A new multiphase fluid dynamics model for a commercial ebullated bed hydroprocessor was developed. The impact of the gas-liquid distribution system is now explicitly included through new sub-models for bubble size distribution and drag coefficient. The size distribution sub-model is coupled with the existing gas-liquid separation sub-model to better predict recycled gas and liquid flow rates. Either

The dispersion trajectory and dynamics of particles injected from the sidewall were investigated in a pseudo two-dimensional fluidized bed based on digital image analysis (DIA), and the effect of the injection position on the dispersion trajectory was revealed. The image analysis showed that the dispersion trajectory could be divided into two stages including the initial dispersion stage and the bed

Secondary nucleation can bring the crystallization process into a more easily controlled state, and it is playing an important role in controlling the CSD, polymorphism and chiral of the crystal products, no matter whether in a batch or continuous crystallizer. Therefore, in this review, we revisit the research of secondary nucleation in the past 30 years to understand the fundamentals and application

The effects of addition of ionic liquid to pure water as physical absorbent and monoethanolamine (MEA) solutions as chemical absorbent on carbon dioxide absorption through hollow fiber membrane contactors were investigated using 2D axisymmetric model. A numerical simulation was developed based on finite element method using computational fluid dynamics techniques. Liquid phase flowed in the tube side

Process monitoring techniques are used in the chemical industry to improve both product quality and plant safety. In chemical process systems, real-time process monitoring is one of the most crucial and challenging tasks for efficient quality control of final products and process optimization. The existing multiscale process monitoring techniques use off-line decomposition tools that restrict their

For high-performance operations in crude oil refinery processing, it is important to properly determine yields and properties of output streams from distillation units. To address such complex representation, we propose a cutpoint temperature modeling framework using a coefficient setup MIQP (mixed-integer quadratic programming) technique to determine optimizable surrogate models to correlate independent

Graphene oxide (GO), as an emerging nanofiller, is commonly incorporated into the polypiperazine amide (PPA) selective layer to enhance nanofiltration (NF) performance. However, GO’s dispersibility and compatibility present outstanding challenges for fabricating high-performance GO-incorporated NF membranes. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and GO were introduced into the aqueous solution at

It is critical to limit global warming to 1.5 °C by year 2100, in order to minimise catastrophic impacts. The increased integration of renewable energy, alongside CO2 capture and storage (CCS) deployment in energy planning, remain as key mitigation techniques in minimising climate change impacts. Although renewable energy generation approaches the ideal of a carbon-neutral system, other processes such

Three chloroaluminate ionic liquids (ILs), triethylammonium tetrachloroaluminate ([HN222][AlCl4]), triethylammonium heptachlorodialuminate ([HN222][Al2Cl7]), and tetraethylammonium heptachlorodialuminate ([N2222][Al2Cl7]) were employed to investigate liquid clathrate (LC) formation and the relative role of cation or anion in aromatic solubility. The trend in molar solubilities in all three ILs was

Cool coatings are solar reflective coatings and are applied on roofs, façades and other exterior surfaces. In this work effect of polymer encapsulation was investigated aiming to improve near infrared (NIR) reflectance of cool coatings. Cool coatings formulated using polymer encapsulated TiO2 resulted in improvement (up to 10%) of NIR reflectance and, therefore, total solar reflectance (TSR) in comparison

Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on mineral surfaces plays an important role in many engineering fields, such as oil recovery and oil sands production. In this work, the adsorption behaviors of a PAH compound, violanthrone-79 (VO-79), on quartz surface were investigated at different temperatures by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our simulations

In this work, the effect of non-drag forces (lift force, turbulent dispersion force, wall lubrication force and virtual mass force) and bubble induced turbulence (BIT) on the CFD-PBM simulation of air-water bubble columns operated at 0.01 m/s, 0.05 m/s, 0.10 m/s, 0.11 m/s and 0.23 m/s is investigated. The simulation results indicate that the local gas holdup, axial liquid velocity, global bubble size

Cyrene, a recently introduced bio-based green solvent, behaves as a hydrotrope, greatly increasing the aqueous solubility of hydrophobic substances in water. Moreover, water, when present in small quantities, has also been shown to increase the solubility of hydrophobic substances in Cyrene. Albeit of large practical importance, the understanding of the solvation ability of water/Cyrene mixtures is

Accurate prediction of the solubilities of air (as well as nitrogen: N2, oxygen: O2 and argon) in aqueous electrolyte solutions is very important for geological studies and in the chemical industry. However, very few electrolyte equations of state have been successfully used for the calculations of these gas solubilities. This work presents a thermodynamic modeling study on the solubilities of N2,

Interfacial solar seawater desalination, originating from the driving force of the conversion of sunlight into heat energy, is facing the negative influence of intermittent solar radiation alternating between night and day. Here, a novel Janus-type hybrid metamaterial is proposed to prolong “the number of hours of sunshine” for efficient solar-thermal vaporization effect, based on the surplus solar-generated

The methylacrolein (MAL) is traditionally synthesized from propanal and formaldehyde via Mannich reaction instead of aldol reaction in homogeneous catalytic system, due to the undesired self-condensation of propanal. Herein, the direct synthesis of MAL from propanal and trioxane via aldol reaction was realized on the acid-base bi-functional Cs-P/γ-Al2O3 catalyst, which exhibited good catalytic stability

In this article, the kinetics of the ozone and hydrogen peroxide-based NO2 removal from flue gas has been developed using the well known two-film theory. The effectiveness of the rate of absorption of NO2 has been tested by the effect of pH, temperature, and H2O2 concentration, etc. This study also includes the comparison of the Hatta number (Ha) at various experimental conditions. It was observed

In the steady state of complex chemical processes, process data with slight fluctuation are highly repeated. The information of the process data with slight fluctuation is limited and unreliable, which causes the small sample problem. As a result, soft sensor built using small samples is unacceptable in the term of accuracy performance. In order to enhance soft sensor accuracy under the small sample

A meso-structured NETmix reactor was adapted to develop a continuous process to produce microcapsules, focusing on the steps commonly used in the batch formulation: the emulsion and the cure. Microcapsules were formed through a polycondensation process by coating miglyol, a skin hydrating emollient, with a melamine-formaldehyde, which is a resistant shell material with surface smoothness. Different

Biodegradable coated paper materials represent one of the most promising alternatives to petroleum-based materials, including plastics and plastic-paper composite materials. Herein, fully biodegradable and food-safe coated-paper substrates are reported with excellent water- and oil-resistant properties. The fabrication approach is facile and economical and utilizes a dual-layer coating that is obtained

In this study, a novel sorbent material based on CaO and Fe2O3 was investigated for its performance in CO2 capture from simulated biomass gasification producer gas. Experiments were conducted in a fixed bed reactor and each run of the experiments included three major stages of sorbent material reduction, CO2 capture (carbonation) and CO2 release (calcination). The operation temperature in the CO2 capture

Fault diagnostic methods based on deep learning for industrial processes are becoming a research hotspot. Most existing methods focus on algorithmic improvements and attempt to establish a single model to extract effective features of faults. However, effective information related to different faults is diverse. Therefore, instead of using a single model to extract features and build a model to correctly

Nitrogen-containing porous carbon fibers with large BET surface area (919~1625 m2/g) and pore volume (0.429~0.772 cm3/g) were developed from polyimide fiber, which was treated in the presence of potassium carbonate by one step simultaneous carbonization/activation. The effect of carbonization temperature on the porous and chemical structure was monitored. The nitrogen contents of ACFs decreased with

The separation tiny water droplets from viscous crude oil is urgently needed and still remains a substantial challenge because of severe membrane fouling resulting from high viscosity and adhesive property of crude oil. To solve this issue, the electrothermal effect, for the first time, was utilized to heat the water-in-crude oil emulsion by using electrical current as energy source to extremely reduce

Graphene oxide (GO) membranes with GO sheets of different size were prepared on porous nylon substrates. XRD and FT-IR were employed to explore the size effect of GO sheets on the microstructure of GO membranes. FESEM was utilized to observe the membrane morphology and thickness. The effects of GO sheets, membrane thickness, draw solution concentration and solvent parameters on organic solvent forward

This study examines the thermal dehydration of β-maltose monohydrate into the anhydride, in which the formation of a liquid phase during the reaction process has significant influence on the mechanistic and kinetic features of the overall reaction. The thermal dehydration proceeds by a surface reaction and subsequent reaction interface shrinkage model, with the characteristic formation of a glassy