This paper introduces a novel snow transport model for the analytical simulation of wind-induced snow transport on flat roofs. In the novel model, the differences between precipitation and deposited snow particles on roofs, including the differences in threshold friction velocity and fetch distance for saturated drifting state, are considered. Thus, snow drifting on a roof is divided into drifting

The collection of valuable wind loading data from winds generated by convective events presents a significant challenge to the wind engineering field. The spatial and temporal characteristics of these events make data acquisition challenging. A mobile bluff-body capable of recording wind-induced pressure data during extreme wind events was developed to solve this issue. The bluff-body is called mSWERF3

An open jet wind tunnel with an exit area of 23 ​× ​9 ​m2 has been built to study the behaviors of large-scale pool fires under controlled wind conditions. A series of measurements on the mean and fluctuating wind velocities, using arrays of hot-wire probes and ultrasonic anemometers, were extensively performed in the transverse planes at the leading and trailing edges of the pool (28 ​m and 48 ​m

The detailed prediction of the upcoming wind on wind farms can support optimization of wind energy production and operation and maintenance. Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) tools allow to simulate the wind over long-term forecasting horizons (up to several days) with a spatial resolution ranging between the continental level down to a few hundred meters. We present a methodology, based upon Computational

Despite the wind-resistant design performed during the design stage, an existing bridge may still experience severe vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) because of the installation of new affiliated facilities during its operation period. Therefore, it is necessary to apply control measures to suppress the VIV induced by such changes in configuration. In this study, the VIV performance of a streamlined

The oncoming turbulence is of particular importance with respect to the investigation of the turbulent flow fields over hilly terrain, which plays an essential role regarding the optimization of micro-siting of the wind farm and reasonable structural design of wind turbines. In this study, large-eddy simulations (LES) are performed to elucidate the effects of wind shear coefficients (WSCs) and upstream

The Ahmed body is one of the most studied 3D automotive bluff bodies and the variation of its slant angle of the rear upper surface generates different flow behaviours, similar to a standard road vehicles. In this study we extend the geometrical variation to evaluate the influence of a rear underbody diffuser which are commonly applied in high performance and race cars to improve downforce. Parametric

Wind-tunnel experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of leading-edge separation on the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of an elastically-supported elongated bluff body. Solid wind barriers of various heights were fixed in the leading edge to adjust the flow separation. The vibration signals and the flow field information are acquired simultaneously by a laser-displacement system and particle

A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) study on the presence of gable roofs in urban canyons is presented: two canyon aspect ratios, ARC = 1, 2, (ARC = W/H corresponding to the ratio of the canyon width, W, to the eaves’ height, H) and variable roof slope, α (α = 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 45°) in a periodic configuration are considered. The vertical turbulent momentum flux is analysed by means of the quadrant analysis

Architectural form can be a significant factor influencing the performance of a tall building under across-wind excitation. When wind tunnel testing of a defined architectural form reveals undesirable behavior, it must be mitigated through engineering modifications such as the addition of structural material or supplementary damping devices. Alternatively, informed design of architectural forms enables

Engineers often heavily rely on wind tunnel tests or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to evaluate the flutter performance of bridges in their preliminary design, which is costly and time-consuming. To quickly obtain the critical flutter wind speed of streamlined box girders in the preliminary design, a machine learning (ML) strategy was proposed in this paper. A big dataset was built by testing critical

The bridge aerodynamics research community is currently discussing several nonlinear wind load models for bridge decks, but no definite conclusion on which model is superior to the others is currently available. In this paper, we use experimental data for a double-deck section model tested in an advanced forced vibration rig to study the observed nonlinearities and to gain insight into what characteristics

Cross-ventilation flow in buildings is dominantly impacted by the characteristics of their surrounding built environment, specifically in highly-dense urban areas. Cross-ventilation in highly-dense urban configurations is studied using validated computational fluid dynamics models using the large eddy simulation approach. Mean flow properties, turbulent statistics, wind pressure, and crossing airflow

This study addresses modeling of aerodynamic damping for a two-dimensional (2-D) suspended circular cylinder in uniform flow, and aims to provide an appropriate model for predicting vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of a circular cylinder. Full-scale and wind-tunnel tests have revealed that the crosswind response of a circular cylinder such as a steel chimney calculated by aerodynamic damping models recommended

Parametric and stochastic typhoon model enable a rapid estimation of wind hazards in typhoon-prone regions. It always needs a large amount of historical track information to develop the track, intensity as well as wind field parameters. This study describes a technique for estimating two commonly used typhoon wind field parameters, i.e. Rmax,s and Bs using the observed wind information from the best

This paper studies drag reduction on a reference bluff body (Ahmed body) with single dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) actuators, also called plasma actuators, located at different positions on the model’s rear part with a spanwise arrangement. This active actuator modifies the laminar-to-turbulent transition leading to reattachments of separated flows on the body. A reduction of actuator efficiency

Measurements have been made of the three components of velocity and of the static pressure in the lowest 10 ​m of the atmospheric boundary layer. The measurements reported here were made on two occasions: the first with a single 10 ​m mast and the second with four 6 ​m masts. One-hour duration measurements at a sampling rate of 10 samples s−1 were processed for statistical properties including an assessment

This paper presents the results of an operational modal analysis on a self-supporting antenna mast. The structure is instrumented with seismic accelerometers, which are moved in different setups for a detailed characterization of the mode shapes. In addition, eight strain gauges are installed, two at the bottom of each leg of the tower. Two particular challenges in the modal analysis are highlighted

This paper addresses the need to revise the current Vietnamese design wind map by proposing a new typhoon wind map for the country, based on Monte Carlo simulations of typhoon tracks in the North West Pacific basin. Using historical typhoon data from the period 1951 to 2019 provided by the Japanese Meteorology Agency, novel multi-variate regression models are proposed for typhoon translation and intensity

Long-span cable-supported bridges are structures susceptible to high dynamic responses due to the buffeting phenomenon. The current state-of-the-art method for buffeting response estimation is the buffeting theory. However, previous research has shown discrepancies between buffeting theory estimates and full-scale measured response, revealing a weakness in the theoretical models. In cases where wind

It is well-established that internal pressure can be modelled using the geometric details of the opening and the external pressures near the opening as input. The objective of this study is to determine whether the unique details of tornadic wind fields alter the dynamics of internal pressures, and whether these internal pressures can also be simulated using external pressures at a dominant opening

A novel full-scale field test was undertaken to assess the aerodynamic performance of shipping containers loaded on inter-modal freight trains. The aerodynamic performance of an instrumented 48 ​ft container, located 185 ​m downstream of the locomotive, is assessed in the context of surface pressure, weather station, and GPS data sets. Previous studies on the aerodynamics of trains have been largely

The wind flow around twin-box decks is particularly complex due to the very important role played by the slot distance between girders and the presence of the downwind box that is immersed in the wake of the upwind box. Detailed experimental studies on the three-dimensional flow features of this deck typology are certainly challenging, and CFD simulations have not tackled this problem so far. The goal

This paper investigated experimentally the thermal smoke back-layering and critical velocity of the highway tunnel in alpine gorge area with canyon cross wind. A series of small-scale tests were performed using a pool fire as the fire source. The downstream tunnel portal was under the action of canyon cross wind, and the longitudinal ventilation device was set on the upstream tunnel portal. The smoke

In an earlier paper the authors describe an experimental investigation to measure the forces on 1/20th scale vehicles in long platoons, together with the flow field around the platoons, using the University of Birmingham moving model TRAIN rig facility, that can accommodate 8-vehicle platoons and provide a realistic ground simulation. This paper analyses the experimental results further to look at

To gain insight on how freestream turbulence (FST) affects the aerodynamics of an airfoil in a systematic manner, the present study investigates a NREL S826 airfoil subjected to seven different incoming flows with varying degrees of FST. The Reynolds number was held at Rec ​= ​4.0 ​× ​105, while the turbulence intensity (Ti) was varied between 0.4% and 5.4%. An increase in Ti increases the maximum

The flutter of a rigid panel is considered as a super/subcritical Hopf bifurcation. However, the initial conditions of such characteristics have not been extensively explored. In this study, a 2-DOF rigid rectangular panel was tested in a wind tunnel at zero angle of attack to investigate the flutter stability, with and without external excitations, in the Reynolds number range of 6.15–8.21×104. Coupled

Due to the fickle distribution characteristics, good approximation of the wind pressure probability density function for an entire roof is challenging, especially for tail region. Maximum entropy model (MEM) can theoretically generate the least biased distribution. However, classical MEM may lead to unreliable estimates of the corresponding integer moments. This study developed a new maximum entropy

Although most people live in cities, the pollutant transport in so-called street canyons is still not well understood. The main reason is the complexity of the problem, where the roof shape, roof height and position of the pollutant source within a 3D urban array may play a significant role. This paper tries to improve the understanding and investigates the pollutant transport in six different types

Ambient wind often affects the smoke movement and natural smoke exhaust performance in enclosure fires. In this study, six wind speeds and twelve kinds of vent combinations are designed. 72 groups of experiments are conducted to investigate the coupling effects of vent combination and ambient wind speed during quasi-steady state of natural smoke extraction in chamber fires. Compared to the traditional

The lift coefficient for a flat plate at low angles of attack is obtained experimentally for various aspect ratios (AR ​= ​1, 2, 4, 8) and moderate Reynolds numbers (Re ​= ​40 ​× ​103 to Re ​= ​200 ​× ​103). The variation of the lift coefficient with the angle of attack in the pre-stall region is consistent with a linear slope approximation. We consider that this slope is a function of both the aspect

Compared with lattice towers with square or rectangle cross sections, triangular lattice towers have the advantage of smaller foundation footprint. Triangular lattice towers have been widely used in transmission towers and communication towers, yet only a few studies have been conducted on their wind loads. Therefore, a series of wind tunnel tests on a triangular lattice tower were conducted using

Desert railways are constantly exposed to incoming sand blown by the wind. The railway body acts as an obstacle that perturbs the wind flow and the sand drift, resulting in zones of sand sedimentation and erosion. The insight into the local flow around the railway track and resulting sedimentation patterns is a necessary prerequisite to predict and prevent sand-induced limit states.The present study

Performance-based wind engineering (PBWE) is undergoing a period of rapid development with numerous procedures and frameworks being proposed over the past few years. Notwithstanding these advancements, there is still a knowledge gap concerning the relative severity, dependency and rate of occurrence of structural and envelope damage in extreme wind events. This work is focused on investigating this

Wind tunnel experiments on flow interference of adjacent (spacing ratio P/B ​= ​1.75) twin square cylinders in various attack angles α were conducted at a Reynolds number of 8.0 ​× ​104 considering both horizontal and diagonal arrangements of models. Investigations on the mean and fluctuating aerodynamic force coefficients, mean and fluctuating wind pressure coefficients, spanwise correlations, power

The usage of the term “3-s gust” is commonplace throughout the wind engineering community. The term generally refers to the peak wind speed measured in some epoch (e.g., 1 ​h) with a specified gust duration – in this case 3 ​s (i.e., peak 3-s gust). There seems to be misconceptions on the origins of the peak 3-s gust amongst members of the engineering community. This historical review provides a general

In strong wind situations for a neutral atmospheric boundary layers, wind loads on pylons depend on both the mean velocity and the turbulence fluctuations, predicted by analytical models only for simple topographies. For complex topographies, only experiments or numerical simulations give access to the local flow conditions around the pylon. We present experimental and numerical results using a RANS

Based on wind tunnel tests, time-varying wind pressure distribution on the finite element model of a super-large hyperbolic cooling tower under group-tower environment were reconstructed by the radial basis function (RBF) method. The results were applied in time-domain calculations of wind-induced responses of the cooling tower. Then, the gust loading factor (GLF) method adopted in current engineering

Radial basis function (RBF) method is introduced and studied for its application in the reconstruction of the wind pressure field of cooling towers based on wind tunnel tests. Three main aspects of work have been done: first, the reasonable value of constant C and the appropriate choice of source points in the method were studied, and the rationality of the method was validated; second, reconstruction

A tiny TLD was specially designed and manufactured to investigate its effectiveness on mitigating the wind-induced responses of a 243-meter-high solar tower by using wind tunnel tests based on an elastic test model. First, an elastic test model of the solar tower was made, and its structural parameters, including natural frequency, the first three mode shapes and structural damping ratio, were identified

The scenario of high-speed trains (HSTs) passing each other is usually encountered, which causes aerodynamic effects such as high slipstream velocity and strong aerodynamic loads, leading to trackside worker injuries, equipment fatigue damage, and snake-like train motions. This study used a three-dimensional, compressible, improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) method based on an SST k-ω

The paper presents an extension of vortex particle methods (VPM) in the context of pseudo-three-dimensional (pseudo-3D) multi-slice coupled numerical model for complex aeroelastic interactions of thin-walled structures. The flow around immersed bodies is analysed using pseudo-3D VPM with boundary element discretisation. The existing coupled model performs the aeroelastic interactions of line-like flexible

The aerodynamic characteristics of a circular cylinder (diameter ​= ​600 ​mm) with and without ice accretion (without icicles) were studied via wind tunnel tests (including simultaneous multi-pressure and force measurements) for Reynolds numbers (Re) of 1.29 ​× ​105–1.27 ​× ​106. The influences of wind angle of attack α, turbulence intensity Iu, relative surface roughness k, and accreted ice shape

Spherical storage tanks are important industrial equipment with typical bluff body shape, the aerodynamic loads of which are significantly affected by the Reynolds number (Re). In the present research, wind tunnel tests are carried out on spherical storage tanks with 4–20 supporting columns and a range of surface roughness (ks/D ​= ​0, 0.002 and 0.004) under uniform and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)

Tornadoes are one of the most pressing research topics in wind engineering due to the extensive damages they impact on infrastructure and the environment. The proper scaling of experimentally produced tornado-like vortices (TLVs) against actual tornadoes is, therefore, a quintessential part of assessing tornadic damages on the built environment. The Wind Engineering, Energy and Environment (WindEEE)

This study systematically investigates the influence of the cross-sectional aspect ratio (B/H) and four different aerodynamic mitigation measures, i.e., the fairing, lower central stability plate, inverted L-shaped edge plate, and lower horizontal edge plate, on the performance of cable-stayed bridges, with π-typed composite deck, i.e., π section, due to vortex-induced vibrations (VIV). The study utilized

Excessive fore-aft vibrations of wind turbine tower are the major reason for tower collapsing, which can be evaluated using the equivalent fatigue load (EFL). Wake effects are generated by the former wind turbines on the latter ones, and can greatly increase EFL and reduce lifetime of the latter ones, but they were seldom considered. Consequently, this study calculated EFL countering the wake effects

A full-scale experimental low-rise building with gable roof was constructed in a typhoon-prone area in China, aiming to study the wind effects on a typical low-rise building during tropical cyclones. Meanwhile, it was also intended to provide reliable full-scale measurements for verification of widely used simulation techniques, such as wind tunnel testing and numerical simulation. This paper presents

Many atmospheric processes are stochastic rather than completely deterministic, which limits the applicability of some traditional analysis techniques. Spectral analysis is a well-established and useful tool to analyze different time series from a statistical standpoint, which is particularly suited for the characterization of meteorological variables. Spectral analysis is attractive to meteorologist

In this study, wind tunnel experiments were used to evaluate the control effect of self-issuing jets on the aerodynamic characteristics of a streamlined single-box girder. Based on the deck thickness, the Reynolds number was set to 1.17 ​× ​105 ​at a zero angle of attack. The time-averaged and fluctuation characteristics of wake velocities, aerodynamic forces, and surface pressures were investigated

Typhoon track model plays an important role in typhoon wind hazard estimation. In this article, a beta-advection model is developed to simulate the typhoon track over the western North Pacific (WNP). The typhoon motion is driven by two effects, the steering flow and beta drift. The steering flow is modeled as the linear combination of the 850 ​hPa height large scale flow and 250 ​hPa height large scale

A moving model (1/20 scale) was used to study the effect of high temperature at the entrance of a tunnel on the aerodynamic performance of a high-speed train passing through it. The air in the tunnel was heated using highly-precise, self-controlling, ultra-thin, silicone rubber heating devices that were firmly attached to the inner surface of the tunnel (covering the first 2 ​m of the tunnel from the

In this paper, the aerodynamic pressures on a 5:1 rectangular cylinder in sinusoidal streamwise oscillatory flows (SSOFs) with non-zero mean velocities are studied through wind tunnel experiments. First, the mean and fluctuating pressure coefficients are determined based on the measurements in SSOFs with different reduced frequencies and gust amplitudes. The results are compared with those of smooth

This study presents a two-stage framework to characterize boundary layer wind tunnel (BLWT) approach flows naturally developed over grid roughness for partial atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) simulation. The first stage applies curve fitting techniques to a comprehensive series of high-resolution spatially-averaged velocity profile measurements to estimate aerodynamic roughness parameters (ARPs) for

Information of gust factor (ratio between a short-duration peak gust wind speed to a long-duration mean) for extreme winds is of paramount importance for structural design and risk assessment. However, in-situ measurements were generally made for weak winds, and observations of gust factors for 10-min mean wind speeds over 50 ​m/s have been rarely reported, especially over the ocean. On August 23,

The tropical cyclone is one of the most destructive weather phenomena for several coastal countries, including China, the United States of America, India, Japan, and Australia. Accurate modeling of their trajectories is essential for public safety. Current research has provided several principle methods for simulating typhoon tracks and intensity development from genesis to landing and decaying. However

The complete flutter analysis of a structure requires the repeated analysis of the aeroelastic response of the structure for various wind velocities. In a spectral approach, each of these analyses is based on the integration of the power spectral density of the aeroelastic response. Traditional integration methods struggle to efficiently estimate these integrals because of the marked peakedness of