them prioritise pavement maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) activities at the network level, thus optimising the limited budgetary resources. One of the most widely used NDT techniques for pavement structural evaluations, at the network level assessment, is the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD). Using a database

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the ability of magnesium oxide-based additives to stabilise a low bearing gypsum marly soil, in order to reach subgrade requirements. This soil was not adequate for stabilisation with lime or cement because of its high sulphate content. Binders considered in this investigation were composed of three reactive Mg products and by products, both with and without ground granulated

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation which was carried out with the purpose of assessing the performance-related properties of self-compacting cement-bound mixtures to be employed in pavement foundations in road tunnels. The mixtures contained a significant quantity of recycled components and function-specific additives. Characteristics of the mixtures, which were

ABSTRACT Bitumen is the primary binder of asphalt covering most of the roads in the world. The origin of the primary oil, the refinery treatment, the specific chemical structure, and the natural or induced chemical modifications determine the mechanical properties of bitumen. Aging affects the time evolution of its thermo-rheological behaviour. Numerous studies have suggested that the particular local

ABSTRACT In this paper, a 2D-wavelet approach is proposed to characterize the pavement texture acquired from the 3D laser scanner. The texture is decomposed into nine levels (from 0.1 mm to 25.6 mm) to extract the feature at multiscale. The Relative Energy (RE) and 2D-Entropy are calculated as indicators to represent the mixture surface texture distribution properties. Through conducting the 2D-wavelet

ABSTRACT This paper quantifies the relevance of restriction to joint rotation of an airfield concrete pavement when calculating critical curling stresses and deflections using a validated finite element model. The validation uses strains measured at the John F. Kennedy International Airport. To calculate critical curling stresses and deflections, the pavement was subjected to 5263 h of temperature

ABSTRACT Due to its superior properties, usage of Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) in pavement applications gradually increases. As the compaction effort and curing conditions applied are significantly altered between laboratory and field conditions, performance of RCC may be considerably different. Therefore, studies that are carried out to compare the laboratory and field RCC performance have crucial

Precast Concrete Pavements (PCP) can be used as an accelerated rehabilitation technique for concrete pavements. The goals of this research study was to develop a PCP system approval process for potential implementation by state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) using current PCP specifications and practices. For this, a survey was conducted among 18 states regarding their specifications that are

Environmental issues and fluctuations in the price of asphalt binders have increased the demand in usage of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material for asphalt mixtures. The RAP binder, nevertheless, is often highly aged and has several drawbacks, for instance, low cracking resistance, low workability, and low fatigue in the resulting mixtures. These issues can be resolved by using rejuvenators.

Incorporation of high content of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) into fresh asphalt mixtures make them prone to thermal cracking and fatigue failure. Rejuvenators are usually recommended to overcome this problem by restoring the aged asphalt binder properties. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of using Mustard oil as a rejuvenator and to evaluate its effectiveness as a rejuvenator by

This paper presents an investigation into the behaviour of a clay soil stabilised with MgO under forced carbonation and comparison with conventional chemical stabilisation methods. The tests were conducted in two groups. In the first group the soil was mixed with 5, 10, 15 and 20% MgO or cement. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were performed on compacted samples from these mixtures at curing

The paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of both distributed fibre optics sensors (DFOs), and fibre Bragg grating sensors (FBGs) to acquire an accurate measurement of the flexural strain of foamed bitumen stabilised (FBS) beams and to assess the material behaviour under both static and dynamic loading conditions. The beams were equipped with DFOs, FBGs and a linear variable differential transformer

This manuscript describes the development of a new pavement analysis programme called CrossPave based on the Multi-Layered Elastic Theory (MLET) framework, but capable of accommodating stress-dependent and cross-anisotropic behaviour of unbound pavement layers. Generally, Finite Element (FE) based programmes such as ILLI-PAVE, MICH-PAVE, SENOL, GT-PAVE etc. or general-purpose FE programs with special

The asphalt pavement texture is vertical asymmetric, and the tread rubber may contact part of pavement surface. Therefore, the tread penetration depth (d) is probably essential for developing a reliable relationship between pavement performance and texture. This study investigated the effect of pavement on d, and simplified the contact by squeezing a rubber plate into three-dimensional (3D)-printing

Adding recycling oils (also called as ‘recycling agents’ or ‘rejuvenators’) into the asphalt mixtures with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS) is a widely adopted strategy for improving potential resistance to cracking of recycled asphalt pavements. This study investigates the rheolgoical properties of two Bio-Oils and two Re-refined Engine Oil Bottoms (REOB) by using

Use of micro-milling and thin dense-graded flame-retardant asphalt overlay in long tunnel concrete pavement is a relatively new technique in China. Earlier research showed that the micro-milling quality control is very important for the service life of overlay treatment. This paper proposed a quality control method, using 3D laser scanning technology, to accurately and efficiently recognise the unacceptable

To investigate the combined effects of fatigue loading and hydrodynamic pressure on the chloride penetration and damage process of pavement concrete, a series of chloride penetrations tests, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were carried out on specimens after experienced different conditions. Three exposure conditions (i.e. (i): fatigue loading

Polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride have been being used as a modifier of bitumen (asphalt cement), whereas application of waste polyethylene (WPE) and waste polyvinyl chloride (WPVC) are quite introductory in the field of bituminous pavement. This research studied the effects of soaking periods on the compressive strength of compacted modified bituminous mixes with WPE and WPVC. 11% WPE and 8% WPVC

This paper experimentally studies the efficiency of a multi-task geosynthetic comprised of a geogrid and a nonwoven geotextile layer in diminishing the required thickness of base course constructed over different soft subgrades in container yards pavements. In this research, a total number of 24 laboratory static plate load tests (PLT) were conducted in a large-scale steel test box. In all tests, the

Published studies generally demonstrate positive benefits from using Mechanically Fibre-Reinforced Asphalt Concrete (M-FRAC). However, improvements vary with the particular asphalt mixture used in previous studies. The specific objectives of this study were to evaluate the mechanical properties of various asphalt mix designs reinforced with and without aramid fibres, to identify and quantify the key

Porous asphalt (PA), as a wearing course in road construction, has advantages concerning noise reduction and drainage compared to common pavements because of the high void content. In this paper, the hydrological ‘linear reservoir’ model approach is used to analyse and describe the drainage behaviour of porous asphalt as a whole – from infiltration to discharge. This approach includes time-dependent

The arch expansion of cement stabilised base materials has become increasingly serious due to the current design guideline, typical climate and geological environment in the west of China. This research systematically investigated the influence of different factors on temperature expansion and also salt expansion of the cement stabilised base course through laboratory-scale slab tests and microscopic

The quality and performance of petroleum asphalt are determined by crude oil and the production process. The pavement performance using petroleum asphalt is consequently affected by crude oil and the production process. This study investigated the effects of three types of crude oil, namely BSK, MB, and MR, on the performance of hard asphalt and corresponding asphalt mixtures. Accordingly, Pen40/60

Shakedown limit has been perceived as a useful guidance in pavement structure design against rutting. However, temperature, as one key factor influencing the shakedown limit of asphalt pavements, has barely been considered. In this paper, the shakedown phenomenon was first identified from wheel tracking tests for a pavement structure consisting of a dense bituminous macadam layer and a granular layer

The elastic modulus of an asphalt mixture varies with temperature and frequency of load due to its visco-elastic nature, and this behaviour is represented by a master curve constructed by either laboratory tests or predictive models based on known material properties. The predictive approach is based on the material specifications and enables to estimate the modulus over a range of frequency without

The objective of this study is to assess the impact of climate on the performance of bituminous pavements with two different methods, and then to examine their impact on actual design scenarios. Three climate cases were selected for the comparisons involving the effect of temperature: one in France (Bordeaux) and two in the United States (Seattle and Phoenix). The case of an experimental site in Québec

This paper used the finite element method to analyse surface water distribution characteristics on porous asphalt layer under unsaturated seepage, and further compared the critical rainfall intensity of porous asphalt pavements with different design parameters. In this study, the Richards equation was used to describe the unsaturated seepage, and the results were validated with experimental data. The

This paper aims to quantify the effect of modified mixture volumetrics and compaction effort on surface characteristics of asphalt pavements. Specimens were prepared using PG 64-10 asphalt binder mixed with crushed limestone aggregate. Three types of asphalt modifiers were added; Crumb Tire Rubber (CTR), Microcrystalline Synthetic Wax (MSW) and Nano Silica (NS). In addition, specimens were adjusted

Transportation agencies report that millions of crashes are caused by poor road conditions every year, which makes the localisation of roadway anomalies extremely important. Common methods of road condition evaluation require special types of equipment that are usually expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, the use of smartphones has become a potential alternative. However, differences in the sensitivity

This study is to characterise rheological properties of sulfur-extended asphalts with/without crumb rubber at high, intermediate, and low temperatures using standard asphalt binder tests. Four dosages of sulfur (i.e. 0%, 15%, 30% and 45%) by weight of neat asphalt binder were used. The results indicated that a low level of sulfur addition, such as 15%, softened original asphalt binder. When the sulfur

Three-dimensional numerical finite element (FE) biphasic models verified against the experimental data were developed aiming to study the accuracy of FE modelling in the prediction of viscoelastic properties of crumb rubber-modified asphalt binders. In the numerical models, crumb rubber-modified asphalt binders are considered as a heterogeneous composite material consisting of the original asphalt

The prospecting and preliminary analysis of soils for the understanding of their potential performance as subgrade, based on the AASHTO classification and CBR, generally require the investment of considerable financial resources, which often has a major impact on the final costs of the road project. An alternative approach that could facilitate the preliminary identification of the properties of materials

The self-healing ability of asphalt material has a significant effect on improving fatigue life of asphalt pavement. The objective of this paper was to investigate the stage characteristics of fatigue damage of asphalt binder and its associated self-healing behaviours. Firstly, the rheological behaviour and fracture surface morphology were discussed to investigate the fatigue evolution characteristics

ABSTRACT Oxidative aging is responsible for the irreversible asphalt stiffening and embrittlement leading to asphalt pavements of increased susceptibility to fatigue and thermal cracking. In recent years, various flexible binders have been introduced in asphalt industry to produce long-life pavements and the epoxy asphalt binders are among them. Nevertheless, in-depth understanding of the oxidative

The void beneath cement concrete pavement slab (CCPS) is one of the common defects, which can cause the pavement cracking when heavy vehicle load is exerted on the pavement. The void expands when the water trapped inside erodes the inner surfaces of void circularly, bringing more cracks easily. Due to the close relationship with the erosion of the void, the hydrodynamic pressure distribution in saturated

In this work, the effect of graphene oxide (GO) on the physical performance related properties of an asphalt binder was investigated in terms of penetration, softening point, viscosity (110–185°C), and ductility as well as temperature performance indices. Subsequently, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to examine the influence of GO and asphalt contents on the volumetric and strength properties

Conventional pavement materials like SMA and GA do not meet the requirement for steel bridge decks. Epoxy asphalt concrete (EAC) has good performances but also has fatigue problems stemming from their inherent chemical structures, which, in some cases, led to short service life. Herein, we report a polyurethane concrete (PUC) consisting of a one-phase tough polyurethane binder as the matrix and dolerite

Road pavements continuously deteriorate mainly due to the combined influence of traffic load and environmental conditions. The pavement ability to satisfy the road user demands along its designed time of service expresses its performance level. The prediction of performance deterioration curves is a basic part of any Pavement Management System (PMS). Road roughness is an important parameter in determining

This study examined a specific pavement study (SPS-6) in the long-term pavement performance (LTPP) program to evaluate the influences of the three slab fracturing techniques, namely, crack and seat (C&S), break and seat (B&S), and rubblization on the performance of rehabilitated PCC pavements with asphalt overlays. Fourteen projects using a variety of PCC rehabilitation treatments were identified from

In order to evaluate the macro-mechanical performance of asphalt mixture suffered from the sulphate–water–temperature–load coupling action, the self-designed asphalt mixture dynamic water–salt attack apparatus was adopted for the accelerated simulation of real service conditions in sulphate enrichment environment. Splitting test at room temperature and low temperature was conducted for assessing the

In this study, a total of four different mixes were prepared by partially replacing natural aggregates by Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in different proportions. The results showed that adding RAP to the mixture reduced the mechanical strength of the Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) mixture. The best mechanical strength was obtained at 50% RAP replacement. To increase the mechanical strength of RCC

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) and Gb*-based regression models were used for the prediction of the dynamic modulus (|E*|) of South Carolina’s hot mix asphalt mixtures (HMAs) the majority of which contained recycled asphalt pavement (RAP). Models’ training and testing were done using a database that contained 1656 |E*| values from 93 HMA mixtures. Gb*-based models included the Hirsch, revised Hirsch

The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in road construction has become a common practice in the asphalt industry due to environmental and economic benefits. However, since RAP is an aged material, recycling agents are typically used to reduce the stiffness of the recycled asphalt mixture and make it less prone to cracking at high RAP contents. This study evaluates the effect of ageing and the

The present study reports on rheological properties of rejuvenated non-aged and aged bitumen samples with a pyrolytic product (PP) as a rejuvenator. Various experimental and numerical methods were used in order to investigate the addition of various concentrations of PP to aged and non-aged bitumen samples. It was confirmed that the application of PP as a rejuvenator to the aged bitumen has been successful

Upgrading, maintenance and rehabilitation of road infrastructure is expensive, especially in view of the growing scarcity and cost of suitable road building materials. In areas with high mica content and secondary minerals such as smectite in the natural materials, stabilisation with cement is not viable. The Council for Industrial and Scientific Research of South Africa has embarked on a research

To evaluate the contact slip behaviour of particle on compaction characteristics of the asphalt mixture, the relation between contact slip behaviour and compaction characteristic was analyzed. The specimen was molded by Superpave Gyratory Compactor, and the densification curve average slopes and densification energy index were adopted to evaluate the compaction characteristics of asphalt mixture. Based

ABSTRACT The road network in South Africa, particularly in urban areas, is experiencing a steady increase in traffic volumes and congestion. Speed has a significant effect on the response of flexible pavement systems to traffic loading. Truck tyre loads are more often analysed as a static load in order to simplify the computations, although in reality the pavement system is subjected to a dynamic load

This study investigated the effect of the different mineral fillers and concentrations, film thicknesses on the bituminous mastic bond strength (BMBS). Moreover, the self-healing capabilities of different bituminous mastic compounds were assessed, where the effects of two types of high modulus additives of RW plast S and RW elast E on the self-healing of bituminous mastic were evaluated. It was found

The effect of temperature on the meso-mechanical properties of each structural layer of the pavement was studied in this paper. Fitting standard indoor uniaxial compression tests, meso-scale parameters of the material were obtained. With the mesoscopic parameters of each structural layer, a two-dimensional discrete element model of the pavement was constructed. This discrete element model of the road

The National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 9-38 developed a method for estimating asphalt fatigue endurance limit (FEL) which employs bending beam fatigue (BBF) lives. Another project, NCHRP 9-44A, used BBF test data to formulate a healing-based FEL prediction model. Both procedures were evaluated in this study by utilising data from the National Center for Asphalt Technology

Determining the permissible amount of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in new pavement mixes is a design challenge for pavement practitioners due to the limited understanding regarding the interaction between the aged and unaged binders in these mixtures. In this study, the solubility related molecular interactions of blended binders comprising of aged-unaged fractions was evaluated using an extension

This study explores the development law of concrete internal stress and strain under rolling wheel loads. To do this, strain gauges are embedded in different positions inside concrete, and the stress and strain values at different positions inside the concrete are measured using the rolling fatigue test. A numerical model is established using COMSOL Multiphysics software, and the concrete internal

ABSTRACT A non-destructive testing method suitable for network-level pavement structural evaluation is the traffic speed deflectometer (TSD) test. However, the analysis of TSD measurements still needs a proper parameter back-calculation procedure, which requires an accurate and efficient forward calculation model. As a first step to solving this issue, a nonlinear spectral element model which can simulate