We studied skin color in participants before and after a 100‐m sprint using a Konica Minolta CM‐2600d spectrophotometer. Four body positions (forehead, cheek, neck, and inner forearm) were measured for the approximately 30 students (non‐professional runners) who participated in the experiment. Skin reflectance was measured three times at each position before running and again soon afterward. Analysis

The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of frequently consumed beverages on the color stability and surface properties of direct and indirect dental composite materials. The two dental composite materials (direct and indirect) and four beverages (distilled water, tea, coffee, cola) were assessed. The specimens were prepared for evaluating monomer conversion, water sorption, and

Illumination estimation is the essential step of computational color constancy, one of the core parts of various image processing pipelines of modern digital cameras. Having an accurate and reliable illumination estimation is important for reducing the illumination influence on the image colors. To motivate the generation of new ideas and the development of new algorithms in this field, two challenges

In order to make a color assessment for micron‐grade materials such as a single fiber, a non‐destructive and push‐broom microscopic hyperspectral imaging system (MHIS) was set up consisting of a stereomicroscope, an imaging spectrograph, and a digital detector. The performance of this system for acquiring accurate and repeatable information, such as spectral and colorimetric values, was investigated

Color or shade fading is one of the major issues observed in decorative paints. Here we have carried out a systematic artificial weathering study using QUV and ATLAS weathering test chambers for Pigment Yellow 74 (PY 74). Pigment dispersion of PY 74 received from three different manufacturers are prepared. Various factors, such as the processing parameter, for example, grinding temperature (with and

The veneer industry is widely used in many countries of the world. Properties such as obtaining curved surfaces, concealing defects, usability in different designs, and patterns can be counted as the main advantages of veneers compared to solid wood. Although advanced production and quality control systems have developed in coating production, the number of countries where traditional production methods

Two questions are mainly discussed in this article: (a) how the shape of color order systems is related to different types of chromatic mixtures, and (b) how the opacity or transparency (an aspect of cesia) of the coloring media involved in the mixtures define the results, beyond the established categories of additive, partitive, and subtractive mixtures. The degree of transparency, translucency, or

In the 15th century, the miniaturists of the Timurid court in Herat conceive colors that seem to be made of pure light, without weight and volume. Their luminous colors synthesize a unique worldview from the anti‐materialistic teachings of Mani, the Sufi “world of imagination” and the alchemists' principles of transmutation. Five centuries later, our digital technologies seem to offer us such disembodied

Façade integrated photovoltaics are a promising way to employ renewable energy technology in the built environment. The colours of façade integrated photovoltaics are essential to the overall aesthetic quality of buildings, especially in urban context. Currently, several brands of coloured photovoltaics are available in the market for architects, however, unlike traditional façade materials, the colorimetric

This article aims to study the role of coloured installation in the urban regeneration processes. The urban colour designs are fundamental for many reasons: the environmental quality and the human wellbeing, the space valorization and the wayfinding. In this focus the colour, the material and the interaction play an important role. Some of most interesting installations in the world are made by generative

In textile design, the characteristics of a textured surface are the result of the properties of the materials, the textile techniques used, and the colour mixtures associated with each technique. The perception of colour on textured textiles is dependent on the angles of viewing and incidence of light on the surface. Accordingly, when analyzing the perception of the colour of pile textiles such as

Although many design process studies and design theories have been developed and presented, in reality designers have rarely followed standard rules. A design process is often more a form of personal self‐expression. The type of approach that designers use in their design work depends on their preference, experience, and education background. Therefore, this work focused on understanding the design

Currently, packaging needs to communicate material and immaterial qualities of food, linked to the satisfaction of nutritional, psychological and cultural needs of consumers. For this, the design builds complex discourses, associating verbal and visual language. In Brazil, with the standardization of packaging formats and the growing variety of products, the importance of color in visual communication

The presentation of the F/12 collection of textiles, kept at the Archives nationales, provides an opportunity to make known a unique color collection. The Archives nationales preserves the memory of the French central administration in the 18th century through the history of the action taken by the State concerning the color of textiles through the control of their production, and the encouragement

This article aims to reveal aspects of the visual perception of the natural colours of Matthias Grünewald's Resurrection panel, part of the Isenheim Altarpiece (1512‐1516). To identify, which colours are mostly perceived, we have performed an eye‐tracking study with 52 participants at the Unterlinden Museum, in Colmar, France, in which we recorded the participant's eye movements and their spontaneous

As an artist and as a paint manufacturer, my concern is for all aspects of colour, particularly its harmonies. In 1995, I developed a colour system based on a set of five primary colours: my intention was to obtain the greatest number of pure hues with the least number of primary colours, and that, mixed in equal parts, these would yield a neutral black. This five‐colour theory was patented by the

At CHANEL, color is both a heritage and a source of innovation that allows them to offer approximately 350 new shades every year. The designer who creates a seasonal make‐up collection determines the shades one and a half year before the collection is launched. The inspiration is then translated into a “brief,” that is, into “words” and material samples. This must be accurate so that the scientists

Aubusson (France) has been inscribed on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO since 2009 for its centuries‐old tradition for the art of tapestry. The present study concerns one of these “Grand teint” tapestries, a Verdure with Count von Brühl's coat of arms (18th C.), characterized by very high‐quality dyeing and fine weaving. The restoration in progress allowed the removal

Tinted films and glazing application on windows reduce glare but can sometime induce color shifts, which needs to be characterized by fast and reliable means. We propose a color graphic that uses the dominant colors of the image seen through the tinted film and compares it to the dominant colors of the original unfiltered image. An image segmentation algorithm applied on a Gaussian blurred image segments

We aimed to assess the translucencies of seven anterior resin composites in comparison to natural dental tissues under dry and hydrated conditions. Seven resin composites—Clearfil Majesty ES‐2 (A1‐AE1), Essentia (LE‐Universal), Ceram‐X Duo (E1), Synergy D6 Enamel (Universal White Opaque), Harmonize (A1), Filtek Ultimate (XW Enamel), and Zenit (W2)—were used. Five disc‐shaped (5 × 1 mm) specimens of

To clarify the mechanism of how the color of wood changes after being painted with oil, we measured the internal structure and optical properties in the visible light region of end‐grain linseed oil‐painted hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) by X‐ray computed tomography and spectrophotometry, respectively. To compare the color measurements of different types of incident light, the color changes were measured

Although the main prehistoric color used for paintings is red, knowledge of this coloring matter often boils down to saying that it is “ochre.” However, the red coloring matter of Prehistory is numerous and may have been the subject of various preparations, mixtures, or even alterations. Understanding the use and transformation of coloring matter raises questions about the technical processes but also

Bio‐based materials and new dyeing technologies have gained growing interest, as companies actively want to enhance their products sustainability and remove environmental and hazardous pollutants. This article describes for the first time waterless dyeing studies using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) and a natural anthraquinone dye emodin for polylactide (PLA) and polyester (PET) fabric colouration

This publication carries out an in‐depth study of whiteness, various numerical evaluation methods that have been developed over the past 75 years, and review their application and deficiencies in the context of a new proposed Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) whiteness formula. The publication first introduces the basic principle of whiteness evaluation from the work of Judd and Selling

Due to the growing trend of social manufacturing, product design has focused on meeting the emotional needs of users. As a product attribute, color plays an important role in meeting these needs. Therefore, product color emotional design has attracted the attention of researchers. However, a user's perception of the emotional image of product color is highly complex, and it is difficult to define this

The Farnsworth D15 (FR‐D15) color vision test is generally used to determine whether individuals with color vision defects have good color discrimination to perform their jobs safely. The Waggoner computerized color vision test D15 (WC‐D15) is a computerized version of the FR‐D15 test. This study aimed to evaluate the color differences vectors analyses (CDV) quantitative scoring in clinical practice

The goal of this study is to develop quantitative metrics for evaluating color tracking and gray tracking in a color display. Chromaticity consistency of red, green, or blue shades is color tracking, while chromaticity consistency of gray shades is gray tracking. Gray tracking and color tracking are the most important colorimetric responses of a color display because they directly indicate the color

Browsing webpages on display devices such as computer monitors and smart phone screens has become commonplace. Color is the major visual mode to express the quality and sentiment of a webpage, and the most suitable webpage colors for viewing can be explored through the experimental analysis of different psychological perception of these colors. This study was divided into four experiments. Experiment

Aiming at the color characteristics of dyed fabrics that are easily affected by changes in light, which affects the correctness of the color difference classification of dyed fabrics, this article proposes the color constancy calculation of dyed fabrics based on improved marine predators algorithm optimized random vector functional‐link. First, in order to obtain the excellent initial population of

This article describes a developed conceptual framework for understanding consumer product‐colour purchase decision in different time‐length conditions. The research and method were developed on the basis of research from authors' previous study. An influence element, decision conditions (especially, decision‐time‐length), has been introduced. The purpose of this study is to test whether the length

Companies generally set a standard color for product color design to enhance the corporate brand image. When a given color and the planned combination of given areas contain multiple constraints, the exhaustive process that has traditionally been used to obtain the optimal color scheme is often time consuming. Therefore, this study proposes the use of binary programming theory to solve the problem

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of neutral white and chromatic adaptation on a display under ambient lighting conditions with different chromaticities and illuminance levels. The desktop display was arranged to simulate a mobile phone. The neutral white was the whitest point that excluded chromatic color. Only one original image was used and it comprised black text against

In this work, the validity of a chosen color appearance model, CIECAM02 is examined for perceived lightness and brightness of fluorescent samples against some near achromatic backgrounds. To this end, the visual assessment technique and the paired comparison method have been conducted and the results are compared to those obtained by CIECAM02 color appearance model. Opposed to the initial expectation

The Non‐Negative Matrix Factorization is used for analyzing the compatibility of dyes in mixtures. Samples have been collected from simulated and actual dip‐dyeing tests. First, different sets of binary mixtures of dyes with different dyeing rates have been virtually created by changing the rates of absorption of employed primaries. Hence, an exponential function has been found to be appropriate to

Cairo's 19th‐century buildings with historic and cultural importance are decorated with a prosperous coloring palette. In the present work, samples of pictorial layers and gilded surfaces from El‐Gawhara Palace, the Great mosque of Muhammad Ali Pasha, and the Palace of Shubra were studied. Since there is a research gap concerning the painting materials in those monuments, the present study aims to

The objectives of this study were two‐fold; to determine how variations in practical illuminance range (from ~300 to ~2300 lx) affect the perception of suprathreshold small color differences for a range of object stimuli across the color space, and to investigate the role of variations in luminance on intra‐ and inter‐observer variability in repeated psychophysical trials. STRESS index and conventional

This article describes a conceptual framework for understanding consumer product‐colour purchase decisions. Building on previous work, a new primary factor, colour association, is introduced. The purpose of this study is to test whether consumers' colour‐associations connect with their product‐colour association, and whether colour‐association affects consumers' intended product‐colour purchase decisions

Tager showed that works of art rarely contained the color violet until the Impressionists in the mid‐19th century. This article further investigates the prevalence of different colors in paintings. We analyzed 4117 Western and Eastern paintings, extending Tager's previous research. Combining color science, image analysis algorithms, and new research on color categorization, we were able to calculate

As display technology advances in color gamut, the potential of experiencing higher degree of observer metamerism is more likely with narrow bandwidth stimuli display devices. In previous studies, it is confirmed that observer metamerism was introduced in soft proofing with monitor and color grading with projector scenarios, and also led to serious implications. Hence, it is desired to investigate

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of commonly used mouthrinses on the discoloration and whiteness of resin‐based restoratives (RBR). Two hundred disc shaped specimens (5mm diameter, 2mm tick) of a micro‐hybrid composite (FZ‐Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE), a ormocer (AD‐Admira, Voco), a giomer (BE‐Beautifil II, Shofu) and a compomer (DX‐Dyract XP, Dentsply) RBRs were prepared (50 from each). The

It was aimed in this study to determine the evaluations for “spatial quality,” “social adaptation,” and “individual productivity” of students in design studios, which used different light color temperature values. With this intention, a detailed research questionnaire was developed for measuring the effects on spatial perception of low color temperatures, daylight, and high color temperatures for a

Most colour studies focus on single colour effects; however, interiors are multi‐coloured environments and contemporary users are looking for more innovative colour schemes in interiors. Interior architects rely on their own subjective experience and instincts when they take up the challenge. This study aims to reveal colour semantics of paired colours on walls for different residential interior types

This work seeks to explore the silk‐shaped Chinese color lexicon from the Bronze Age to the present, drawing upon a new materialism perspective that recognizes the force of matter and challenges the privileged position of humans in the historical progress. Rejecting the dichotomy of material and immaterial—established by structuralism and empiricism—this approach explores the complex interactions between

Optimizing multispectral cameras with broadband or narrowband optical filters is necessary for accurate color reproduction and spectral reconstruction. However, optimal broadband filter sets can provide better performance than narrowband filter sets under certain circumstances; previous studies have not addressed this. Herein, after selecting optimal filter sets by using the multi‐objective optimization

The influence of heat treatment severity (resulting from temperature) on the colour and gloss distribution changes of mahogany wood, and the effects of wood density on the responses to heat treatment were evaluated. The wood timbers with different densities were treated at 150°C to 200°C with an interval of 10°C and duration of 4 hours for heat treatment schedules. The colour parameters (lightness

Light emitting diode (LED) lighting is increasing in popularity because it has many advantages over incandescent lamps such as energy efficiency, robustness, longevity, and good stability over time. The aim of this study was to check the color parameters, efficiency, and effectiveness of LED lamps used for indoor lighting to ensure that the luminaires sampled complied with the labeling requirements

In this article, a new approach based on linear programming optimization is proposed to solve the textile color formulation problem. The principle aims to find the appropriate dyes to mix and their exact concentrations, which, when applied correctly, produce the required color. Two ranges of reactive dyes were used for dyeing cotton fabrics. The objective function and all the constraints of the model

Package designs stimulate consumers visually and give rise to a sense of aesthetism, thus improving product visibility. In this study, emotions related to color combinations in packaging were addressed, cake packaging designs were tested, and affective design elements regarding styles and colors along with the diverse emotions that resulted were assessed and researched. Four experiments were conducted:

Lidars have many applications in different fields, including the field of Cultural Heritage. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a scanning hyperspectral lidar prototype developed at ENEA Center of Frascati as a useful tool for colorimetric analysis when samples cannot be studied with standard contact instruments. A certified X‐Rite Color‐checker sample, consisting of 24 colored blocks with a

Variations in illumination lead to serious errors in the evaluation of chromatic aberration. We propose an illumination correction model based on the opposition‐based learning improved whale optimization algorithm for support vector regression optimization, named "OBL‐IWOA‐SVR." Because the initial population quality of the whale optimization algorithm has a significant impact on the solution speed

The unstable light source in the printing and dyeing environment would cause the change of fabric surface color and lead to serious color difference evaluation error. To solve this problem, a dyed fabric illumination estimation with regularized random vector functional link network (RRVFL) was proposed in this study. First, the Gray‐Edge framework is used to extract the color features of the sample

Human skin color is one of the most common colors that we see and perceive in everyday life. Previous research on skin color distribution in young Japanese women has revealed that yellowish skin has higher lightness than reddish skin. Furthermore, reddish skin appears brighter than yellowish skin when both have the same lightness (Yoshikawa et al., 2012). Despite these findings, it is unclear how brightness

This note describes a way of extending the physical lights inside the spectrum locus to supersaturated colors related to them by a Von Kries transformation. The extension is one‐way but quantitative: One can see a supersaturated light in a given state of chromatic adaptation, and one can compute its chromaticity through a proportion based on three physical lights, but one cannot further connect the

In this work, the effect of drying conditions on pear slices' physicochemical properties was determined. The factors investigated were drying temperature, air velocity, and addition of ascorbic acid. An analysis of variance indicated that the factors affected (P ≤ .05) the response variables significantly. The lowest drying time resulted at 60°C, 3 m s−1, at 0%, and 1% of ascorbic acid concentration

Azurite blue (shi qin, 石青) was one of the most important colors in the Qing (清) dynasty; however, most people, even those familiar with color description, may find it difficult to describe its exact appearance. To determine and offer a more precise description of azurite blue, nine formal items of clothing, including three ceremonial robes of emperors and their wives, and six court robes from the Qing

Color appearance models are usually based on equations with fixed numerical coefficients that were predetermined to yield optimal agreement for a selected standard observer. Here we address the well‐known fact that, among color‐normal observers, there are significant differences of cone fundamentals, which often cause observer metamerism. This is not fully addressed by many appearance models. It might

A new methodology is proposed for the instrumental evaluation of cosmetic pigments independent of their nature organic or inorganic, focusing on the assessment of its repeatability, reproducibility, and performance. This method involves the use of a silicone‐based dispersion medium that gives an optically clear film (YI = 0.90) and a dispersion procedure using a dual asymmetric centrifugal mixer aided

A comprehensive color appearance model should be capable of predicting color appearance under a wide range of viewing conditions, including related and unrelated colors. The current CAM16 model was designed to predict the appearance of related colors and is in the process of becoming a CIE recommendation, to replace the current CIECAM02 model. This article describes an extension of CAM16 (named CAM20u)

Experience and experimental results show that the perceived colour appearance of an object varies with the size of that object or the viewing angle. Based on available visual size‐effect data, it is found that the size effect can be compensated in the CAT16 cone‐like space. Furthermore, it is found that, similar to the von Kries chromatic adaptation, size‐effect correction can be operated independently